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HANDBOOK 

OF 

CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

Its  Cost  and  Efficiency 


BY 

RICHARD  T.  DANA 

Consulting  Engineer 

Mem.  Am.  £oc.  C.  E.;   Mem.  A.  I.  M.  E.; 
Mem.  Am.  Soc.  Eng.  Con. 


CHICAGO : 
THE  MYRON  C.  CLARK  PUBLISHING  CO. 

LONDON: 

E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  LTD. 
1914 


\° 


COPYRIGHT  1914 

BT 

THE  MYRON  C.  CLARK  PUBLISHING  CO. 
CHICAGO 


LINOTYPED  AND   PLATED  BY 
PETERSON    LINOTYPING  CO.,   CHICAGO 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


It  has  been  a  considerable  time  since  my  office  commenced  to 
gather  the  data  that  have  been  collated  for  this  book,  and  during 
all  of  that  period  the  manuscript  sheets,  and  later  the  page  proofs 
bound  up  for  convenient  handling,  have  been  in  almost  daily  use. 
Consequently  many  of  the  items  have  been  used  and  verified;  so 
that  I  have  rather  more  confidence  in  the  usefulness  as  well  as 
the  general  accuracy  of  the  material  than  if  it  had  not  passed 
through  a  fairly  thorough  period  of  seasoning.  This  time  of 
seasoning  has  its  disadvantages,  however,  as  well  as  its  benefits. 
Changing  conditions  in  certain  industries  have  affected  prices, 
and  a  number  of  items  have  been  radically  revised  in  the  making. 
It  is  to  be  expected,  moreover,  that  the  same -thing  will  continue; 
and  as  I  have  said  in  the  introduction,  page  3,  these  figures  should 
be  checked  by  actual  bids  where  a  plant  is  to  be  appraised,  etc. 
In  order  to  facilitate  this,  lists  of  the  principal  manufacturers  of 
the  plant  described  are  given. 

My  principal  reason  for  thinking  that  these  notes  would  be 
useful  to  others  is  that  I  found  them  all  but  indispensable  in 
my  own  practice,  and  not  available  in  other  form.  My  justifica- 
tion for  the  alphabetical  method  of  classification  is  that  this 
scheme  admits  of  more  rapid  service  on  my  desk  than  any  other 
and  I  have  attempted  to  supplement  this  arrangement  by  a  very 
full  index.  For  encouragement  in  this  plan  of  procedure  I  am 
indebted  to  many  of  my  engineering  friends,  who  have  aided  by 
suggestions  and  useful  criticisms. 

Finally,  the  keynote  of  the  book  has  been  practical  utility  to 
the  man  who  has  to  buy,  sell  or  use  construction  plant,  or  who 
needs  to  know  what  can  be  done  with  it.  The  existing  facts  in 
the  shortest  time  on  the  reader's  part,  rather  than  interesting 
theory  and  clever  comparisons  have  been  kept  most  in  mind.  Be- 
cause of  this,  a  large  wealth  of  material  that  would  probably  be 
of  intense  interest  to  the  economist  and  the  engineering  student 
has  been  put  aside  for  publication  some  time  later  if  it  seem  de- 
sirable, but  for  which  there  is  no  space  in  this  volume,  which  has 
grown  to  just  double  the  size  originally  planned  for  it. 

A  mor£  general  idea  of  the  scope  of  the  work,  its  field  and  its 
limitations  may  be  found  in  the  introductory  chapter  which  fol- 
lows  this  preface.  RJCHARD  T.  DANA. 

15  William  Street,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


INTRODUCTION 


The  notes  that  I  had  on  the  elements  which  go  to  make  up 
equipment  charges  on  construction  work  were  so  often  on  my 
desk,  and  so  necessary,  in  view  of  the  scarcity  of  other  con- 
venient sources  of  the  information,  that  it  was  decided  to  com- 
plete them  as  far  as  might  be  practicable  and  publish  them  in 
this  form  for  the  benefit  of  other  engineers  who  are  obliged  to 
make  many  estimates  of  construction  cost. 

The  efficiency  of  equipment  is  increasing  much  faster  than  the 
efficiency  of  labor,  consequently  the  employment  of  equipment 
is  becoming  more  and  more  necessary  for  economical  operation, 
and  a  fairly  comprehensive  list  of  the  available  plant  with  its 
approximate  cost  is  now  essential  to  a  fair  estimate.  The 
material  covered  in  this  volume  comprises  the  larger  part  of  the 
contents  of  four  loose  leaf  books  that  form  the  Construction 
Service  Company's  file  on  "Plant." 

For  his  excellent  work  in  arranging  the  data  and  in  obtaining 
a  great  many  quotations  to  round  out  the  material  that  was  in 
the  file,  as  well  as  for  many  contributions  from  his  own  notes, 
my  sincerest  acknowledgements  are  due  to  my  Principal  Assis- 
tant, Mr.  Harold  Chandos  Lyons,  who  was  materially  helped  by 
Mr.  A.  C.  Haskell,  to  whom  we  owe  many  of  the  tables  and 
extensive  checking  of  the  text. 

The  problem  of  how  to  carry  out  a  given  plan  of  construction 
at  the  lowest  cost  is  year  by  year  becoming  more  complex,  and 
it  is  becoming  more  and  more  necessary  to  apply  to  it  scientific 
methods  in  order  to  meet  the  growing  competition  between 
various  men,  methods,  and  machines.  The  contractor  of  long 
experience  who  applies  to  his  work,  even  in  Its  simplest  opera- 
tions such  as  moving  earth  by  scrapers,  the  methods  that  he 
knows  absolutely  were  the  best  ten  years  ago,  is  competing, 
whether  he  knows  it  or  not,  with  men  who  have  developed  up- 
to-date  methods  that  are  very  likely  to  be  twenty,  thirty,  or 
even  forty  per  cent  more  efficacious  or  economical  than  the  best 
old  ones. 

It  is  of  vast  importance  to  know  the  relative  costs  of  different 
methods,  some  of  the  reasons  for  which  it  seems  worth  while  to 
outline  here.  Before  bidding  on  new  work,  it  is  generally  not 


INTRODUCTION  3 

difficult  to  find  out  what  methods  the  other  bidders  are  accus- 
tomed to,  and,  by  making  independent  estimates  based  on  the 
probable  methods  for  the  most  dangerous  competitor,  to  reach 
a  figure  that  is  something  better  than  a  mere  guess  at  what  his 
bid  may  be.  Of  course,  it  must  be  distinctly  understood  that  this 
is  not  an  attempt  to  eliminate  human  nature  from  the  contract- 
ing business.  The  "most  dangerous  competitor"  may  suddenly 
change  his  methods  and  upset  a  lot  of  calculations,  and  whether 
he  will  do  this  or  not  is  just  as  much  a  matter  for  psychologic 
study  as  what  sort  of  hand  he  is  drawing  to  when  he  takes 
one  card.  Nevertheless  the  man  who  knows  his  competitor's 
usual  methods,  and  knows  the  relative  efficiency  of  those  methods 
as  compared  with  his  own,  is  in  a  position  to  bid  much  more 
intelligibly  than  he  otherwise  could.  With  the  increasing  disuse 
of  old  methods  it  is  necessary  to  know  the  value  of  the  new 
ones  in  order  to  know  whether  it  will  pay  to  change  from  old 
equipment  to  new,  and  how  much  (if  anything)  the  change  may 
be  expected  to  save;  and  it  is  vastly  important  to  know  what  is 
the  very  best  method  for  the  work  to  be  done.  Even  if  a  contract 
can  be  carried  out  at  a  handsome  profit  by  the  second  best  or 
third  best  method,  the  man  is  a  fool  who  would  hesitate  to 
discover  and  apply  the  first  best,  thus  converting  a  handsome 
profit  into  a  still  handsomer  one.  When,  moreover,  a  loss  is 
being  faced,  it  is  almost  always  due,  according  to  my  experience, 
to  the  fact  that  the  wrong  methods  were  in  use,  rather  than  that 
the  contract  had  been  taken  at  "impossible  figures."  In  such  a 
situation  the  first  and  most  necessary  move  is  to  ascertain  the 
very  best  method  and  apply  it  immediately;  and  to  assist  the 
contractor  and  the  engineer  in  the  selection  and  application  of 
the  best  method  in  the  least  time  is  the  main  object  of  this 
volume,  which  is  devoted  to  Field  Equipment. 

It  is  a  fact  of  common  experience  that  if  we  want,  or  think  that 
we  may  want,  a  piece  of  equipment  for  certain  work,  we  can  have 
a  large  amount  of  free  literature  upon  the  subject,  backed  up  by 
the  extensive  experience  and  earnest  enthusiasm  of  the  salesmen 
of  equipment  houses.  Such  information  is  not  always  reliable 
and  it  is  generally  confusing.  Moreover,  before  it  can  be  applied 
to  the  work  in  hand  it  must  be  sorted,  collated,  studied  and 
verified,  a  process  requiring  a  ruinous  amount  of  time  for  every 
investigation.  This  book  attempts  to  save  the  estimator  and 
contractor  a  large  part  of  this  time,  which  is  ordinarily  lost. 
The  author  has  never  sold  any  kind  of  equipment  on  commission 
and  has  never  received  a  commission  of  any  kind  for  recom- 
mending the  adoption  of  any  machine  or  tools  for  any  purpose, 
and  has  no  interest  whatever  in  any  statement  contained  in  this 
book  except  to  see  that  it  correctly  represents  the  economic 
facts  in  a  useful  and  convenient  way.  Although  it  has  been 
carefully  checked  for  errors,  it  is  possible,  of  course,  that  mis- 
takes may  have  escaped  notice.  If  any  such  should  be  noted, 
a  memorandum,  mentioning  page-number  and  line  would  be 
greatly  appreciated. 


4  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  main  features  of  equipment  which  bear  upon  economic 
operation  are  as  follows: 

C     Cost,  ready  to  commence  work. 

Q     Capacity,    minimum,    standard   and   maximum. 

E     Operating-  expense,  including  depreciation  and  repairs. 

A     Adaptability  to  the  conditions  governing  the  work. 

No  effort  has  been  spared  in  preparing  this  volume  to  put 
the  information  into  such  form  as  to  make  it  available,  with 
the  minimum  of  time  and  trouble,  and  it  is  believed  that  with  the 
aid  of  the  information  contained  in  these  pages  an  intelligent 
estimator  of  practical  experience  can  determine  within  reason- 
able limits  the  figures  for  each  of  the  above  features.  Prices 
vary  from  year  to  year,  and  terms  of  sale  change  with  the  con- 
ditions; but  within  a  limit  too  small  to  affect  materially  an  esti- 
mate of  unit  cost  for  plant  performance,  I  believe  the  facts  here 
given  may  be  safely  used.  For  making  appraisal  of  a  plant  to 
be  sold,  if  these  figures  be  used  they  should  of  course  be  checked 
by  actual  bids  from  the  manufacturers  or  dealers  to  the  ap- 
praiser. In  nearly  every  instance  the  prices  here  given  repre- 
sent bona  fide  quotations  made  to  the  author,  but  since  the  book 
is  not  written  to  advertise  anyone  no  names  are  given. 

Except  where  otherwise  expressly  stated  the  prices  are  f.  o.  b. 
the  manufacturer's  works. 

(C)   The  cost,   ready  to  commence  work,   includes 
(p)   the  purchase  price,  the 
(t)   cost  of  transportation,  and  the 

(a)  preparatory   cost,   including  unloading,   erecting  and 
getting  into  working  position. 

When  possible  the  shipping  weights  have  been  included  here, 
and  the  freight  rate  may  be  obtained  from  the  nearest,  railroad 
agent,  usually  on  the  telephone.  Data  on  the  cost  of  erecting 
and  installing  machinery  are  not  very  plentiful.  I  have  included 
them  wherever  possible  from  the  available  information. 

(Q)  The  capacity  of  equipment  is  a  very  elusive  quantity.  That 
of  a  wagon,  ship,  bucket  or  scraper  is  usually  listed  by  the 
manufacturer  as  the  "water  measure"  capacity  and  must  be 
corrected  to  obtain  the  "place  measure"  capacity.  The  capacity 
of  a  steam  shovel  in  theory  is  the  "water  measure"  of  the  bucket 
multiplied  by  the  rated  number  of  swings  per  unit  of  time;  in 
practice  it  is  likely  to  average  from  20%  to  70%  of  this,  with 
the  odds  on  the  lower  figure.  Therefore  the  capacity  figures 
must  be  taken  as  purely  relative  for  the  purpose  of  defining  the 
size  or  type  of  equipment  mentioned.  A  good  many  elements 
enter  into  this,  not  the  least  of  which  is  often  the  skill  of  the 
operator.  A  steam  shovel,  in  particular,  is  dependent  for  its 
capacity  upon  the  skill  of  the  runner  and  the  manner  in  which 
the  runner  and  craneman  work  together.  The  character  and 
condition  of  the  material  that  is  handled  may  greatly  affect 
the  performance,  so  that  capacity  under  ideal  conditions  (which 
is  the  manufacturer's  assumption  when  rating  his  machines) 
is  simply  the  maximum,  and  is  rarely  to  be  equaled  in  working 
practice.  Moreover,  the  capacity  of  such  a  machine  as  a  steam 


INTRODUCTION  5 

shovel  is  limited  by  that  of  the  cars  into  which  it  is  loading, 
and  is  affected  by  the  necessity  of  "moving  up,"  and  of  changing 
trains,  etc. 

(E)  The  cost  of  operating  a  machine  depends  a  good  deal 
on  the  skill  of  the  operator,  as  well  as  on  the  layout  of  the 
work,  weather  conditions,  etc.  In  estimating  this  quantity,  there 
should  be  included  the  incidental  and  necessary  costs  without 
which  it  cannot  work  to  advantage.  The  cost  of  operating  a 
hoisting  engine,  for  example,  includes  that  of  coal  "on  the  plat- 
form," which  may  include  the  cost  of  hauling  coal  from  a 
delivery  point,  and  should  include  the  cost  of  coaling  at  night, 
watchman's  time,  etc.  The  operating  cost  and  operating  capacity 
are  reciprocally  dependent  on  each  other. 

(A)  The  adaptability  of  a  particular  machine  to  the  condi- 
tions governing  its  work  is  often,  if  not  always,  the  most 
important  feature  to  be  considered  in  its  selection,  since  on  this 
feature  its  practical  efficiency  for  the  work  in  hand  largely 
depends.  Adaptability  is  affected  by  the  peculiarities  of  the 
work  on  which  it  is  to  be  employed  as  well  as  those  of  the 
machine  itself,  and  for  a  proper  judgment  as  to  its  value  an 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  machine  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  conditions  under  which  it  is  to  work  are  necessary.  Unfor- 
tunately the  working  conditions  are  not  always  ascertainable 
With  sufficient  exactness  to  be  sure  of  selecting  the  most  suitable 
plant,  and,  more  unfortunately,  reliable  information  about  new 
'  equipment  is  scarce.  Salesmen,  while  probably  no  worse  than 
the  rest  of  mankind,  are  always  biased  by  their  personal  interest 
in  the  product  that  they  handle,  and  they  cannot  be  expected  to 
give  due  weight  to  the  faults  of  their  own  machines  or  the 
virtues  of  those  sold  by  their  competitors,  and  are  poor  advisers 
in  consequence.  Theoretically,  a  way  to  avoid  this  disadvantage 
would  be  to  call  in  rival  salesmen  and  let  them  talk  out  the 
whole  subject  in  the  presence  of  each  other.  The  writer  tried 
this  plan  just  once,  at  the  request  of  a  client,  and  it  was  a 
howling  failure.  Advertising  statements,  while  honestly  meant, 
are  apt  to  be  outrageously  deceptive.  As  an  instance  of  this  the 
following  was  cut  out  of  one  of  the  technical  journals. 

"DUMP  WAGON  COSTS  "OUR   COSTS 

"Eight    men    can    shovel   one  "This  cubic  yard  machine  is 

cubic  yard  of  loose  sandy  loam  loaded  in  %  minute;  therefore, 
into  a  dump  wagon  in  3  min-  in  a  10-hour  day  one  man  on 
utes,  therefore,  in  a  10-hour  this  machine  can  load  2,400 
day  these  8  men  could  load  cubic  yards  of  material,  or  12 
200  cubic  yards  of  material.  times  as  much  as  8  of  your 
At  $1.50  per  day,  8  men  cost  competitors'  men  can  shovel 
$12.00;  therefore,  the  labor  cost  in  a  10-hour  day. 
alone  on  200  yards  would  be  "On  the  above  basis  we  fig- 

6  cts.  per  cubic  yard.  ure    the    two    teams    and    their 

drivers,  and  even  then  taking 
this  cost  at  $10.00,  the  cost  per 
cubic  would  be  .004,  or  four 
mills. 

"There  are  a  number  of  items  and  incidentals  yet  to  be  added 
to  both  of  these  costs  but  the  ratio  of  cost  is  as  1  to  21  in  favor 
of  this  scraper." 


6  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

This  is  cost  analysis  gone  mad  with  a  vengeance,  yet  the 
man  who  wrote  it  in  all  probability  thought  that  he  was  highly 
conservative.  A  great  many  manufacturers  use  special  care 
that  the  statements  in  their  trade  literature  shall  be  undeniably 
on  the  safe  side  on  account  of  the  very  bad  moral  effect  of 
an  exaggeration.  One  of  the  large  manufacturers  of  electrical 
machinery  has  been  known  to  permit  salesmen  to  state  as  the 
working  efficiency  of  certain  machines  a  percentage  of  the 
results  shown  by  mechanical  tests,  on  the  ground  that  a  dis- 
appointed and  disgusted  customer  is  the  worst  advertisement 
possible.  Notwithstanding  this  fact,  there  are  many  machines 
that  would  be  much  more  generally  used  did  contractors  feel 
confidence  in  the  statements  regarding  them.  The  old  and  tried 
machine  that  is  not  especially  well  adapted  to  the  work  in  hand 
is  thus  often  used  for  lack  of  reliable  information  about  the 
new  and  unknown  one. 

No  book  can  tell  a  contractor  automatically  what  equipment 
is  the  best  for  his  "use,  but  it  is  possible  to  put  him  in  possession 
of  vastly  more  information  than  has  heretofore  been  available, 
and  this  has  been  attempted  in  the  present  volume. 

The  object  of  this  book  being  primarily  to  furnish  the  in- 
formation needed  by  contractors,  and  the  material  having  become 
rather  voluminous,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  leave  out  a 
great  many  items  which  might  be  useful  to  a  very  few  contrac- 
tors, but  which  would  not  be  generally  employed  by  the  vast 
majority  of  them.  The  author  will  appreciate  hearing  from 
contractors  who  would  like  to  find  more  material  than  obtained 
in  the  book,  with  a  view  to  finding  out  the  exact  demand  for 
extra  matter,  and  will  endeavor  to  insert  such  additional  material 
in  future  editions. 

A  most  important  point  to  which  attention  is  called  is  that  all 
the  illustrations  in  this  volume  are  for  the  purpose  of  illus- 
trating types  of  machines  of  which  costs  and  performances  are 
given.  No  quotation  or  price  mentioned  in  these  pages  is  to  be 
taken  as  referring  exclusively  to  any  one  machine  illustrated 
or  to  the  production  of  any  one  manufacturer.  The  prices  are 
frequently  averages  of  several  quotations,  while  the  illustration 
that  goes  with  this  price  is  that  of  a  standard  piece  of  equipment. 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 


These  machines  are  for  the  purpose  of  putting  power  into 
proper  form  for  convenient  and  economical  transmission.  Many 
of  the  operations  that  formerly  were  done  only  by  hand  are 
now  being  accomplished  by  machinery  and  machine  tools  driven 
by  compressed  air  or  its  substitute,  compressed  steam.  Under 
many  circumstances  a  drill  can  operate  by  steam  as  well  as  by 
air,  while  for  the  hand  tools,  such  as  riveters,  stone  cutters, 
etc.,  the  use  of  steam  is  not  convenient  because  of  its  high 
temperature  and  sometimes  because  of  the  dense  white  cloud 
of  condensing  steam  which  is  opaque  and  wet.  In  general,  air 
is  never  at  a  disadvantage  as  compared  with  steam  in  con- 
venience of  working;  and  where  they  are  equally  convenient  the 
ruling  economic  feature  is  the  distance  to  which  the  power 
must  be  transmitted.  A  boiler  is  less  expensive  than  a  boiler 
and  compressor  of  the  same  power;  hence  for  short  distances  the 
steam  power  is  more  economical,  other  conditions  being  equal. 
As  the  distance  of  transmission  increases,  the  relative  economy 
of  the  steam  transmission  decreases,  on  account  of  heat  losses, 
and  there  is,  therefore,  a  point  at  which  the  extra  economy  of 
the  air  transmission  equals  the  extra  cost  of  the  compressor. 
For  greater  distances  than  this  the  air  transmission  is  economic; 
below  it  direct  steam  is  the  less  costly.  The  actual  position  of 
this  critical  point  for  each  set  of  conditions  depends  on  the 
conditions  themselves  and  can  be  worked  out  when  they  are  all 
determined.  It  should  be  remembered,  when  considering  such  a 
problem,  that  it  is  quite  possible  to  carry  steam  for  half  a  mile 
in  well  lagged  pipe  with  inconsiderable  heat  losses. 

The  chief  peculiarity  of  air  compression  for  these  purposes  is 
that,  as  the  air  becomes  compressed,  its  temperature  rises.  It 
may  then  be  cooled  at  the  place  of  compression  by  artificial 
means,  or  it  may  be  admitted  to  the  transmission  pipes  without 
first  being  cooled.  In  the  latter  case  it  becomes  cooled  more  or 
less  in  transit,  necessarily  losing  some  of  its  pressure  by  the 
act  of  cooling,  with  a  consequent  loss  of  efficiency.  For  large 
installations,  therefore,  it  is  customary  to  do  the  cooling  in 
the  engine  by  a  water  jacket,  or  water  jets. 

A  cubic  foot  of  "free"  air,  at  normal  atmospheric  pressure 
of  14.7  Ibs.  per  square  inch  and  initial  temperature  of  60°  F., 
will  have  a  temperature  of  about  225°  F.  and  pressure  of  2.64 
atmospheres  when  compressed  to  one-half  its  original  volume  if 
there  be  no  escape  of  the  heat  which  is  necessarily  generated 
by  the  increase  of  pressure.  This  is  "adiabatic"  compression,  or 
compression  without  loss  of  heat.  If  by  a  cooling  arrangement 
the  generated  heat  could  all  be  removed  as  fast  as  generated, 
so  that  the  temperature  should  remain  constant,  then  the  final 
pressure  would  be  two  atmospheres  for  the  above  example,  and 
the. compression  would  be  "isothermal."  In  actual  practice  some 
heat  is  lost  through  the  cylinders,  so  that  neither  the  adiabatic 
nor  isothermal  curves  represents  accurately  the  facts. 

7 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


If  V    represents  final  volume, 
V  represents  initial  volume, 
P    represents  final  pressure, 
P'  represents  initial  pressure. 


Then  in  general, 


P       (V  \  n 
(0       '=V 


(2)  For  isothermal  compression,   n=l 

(3)  For  adiabatic  compression,  n=^1.4 

For  commercial  machinery  the  exponent  will  be  somewhere  be- 
tween these  figures,  depending  upon  the  efficiency  of  the  machine 
Temperature,  Degrees  F. 


§   §   §   g 

<f          10         CM          - 


£ 


AIR  COMPRESSORS 


and  the  amount  of  cooling  that  is  introduced  into  it.  These  three 
simple  formulas  combine  the  theoretical  facts.  The  diagram 
on  page  8,  Fig.  1,  giving  in  graphic  form  the  adiabatic  curves 
for  temperature,  pressure  and  volume  will  enable  the  approxi- 
mate temperature  to  be  obtained  without  tedious  calculation. 

There  follows  also  a  diagram,  Fig.  2,  from  "Rock  Drilling," 
by  Dana  and  Saunders,  from  which  may  be  obtained  the  cubic  feet 
of  free  air  required  to  run  any  number  of  drills  at  sea  level 
and  at  various  elevations. 

Compressors  may  be  divided  into  two  general  classes.  The 
first  classification  divides  them  into  the  straight-line  com- 


Pressure  in  Ibs.  per  sq.  inch. 
60  70    80  90    100  110  120 

2.2 
2.0 
1.6 
1.6 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 
0.8 

/ 

4.0QO 

/ 

/^ 

^ 

/ 

F 

ictc 

rs 

'Y 

/hi 

.h 

S 

/ 

I  I  1 

Cubic  Feet  of  Air  per  Minute  . 

t 

M 

Iti 

'y 

for 

/ 

/ft 

^ 

V 

rio 

is  / 

in 

Lde 

/ 

t, 

00 

on 

tl. 
•1 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

a 

nd 

res 

sur 

•s. 

^ 

7. 

-6,C 

00 

/ 

; 

/ 

^ 

t 

/ 

/ 

'/ 

/ 

tt 

DO 

00 

' 

/ 

/ 

, 

/ 

to 

/ 

/, 

S 

/ 

^> 

a 

/ 

/ 

/ 

A 

// 

/s 

/, 

< 

/ 

/ 

/ 

s> 

' 

/^ 

s^ 

s\ 

i* 

/ 

/ 

/ 

^ 

0 

f 

b* 

/I 

, 

/ 

/ 

s> 

^ 

/ 

w 

/ 

s 

s 

S" 

<*£- 

i  '"' 

" 

/ 

^ 

^ 

/ 

s 

s* 

^ 

•^ 

*- 

5 

/ 

'  ^ 

/ 

•£ 

<s 

^ 

^ 

'  , 

/ 

s 

/ 

^ 

^ 

*^ 

^^ 

/, 

'  / 

/ 

^ 

^-* 

^* 

~~- 

*~~ 

^ 

/ 

// 

, 

/ 

^ 

^ 



*— 

-—  - 

/T 

,S 

^*- 

.  —  ' 

^-* 

i 

^ 

**- 

I 

10 


10 


30 


40 


Number  of  Drills. 

Fig.  2.     Diagram  Showing  Cubic  Feet  of  Free  Air  to  Run  from  One 
to   Forty   Rock  Drills  at  75  Ibs.  per  sq.   in.   Pressure. 

pressor  in  which  the  steam  and  air  cylinders  are  arranged  in 
a  straight  line  and  the  power  is  applied  through  a  single  long 
piston  rod  connecting  all  pistons;  and  into  the  duplex  compressor 
which  consists  of  two  compressors  set  side  by  side,  each  made  up 
of  a  steam  and  an  air  cylinder  connected  to  a  crank  shaft 
carrying  a  single  balance  wheel.  The  cranks  of  the  two  sections 
are  set  at  a  90°  angle  to  each  other  with  the  object  of  producing 
no  dead  center  and  to  enable  the  machine  to  operate  at  very 
low  speeds. 


10  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  straight  line  machine  is  usually  of  lower  cost,  requires 
lighter  foundation,  occupies  less  room  than  the  duplex,  is  more 
reliable  in  the  hands  of  an  average  engineer  and  is  a  machine 
for  every  day  service  in  moderate  capacity.  The  duplex  has  more 
uniform  operation,  higher  efficiency  and  greater  steam  economy. 
Another  advantage  is  that  in  case  of  accident  one  side  of  the 
machine  may  remain  uninjured  and  can  be  run  in  an  emergency. 

The  second  general  classification  divides  them  into  steam  driven 
and  power  driven  compressors.  In  the  former  the  steam  cylinder 
is  an  integral  part  of  the  machine.  In  the  latter  the  compressor 
is  operated  by  power  outside  of  the  machine  and  may  be  driven 
by  belts,  ropes,  chains,  gears,  or  a  direct  shaft  connection.  Of 
these  the  belt  driven  is  the  most  common  and  the  direct  shaft 
is  used  only  with  electric  motors  or  water  wheels.  Compressors 
may  be  classed  also  as  vertical  and  horizontal.  The  vertical  type 
is  advantageous  where  space  is  limited,  as  the  machine  is  small, 
and  is  commonly  restricted  to  the  power  driven  class.  The 
horizontal  type  is  generally  considered  the  better.  Another 
classification  is  that  of  the  single  stage  or  compound  stage. 
This  has  to  do  with  the  degree  of  compression  to  which  the  air 
must  be  subjected. 


Fig.  3.    Standard  9'^-inch  Compressors  on  Portable  Boiler. 

Locomotive  Compressor.  The  simplest  type  of  air  compressor 
is  the  standard  locomotive  pump  used  for  air  brakes.  This  ma- 
chine is  of  the  straight  line  type  and  was  originally  designed  for 
locomotive  air  brake  use,  but  has  since  been  applied  to  over  one 
hundred  different  kinds  of  service,  such  as  small  pneumatic  tool 
operation,  cleaning  metal  surfaces,  sand-blast  outfits,  in  sewage 
ejectors,  for  pumping  and  conveying  liquids. 

Westingrhouse  Standard  steam-driven  air  compressors  are  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  3  and  the  Cross-Compound  by  Fig.  4. 


AIR   COMPRESSORS 
TABLE   1 


Diameter  of  steam 
cylinder  

Diameter  of  air 
cylinder  


8-in. 


8' 


Stroke 10" 

Steam       admission 

pipe   i" 

Steam  exhaust  pipe  1%" 

Air  admission  pipe  1%" 

Air  delivery  pipe..  1^4" 

Rated  speed,  single 

strokes  per  min.  120 

Displacement    at 

rated  speed 35  cu.  ft. 

Average    actual 

displacement     . .  20  cu.  ft. 

Overall  dimensions  42x18x14" 

Net  weight 450  Ibs. 

Weight,   boxed 550  Ibs. 

Price,  f.  o.  b.   fac- 
tory     $90 


9y2-in 

9y2" 

10" 
1" 

120 
49  cu.  ft. 

28  cu.  ft 

42x18x15" 

525   Ibs. 

625  Ibs. 

$100 


11-in. 
11" 

11" 
12" 

iy2" 
iy2;; 

100 
66  cu.  ft. 

45  cu.  ft. 

51x22x16" 

850  Ibs. 

975  Ibs. 

$150 


Cross 
compound 

10%    in 
H.  P.  8y2" 

L.  p.  i4y2- 

H.  P.  9" 
L.  P.  13% 
12" 


100 
115  cu.  ft 

50  cu.  ft. 
52x37x18" 
1,500  Ibs. 
1,750  Ibs. 

$325 


Fig.  4.  One  of  Two  Cross 
Compound  Compressors  In- 
stalled at  the  Plant  of  Heath 
&  Milligan  Manufacturing  Co., 
Chicago,  III. 


This  type  of  compressor  requires  no  foundation  (being  bolted 
to  a  column  or  wall)  nor  accurate  alignment  of  parts.  The  usual 
method  of  installing  a  water  jacketed  compressor  of  this  type  is 


12 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


shown  in  Fig.  5.  If  the  conditions  do  not  require  a  water  jacket 
the  water  pipe  connections  and  valve,  and  radiating  discharge 
pipe  may  be  omitted.  The  approximate  prices  of  the  chief  ele- 


AIR   COMPRESSORS 


13 


ments  are:    Lubricator,  $6.50;  Governor,  $14.00;  Air  gauge,  $2.50; 
Main  reservoir,  $24.50;  Drain  cock,  $1.00. 

Standard  electric  railway  compressors  without  water-jacket  for 
use  in  connection  with  direct  current  and  wound  for  600  volts, 
have  also  found  a  great  variety  of  uses  where  the  operation  is 
not  continuous  for  over  20  minutes  or  50%  of  the  time.  Fig.  6. 


Fig.    6. 


Direct   Current    Motor   Driven 
Air  Compressor. 


TABLE  2 


Cyl.  Diam. 
and  stroke, 

inches 
5     x3 


x5 


Displacement, 

cu.  ft.  per 
min.  100  Ibs.  air 

14  *£ 
25 
38 
50 


Price 

$275 
325 
425 
475 


Shipping 
weight 

750  Ibs. 
1,100  Ibs. 
1,400  Ibs. 
1,600  Ibs. 


Compressors  of  this  type  with  direct  current  motors  wound  for 
other  voltages,  and  with  single,  2  phase,  and  3  phase  alternating 
current  motors  of  various  voltages  and  cycles  are  manufactured, 
but  the  prices  vary  too  greatly  to  be  tabulated. 

Cost  of  Installation.     In  Gillette's  "Rock  Excavation"  the  cost 
of  installing  a  compressor  plant  is  given  as  follows: 
Band,  Class  C. 

24x20-in.  compressor,  original  cost,   $4,000.00. 

150  H.  P.  locomotive  boiler  which  cost  $1,000.00  (2nd  hand). 

Plant  could  furnish  1.300  cu.  ft.  free  air  per  minute  at  80 
pounds  pressure,  or  enough  to  run  10  or  12  drills. 

Cost  of  installing  boiler: 

22  days,  laborers,  at   $1.50 $  33.00 

23  days,   engineers,    at    $3.00 69.00 

13  days,  mechanics,    at    $4.00 52.00 

13  days,  mechanics,  at   $2.00. 26.00 

1  day,  bricklayer,   at  $4.00 4.00 

Total    .  $184.00 


14 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Cost  of  installing  compressor: 
120  days,  laborers,  at  $1.50 $180.00 

4  days,  engineers,    at    $3.00 1200 

22  days,  mechanics,  at  $4.00 88.00 

80  days,  mechanics'  help,   at   $2.00 160.00 

50  days,  carpenters,    at    $3.00 150.00 

3  days,  bricklayers,  at  $4.00 1200 

6  days,  teams,  at  $4.00 24.00 

8  days,  foreman,    at    $3.00 24.00 

Total    $650.00 

Cost  of  materials: 

15  M  B.  M.  lumber  for  housing  compressor,  at  $25 $375.00 

1,400  sq.  ft.  tar  paper  (1  layer) 21.00 

32  cu.  yds.  concrete,  at  $4.00 128.00 

5  M  brick,  at  $7.00 35.00 

6  bbls.  cement,  at  $2.00 12.00 

Sand     •  1.00 

Total     «. $572.00 

Cost  of  larg-e  compressor  plant.  The  following  is  the  estimated 
cost  of  a  compressed  air  plant  in  a  western  mine  designed  to 
furnish  air  for  20  drills  of  3%-in.  size. 

4  high  pressure  boilers  (66  in.  x  16  ft.) $  6,000.00 

Housing  and  installing  boilers 2,000.00 

Duplex  compound  air  compressor 16,000.00 

Housing  and  installing  compressor 2,000.00 

Pipe,  1,000  ft.  6-in.  and  1,500  ft.  1-in 1,200.00 

Machine  shop  and  tools 800.00 

Total     $28,000.00 

Estimating*  Costs.  Mr.  Gillette  says  it  is  usually  safe  to  esti- 
mate on  a  basis  of  $1,000  per  drill  for  the  cost  of  a  large  and 
efficient  compressor  plant,  and  temporary  housing  and  pipe  line, 


Fig.    7.       Power    Driven    Single    Stage 
Straight    Line    Air    Compressor. 


to  which  must  be  added  the  cost  of  the  drill  itself.  If  a  more 
permanent  building  is  provided,  the  corresponding  cost  of  the 
compressor  plant  may  be  $1,500  per  'drill. 

The  prices  of  air  compressors  vary  with  the  type,  size,  equip- 
ment  and    other   conditions    under   which    they   are    to   be    used. 


AIR   COMPRESSORS 


15 


Prices  are  herein  given  per  cubic  foot  of  displaced  air  for  the 
commonly  used  sizes  of  compressors.  Only  a  few  of  each  type 
are  tabulated  as  it  is  impossible  to  include  all  that  are 
manufactured. 


TABLE  3 

POWER  DRIVEN,    STRAIGHT   LINE,    SINGLE   STAGE,   HORI- 
ZONTAL  AIR   COMPRESSORS 


Size  of  air          §3^ 
Cylinder           g££ 

O                   Oj 

c  .          x  O       *s  ?•<  ** 
E  M           o  w        ftr?I3 

Ctf  g                   (H  fl              ECU'S 

Air  Pressure 
(Lbs.) 

d            g 

Brake  H.  P. 
at  Belt  Pulley. 

c            * 

^ 

1 

O 

1 

1 
5 

Q^ 

£2 

Q 

3 

1 

§ 

3 

3 

£ 

6 

6 

40 

45 

100 

5.5 

8.5 

5x2 

1,420 

8 

8 

100 

50 

100 

12.5 

19 

6x2.5 

2,500 

10 

6 

115 

15 

20 

8 

10 

5x2 

1,750 

10 

10 

180 

55 

100 

25 

36 

7.5x3 

4.000 

12 

8 

205 

20 

30 

16 

22 

6x2.5 

3,100 

12 

12 

310 

60 

100 

46 

62 

11.5x4 

7,500 

14 

10 

335 

25 

35 

30 

38 

10.5x3 

5,000 

The  prices  of  compressors  of  this  type  range  from  $4.75  per 
cu.  ft.  of  displaced  air  in  the  6x6  size  to  $2.25  per  cu.  ft.  in 
the  14x10  size. 


TABLE  4 

STEAM   DRIVEN,    STRAIGHT    LINE,    SINGLE    STAGE,    HORI- 
ZONTAL AIR   COMPRESSORS 
Steam  Pressure  80-100  Lbs. 


Size 
of  Cylinders 

•SS-2 
^^« 

Dimensions 

uc 

L 

u 

8w9 

6$K 

gfag, 

Air 

Pressure 
(Lbs.) 

I.H.P.   in                 ^ 

Steam                   •» 
Cyl.              -  'fe 

£ 
+j 

5 

SM 

°| 

c^:  oi 

5  o  c 

Ig-^ 

d 

* 

d 

i 

Ml 

B 

2 

^? 

'S 

be 
'v 

WQ 

< 

Sw" 

5 

S 

g 

S 

^ 

tS 

^ 

w 

^ 

6 

6 

6 

40 

45 

100 

5.5 

8.5 

7 

2 

5 

2,000 

6 

10 

6 

115 

]§ 

20 

8 

10 

7.5 

2 

5 

2  500 

8 

10 

s 

145 

50 

14 

20 

9 

2.5 

5 

3,700 

10 

10 

10 

180 

55 

100 

25 

36 

10.5 

3.5 

5 

6,100 

10 

12 

10 

260 

35 

55 

28 

38 

11 

3.5 

5 

6,500 

12 

12 

12 

310 

60 

100 

46 

62 

15 

4 

6 

9,100 

The  prices  of  compressors  of  the  above  type  range  from  $8.30 
per  cu.  ft.  of  displaced  air  ±or  the  6x6x6  size  to  $3.10  per 
cu.  ft.  for  the  12x12x12  size. 


16 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  larger  sizes  of  steam   driven,    straight  line,   single  stage 
compressors  are  as  follows: 


Size 
of  Cylinders 


Steam  Pressure  80-120  Lbs. 
j 
I     .  Dimensions 


4- 


Air 

Pressure 
(Lbs.) 


I.H.P.  in 

Steam 
Cyl. 


56 

gM 

o 

ap«-< 

e 

H 

d 

9 

OJJ 

C 

•o 

5 

5 

4-> 

02 

5 

3 

W 

3 

09 

3 

J£ 

18 

18 

18 

630 

40 

80 

75 

115 

15 

4.5 

18 

20 

24 

805 

40 

90 

90 

150 

19 

5.5 

20 

22 

24 

975 

40 

85 

110 

175 

19 

5.5 

20 

24 

24 

1,150 

25 

50 

95 

150 

19 

5.5 

22 

22 

24 

975 

50 

100 

124 

188 

19 

5.5 

24 

24 

24 

1,150 

40 

80 

125 

200 

19 

5.5 

The  prices  of  the 
displaced  air  in  the 
24x24x24  size. 


4.5  17,500 

5.5  24.500 

5.5  25,500 

5.5  26,500 

5.5  27,000 

5.5  27,500 

above  type  range  from  $3.20  per  cu.  ft.  of 
18x18x18   size   to   $2.50  per  cu.   ft.   in   the 

TABLE  5 


STEAM  DRIVEN,  TANDEM,  TWO-STAGE,  HORIZONTAL 

COMPRESSORS 
Steam   Pressure   80-150   Lbs. 


Size  of  Cylinders 

I  i 

S     i      «s       G 


:ii 


I.    H.    P.    in 

Steam  Cyl- 
inders, Sea 
Level.Pres- 
sure 


Dimensions 


~  V2 

e  G 

S3 

fc£ 

tig 

I 

ftg- 

a 

J 

0 

to 

ff 

2 

| 

5 

J 

W 

cc 

5 

0 

o 

S 

^ 

£ 

14 

16 

10 

14 

690 

120 

130 

18 

4 

6 

18 

20 

13 

18 

1,115 

185 

205 

21 

4.5 

7 

22 

24 

15 

24 

1,645 

270 

300 

26 

5.5 

8 

24 

27 

16 

27 

2,180 

355 

395 

29 

6 

8.5 

19,500 

28,000 
43,000 
52,000 

The  prices  of  the  above  type  range  from  $2.90  for  the  14  x  16  x 
10  x  14  to  $2.00  for  the  24  x  27  x  16  x  27  per  cu.  ft.  of  displaced 
air.  This  type  is  largely  used  as  a  compressor  of  intermediate 
economy  between  the  straight  line  and  cross  compound  types. 

TABLE  6 

POWER    DRIVEN,    DUPLEX,    CROSS-COMPOUND,    HORIZON- 
TAL   COMPRESSORS 


Size  (Ins.) 
lOx  6x10 
14x  9x12 
19x12x16 
25x15x20 

Further  sizes  of  duplex  single  stage  air  compressors  are  not 
given  as  they  are  used  only  under  special  conditions  where  low 


Displacement, 
Cu.  Ft.  Free  Air 
Per  Minute 
205 
445 
890 
1,700 

Price  per  Cu.  Ft. 
Air  Displaced 
$4.30 
2.60 
2.00 
2.00 

Weight 
(Lbs.) 
7,300 
12,500 
25.000 
60,000 

AIR   COMPRESSORS 


17 


pressure  air  is  required,  such  as  caisson  sinking,   air  lifts,  etc. 
where  each  installation  requires  special  cylinder  sizes. 


Fig.  8.     Duplex  Belt  Driven  Compressor. 


TABLE  7 
STEAM  DRIVEN,  DUPLEX,  TWO-STAGE,  HORIZONTAL 

COMPRESSORS 
Steam  Pressure   80-150   Lbs. 
LH.Pi 


Size  of  Cylinders 
Diameters 


£ 

<"? 


1  10 

a  14 

12  19 

16  25 

18  28 


6 

9 

12 
15 
17 


10 
12 
16 

20 
24 


205 

445 

890 

1,700 

2,380 


32 

70 

140 

270 

375 


35  9x5 

80  10.5x6 

160  13.5x9 

300  17x11.5 

420  19x12.5 


8,900 
13,000 
25,500 
55,000 
68,000 


Fig.   9. 


Ingersoll-Rand   Straight   Line   Steam    Driven   Two- 
Stage  Air  Compressor. 


18 


HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


The  prices  of  compressors  of  the  above  type  with  simple  steam 
cylinders  vary  from  $5.50  per  cu.  ft.  of  displaced  air  for  the 
7x10x6x10  size  to  $3.00  for  the  larger  sizes.  These  com- 
pressors are  usually  sold  with  cross  compound  steam  cylinders, 
which  cost  approximately  35  cents  per  cu.  ft.  extra. 


Fig.    10. 


Ingersoll-Rand    Duplex    Corliss    Steam    Driven 
Air  Compressor. 


TABLE  8 
CORLISS  ENGINE  DRIVEN  COMPRESSORS,   SIMPLE   STEAM, 


Size  of 
Cylinders 
Diam- 
eters 

i  I! 


TWO-STAGE,    AIR   CYLINDERS 
Steam  Pressure  90-120  Lbs. 


I.H.P.in  Steam 
Cylinder  at 
Pressures 


Dimensions 
Ft. 


W  oj 

£ 

£ 

0) 

oft  ft 

^ 

ri 

J 

m 

Pj 

fc" 

1 

S3  3 

3 

0 

A 

G~ 

w 

02 

Q 

o 

0> 

I-H 
1-4 

0* 

TH 

16 

27 

16 

24 

2,000 

305 

320 

342 

18 

30 

18 

27 

2,590 

390 

410 

440 

20 

33 

20 

30 

3,340 

505 

530 

560 

22 

37 

22 

36 

4,200 

625 

665 

705 

«• 

G 

2 

31 

34 
37 
42 


14 
14 
15 
15 


10 
10 
11 
12 


75,000 

92,500 

125,000 

158,000 


The  prices  of  these  machines  with  simple  steam  cylinders  range 
from  $3.75  to  $2.90  per  cu.  ft.  of  air  displaced.  They  are  usually 
sold  with  cross  compound  steam  cylinders,  which  adds  about  35 
cents  per  cu.  ft.  extra  to  the  price. 

The  foregoing  list  of  compressors  gives  a  complete  line  of  the 
commonly  used  compressors  starting  from  the  small  capacities 
of  the  less  efficient  designs  through  the  various  stages  of  de- 


19 


20  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

velopment  to  the  larger  and  more  efficient  units  of  the  highest 
type. 

COST    OF    COMPRESSOR    INSTALLATION 

An  air  compressor,  electric  generating:,  and  pumping  outfit  was 
installed  for  the  Water  Board  of  the  City  of  New  York  at  Corn- 
wall Landing  on  the  Hudson  River,  about  2,000  ft.  south  of  the 
West  Shore  Railway  Station.  This  plant  was  used  to  supply  air 
for  drills,  pumps,  and  general  shaft  and  tunnel  work,  in  driving 
the  siphon  under  the  Hudson  at  Storm  King  Mountain. 

Compressor  equipment  installed.  Two  (2)^§XY^|xl6  Class 
"HH-3"  cross  compound  steam  driven  air  compressors,  having  a 
piston  displacement  each  of  1392  cu.  ft.  designed  to  operate  con- 
densing; air  pressure  100  to  110  Ibs. ;  steam  pressure  150  Ibs. 

One  (1)  48"  improved  type  of  vertical  aftercooler. 

One   (1)   54"  dia.  by  12'  vertical  air  receiver. 

Boiler  equipment  and  pumps,  etc.  Three  (3)  130  H.  P.  Sterling 
boilers. 

Two  (2)  6x4x6  outside  packed  boiler  feed  pumps  built  by 
the  Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

Two  (2)  6x5%  x  6  piston  type  tank  pumps  built  by  the 
Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

One  (1)  10  x  18  x  10  independent  jet  type  condenser  built  by 
the  Buffalo  Steam  Pump  Co. 

One  (1)  400  H.  P.  enclosed  Berriman  type  feed  water  heater 
built  by  the  F.  L.  Patterson  Co. 

One  (1)  20  K.  W.  Kerr  steam  turbine  generating  set  built  by 
the  Atwood  Reardick  Co. 

One    (1)    station  panel  complete  with   necessary   switches,  etc. 

One  (1)  feed  water  tank. 

2,500  ft.  of  6-in.  black  wrought  iron  pipe. 

2,500  ft.  of  1%-in.  2  conductor  cable. 

The  above  equipment  was  installed  on  rented  property  on  the 
Hudson  River  and  immediately  adjacent  to  the  right  of  way  of 
the  West  Shore  Railroad.  Cost  including  this  equipment  plus 
the  cost  of  the  railroad  siding,  actual  building  and  foundations, 
piping  in  power  house,  boiler  setting,  together  with  all  labor 
and  other  charges  for  putting  this  equipment  into  operation, 
laying  the  air  pipe  from  the  plant  to  the  shaft,  some  2,400  ft. 
distant,  and  electrical  connections  between  shaft  and  power 
house,  and  adequate  well  to  obtain  boiler  feed  water  and  making 
proper  connections  to  the  Hudson  River  with  strainer,  etc.  for 
condensing  and  circulating  purposes,  approximately  $35,000.00, 
which  includes  the  following  costs:  Compressors,  aftercooler 
and  receiver,  approximately  $13,500.  Balance  of  equipment,  con- 
sisting of  boilers,  pumps,  generator  set,  water  tank,  pipe  and 
electric  conductor,  etc.,  about  $10,000.  Railroad  siding,  building 
and  foundations,  piping  in  power  house,  boiler  settings,  well, 
erecting  stacks,  labor,  superintendence,  charges  for  placing  plant 
in  operation,  rental,  lease  for  railroad  siding,  and  incidentals, 
$11,600.00. 


AIR   COMPRESSORS 


21 


Portable  compressors.  The  Consolidated  Gas  Co.  of  New  York 
uses  lead  wool  for  its  gas  mains  and  caulks  it  with  a  chipping 
hammer  having  a  3-in.  stroke.  This  is  operated  by  air  supplied 
from  a  portable  compressor  outfit  of  light  weight,  having  a  self- 
contained  water  cooling  system  and  a  simple  gasoline  engine. 
The  capacity  is  about  50-75  cubic  feet  of  air,  which  is  sufficient 
for  7  or  8  hammers.  Table  9  (from  an  article  by  Colin  C. 
Simpson,  Jr.,  written  for  the  American  Gas  Institute,  1910)  shows 
the  cost,  air  capacity,  etc.  of  the  various  types  of  outfits  in- 
vestigated. Hand  work,  the  method  formerly  employed,  required 


Fig.  12. 


for  each  joint  2%  hours  in  yarning  and  7  hours  in  caulking  with 
lead  wool;  two  men  completed  one  joint  in  a  10-hour  day.  About 
160  Ib.  of  lead  wool  were  used.  With  the  compressed  air  outfit 
it  is  stated  two  men  can  yarn  and  caulk  two  joints  in  a  10-hour 
day.  The  men  stand  on  either  side  of  the  main  and  the  caulking 
iron  is  alternated  between  them.  The  pressure  of  the  caulking 
iron  is  said  to  be  uniform  and  to  insure  a  perfect  joint,  using  the 
same  amount  of  lead  wool  pressed  into  a  smaller  space.  The 
gas  engine  consumes  about  1  gal.  of  gasoline  per  hour  and  the 
pressure  maintained  averages  600  Ibs. 


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AIR   COMPRESSORS 


23 


Gloucester,  Mass.,  has  large  areas  covered  with  glacial  boul- 
ders, which  add  greatly  to  the  cost  of  any  sort  of  excavation  and 
here  steam  tripod  drills,  operated  by  portable  boilers,  were  used 
to  blast  these  boulders  until  March,  1910,  when  a  single  stage  air 
compressor,  driven  by  a  15  H.  P.  gasoline  engine,  the  whole 
mounted  on  a  steel  truck,  was  purchased  by  the  city.  An  air 
cylinder  of  8x10  inches  gave  96  cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute 


Fig.  13.      Sullivan 


'WK-3"  Air  Compressor  Outfit  and  Sullivan 
"DB-15"   Hammer  Drills. 


at  165  revolutions  with  80  to  100  Ibs.  air  pressure.  A  hoisting 
attachment  was  mounted  on  the  rear  of  the  truck  for  pulling 
rock  fragments  from  trenches,  etc.  Besides  this,  the  machine 
was  provided  with  a  gasoline  tank,  cooling  tanks,  and  an  air 
receiver.  The  outfit  weighed  8,000  Ibs.  Hammer  drills  were 
used,  and  holes  5  ft.  deep  were  frequently  drilled  in  30  minutes. 
The  price  of  a  similar  machine  complete  is  $1,350.00. 

An  outfit  like  this  with  3  hammer  drills  has  been  used  at 
Yonkers,  on  similar  work.  Each  drill  averaged  50  ft.  per  day 
and  the  cost  of  operation  was  as  follows: 

3  drill  operators  at  $3.50  per  day $10.50 

Compressor  attendant   - 3.50 

Gasoline,  15  gallons  at  20c 3.00 

Interest,   renewals,   wear   and   tear 6.00 


Total  cost    ..........................................  $23.00 


This  gives  a  cost  of  14%  cts.  per  ft.  of  hole.  The  work  was 
formerly  done  by  hand  at  30  cts.  per  ft.;  each  man  received 
$1.50  per  day  and  averaged  5  ft.  of  hole. 


J*-?~r  o 


AIR  COMPRESSORS  26 

Directions: 

1.  If  the  drills  are  not  of  the  3-in.  size,  find  out  the  number  of 
3-in.  drills  which  equals  the  drills  proposed  for  use.     The  diagram 
of  "Relative  Capacity  of  Rock  Drills"  is   for  this  purpose. 

2.  Observe  the  height  above  sea  level. 

3.  Determine  the  air  pressure  that  you  would  carry  on  the  drill. 

4.  The  size  of  the  compressor  in  free  air  capacity  at  the  given 
altitude  will  be  found  in  the  diagram. 

In  the  table  of  altitudes  opposite  each  height  and  under  the 
line  of  pressure  is  found  a  letter,  as  for  8,000  ft.  under  76  Ibs.  we 
find  H.  On  the  diagram  we  find  horizontal  lines  A,  B,  H,  M,  etc. 
We  also  find  diagonal  lines  leaning  to  the  right  marked  with 
numbers  of  3-in.  drills;  also  diagonal  lines  leaning  to  the  left 
marked  "cu.  ft.  free  air  per  minute."  The  meeting  point  of  the 
rock  drill  line  with  the  lettered  altitude  line  will  indicate  the 
free  air  capacity  needed  in  compressors.  For  example,  10 
drills,  at  8,000  ft.  and  76  Ibs.  We  find  the  10  drill  line  meets  the 
line  marked  H  just  below  the  cu.  ft.  capacity  line  marked  1,300; 
thus  indicating  the  capacity  needed  in  the  compressor.  In  the 
same  way  88  Ibs.  at  6,000  ft.  altitude  take  the  letter  I,  and  for 
six  drills  the  drill  line  meets  I  just  below  the  air  capacity  line 
900,  or  20  x  20  compressor. 

As  it  is  a  very  common  practice  to  use  air  in  drills  and  light 
machines  at  full  stroke,  I  append  a  table  of  efficiency  of  com- 
pressors when  the  air  is  so  used  at  60  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.  gauge 
pressure,  and  at  various  heights  above  sea  level. 

TABLE  10 

Height  in  Feet  Above  Efficiency  of  Corn- 

Sea  Level  Barometer.,  Inches  pressor,  Per  Cent 

0  30  100.0 

500  29.42  98.4 

1,000  28.85  96.9 

1,500  28.34  95.5 

2,000  27.78  94.0 

3,000  26.74  91.1 

4,000  25.70  88.1 

5.000  24.73  85.9 

6,000  23.83  82.8 

7,000  22.93  80.2 

8,000  22.04  77.5 

9,000  21.22  75.1 

10.000  20.43  72.7 

12,000  18.92  68.0 


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27 


TABLE  14—  COMPRESSED  AIR  TABLE  FOR  PUMPING  PLANTS 
For  the  convenience  of  engineers  and  others  figuring  on  pumping  plants  to  be  operated  by  com- 
pressed air,  the  following  table  by  which  the  pressure  and  volume  of  air  required  for  any  size  pump 
can  be  readily  ascertained  is  given.  Reasonable  allowances  have  been  made  for  loss  due  to  clearances 
in  pump  and  friction  in  pipe. 
PERPENDICULAR  HEIGHT,  IN  FEET,  TO  WHICH  THE  WATER  IS  TO  BE  PUMPED 

Air  pre'ure  at  pump 
Cubic  ft.  of  free  air 
per  gal.  of  water. 

Air  pre'ure  at  pump 
Cubic  ft.  of  free  air 
per  gal.  of  water. 

sis 

CD  "0*0 

3.J-; 

Air  pre'ure  at  pump 
Cubic  ft.  of  free  air 
per  gal.  of  water. 

Air  pre'ure  at  pump 
Cubic  ft.  of  free  air 
per  gal.  of  water. 

Air  pre'ure  at  pump 
Cubic  ft.  of  free  air 
per  gal.  of  water. 

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ASBESTOS 


Asbestos  building1  felt  and  sheathing-  in  less  than  ton  lots 
costs  3%c  per  pound  for  the  light  material  weighing  from  6  to 
30  pounds  per  100  sq.  ft.,  4c  per  pound  is  charged  for  the  heavy 
asbestos  weighing  from  45  to  56  pounds  per  100  sq.  ft. 

Mill  board  is  made  in  standard  sheets,  40x40  ins.,  and  41x40 
ins.  It  varies  in  thickness  from  1-32  to  %  in.  and  in  weight 
from  2  to  27  Ibs.  per  sheet.  The  net  price  in  100-pound  lots  is 
5c  per  pound. 

Transite,  asbestos  wood,  used  for  fireprooflng,  ventilators  and 
smoke  jackets,  comes  in  standard  sheets,  36x48  ins.  and  42x96 
ins.  The  prices  f.  o.  b.  factory  are  as  follows: 


Thickness, 
inch.. 


1% 

it 


Weight. 
1       Ib. 

I*  :: 

2%    " 


3% 

I* 

6 

7 

8 

10' 
12 
16 
16 


Price 
per  sq.  ft. 
$0.08 
.12 
.16 
.20 
.28 
.28 
.32 
.36 
.40 
.44 
.48 
.52 
.56 
.64 
.72 
.80 


Asbestos  cements  are  used  for  covering  boilers,  domes,  fittings, 
etc.,  and  all  irregular  surfaces,  and  may  be  used  over  asbestos 
air  cell  boiler  blocks,  when  it  makes  an  excellent  covering. 
When  mixed  with  water  to  a  consistency  of  mortar  and  applied 
with  a  trowel,  it  forms  a  light  porous  coating  which  is  the  most 
efficient  non-conductor.  The  cost  of  this  cement  is  $33.00  per  ton. 


30 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ASPHALT  PLANTS 


ASPHALT  MIXING  PLANTS 

A  semi-portable  asphalt  mixing-  plant  (Fig.  15)  designed  to 
meet  the  requirements  of  paving  contractors  and  municipal 
street  repair  work  consists  of  a  double  drum  dryer  with  cold 
material  elevator.  The  dried  materials  are  delivered  into  a 
hopper  and  thereby  conveyed  to  the  hot  material  elevator,  from 
which  they  are  discharged  directly  into  the  revolving  screen 
which  is  located  above  the  hot  material  bin.  This  bin  is  sup- 
ported in  a  tower  and  from  it  the  hot  materials  are  delivered 
to  a  measuring  box  in  which  the  materials  may  be  either 
measured  or  weighed.  The  melting  tanks  (of  one  thousand  gal- 
lons capacity  each)  are  arranged  in  a  battery  of  six  and  are  pro- 


Fig.  15.     Iroquois  Semi -Portable  Asphalt  Mixing  Plant  for  Mu- 
nicipal Repair  Plant  or  General  Contractors'  Use. 

vided  with  suitable  covers,  and  from  them  the  asphalt  is  con- 
veyed to  the  bucket  by  the  dipping  process.  This  bucket  is 
arranged  with  trolley  track  and  each  batch  of  asphalt  can  be 
weighed.  The  mixer  is  provided  with  two  sets  of  shafts  which 
may  be  easily  interchanged  for  mixing  either  binder  or  topping. 
The  power  plant  consists  of  a  locomotive  type  boiler  with  a  50 
h.  p.  engine  mounted  thereon. 

The  engine  and  boiler  are  mounted  on  skids  and  there  are  no 
heavy  foundations  necessary,  thereby  making  the  plant  easy  to 


ASPHALT   PLANTS  31 

remove.      The   plant    has    1,000    square   yards    per    day   capacity; 
total  weight,  63  tons;  price,  f.  o.  b.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  $10,500. 

An  asphalt  mixer  was  used  in  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago,  during 
1910  to  construct  an  asphalt  surfaced  driveway.  The  road  was 
40  ft.  wide  x  4,631  ft.  long,  and  had  2  inches  of  asphalt  on  an  8 
in.  base  of  crushed  stone.  The  total  amount  of  asphalt  was 
22,318  sq.  yds.  The  material  was  mixed  in  an  asphalt  mixer 
in  the  following  proportions: 

Lbs. 
1  part  torpedo   sand    16s 

1  part  bank    sand     165 

3  parts    i^-in.    stone 594 

Asphalt    ".        gi 

Total   7  cu.   ft.   or  1  box 921 

The  total  costs  were  as  follows: 

Labor  on  stone,  p'er  sq.   yd $0.498 

Labor  on  asphalt,  per  sq.   yd 352 

Stone  for  base,  per  sq.  yd 394 

Asphalt  material    394 

Total  per  square  yard $1.638 

Labor  cost  of  curb,  per  lin.  ft 64 

Material  cost  of  curb,  per  lin.  ft 21 

Total  cost  of  curb $0.85 

These  costs  include  all  repairs  to  the  plant,  but  no  depreciation. 
The  cost  of  the  plant  was  as  follows: 

Link  Belt  Co.,   asphalt  mixer $  5,590 

Gasoline    tractor    1,200 

6-toii  roller 1,800 

15-ton  roller    1,500 

Asphalt   tanks   and   tools    1,000 

Total   value  of  plant $11,090 

ASPHALT  REPAIR  PLANTS 

The  municipal  asphalt  repair  plant  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  is 
described  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Vol.  XXXI,  No.  4. 

The  plant  has  a  capacity  of  1,200  square  yards  of  2  in.  asphalt 
per  day,  and  cost  $15,525.  The  total  cost,  including  one  5-ton 
steam  roller,  four  dump  wagons,  five  wagons,  office  building, 
roller,  stone  dust  and  tool  sheds,  all  tools  necessary,  and  the 
preparation  of  the  yard  was  $20,557.68. 

From  June  16  to  December  31,  1908,  101,743  square  yards  of 
surface  mixture  were  turned  out  at  a  total  cost  of  about  64  cents 
per  square  yard.  One  day  was  lost  on  account  of  rain,  four 
days  waiting  for  material  and  seven  hours  for  repairs  to  plant. 

The  cost  of  material  used  was,  for  California  asphalt  $23  per 
ton,  for  Trinidad  asphalt  $29  per  ton,  for  limestone  dust  $3  per 
ton,  for  residuum  oil  (average)  5  cents  per  gallon,  and  for  sand 
90  cents  per  cubic  yard. 


32  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  municipal  asphalt  repair  plant  of  New  Orleans,  La.,  was 
erected  on  a  lot  175  ft.  x  260  ft.,  and  covers  about  1,500  square 
feet  of  ground. 

The  cost  of  plant  was  as  follows: 

Demolition  of  old   garbage  plant  buildings $      475.00 

Asphalt  plant — Warren  Bros.  Asphalt  Paving  Co.'s  con- 
tract,    $16,862.50;     city    alterations     and    additions, 

$2,736.50     19,599.00 

Yard  fences  and  gates 85900 

Switch    tracks 1,189.00 

Yard  pavements  and  drains 6,721.00 

Tower  tank  and  filter. 1,330.00 

Water  pipes  and  outlets 1,015.00 

Waterhouse    and    platform 1,471.00 

Asphalt   shed 289.00 

Blacksmith  shop  and  equipment 222.00 

Stable,  rolling  pen  and  wagon  shed 5,311.00 

Stone  crusher  and  storage  bin 1,966.00 

Yard  material   bins 332.00 

Office   and   store   room    building 5,509.00 

Landing  bins   and   roads .* 1,432.00 

Lighting     352.00 

General  cleaning  of  premises 298.00 

Total    $48,370.00 

In  addition  to  134  tools  of  various  kinds  included  in  the  con- 
tract price,  the  plant  is  furnished  with  the  following:  1  roller- 
mounted  platform  scales;  1  4-wheel  hand  truck;  12  wheelbarrows, 
18  shovels;  10  axes;  6  picks;  8  crowbars;  8  sledge  hammers;  and 
a  number  of  small  tools.  The  shed  tools  consist  of  the  following: 
2  tool  boxes;  18  street  barriers;  1  8-ton  steam  roller;  1  3%-ton 
steam  roller;  1  1,000-lb.  hand  roller;  1  fire  wagon;  1  mixing 
kettle;  18  asphalt  irons;  66  asphalt  axes;  107  picks;  18  mattocks; 
142  shovels;  24  wheelbarrows;  6  axes;  200  ft.  of  hose;  6  sledge 
hammers;  8  chisels;  10  iron  bars;  and  other  small  tools  The 
testing  laboratory  is  equipped  with  cement  testing  apparatus, 
oil  testers,  brick  testers,  etc. 

In  addition,   17  mules,  3  horses,  8  sets  harness,  halters,  blan- 
kets, etc.,  for  the  stable,  and  10  wagons,  8  carts,  2  farm  wagons, 
1  float  dray  and  1  buggy  were  purchased. 
This  equipment  cost  as  follows: 

Live  stock,   harness   and   stable   equipment $  6,197.00 

Rolling  stock  and  equipment 3,180.00 

Plant  tools    837.00 

Street   tools    5,492.00 

Office    furniture     447.00 

Laboratory  equipment    1,490.00 

Total     $17,643.00 

Additional  equipment  was  as  follows: 

1     7-ton    steam    road    roller $1,113.00 

1     steel  road  grading  machine 150.00 

1     700-gallon   capacity   road   sprinkler 396.00 

Rolling    stock    1»°H-22 

Railroad  plows  with  extra  points 

Wheel    scrapers    140.00 

Harness 139.00 

Live  stock    1.700.00 

Total     .  $4,704.00 


ASPHALT   PLANTS  33 

From  September  1,  1906,  to  August  31,  1907,  supplies  cost  as 
follows: 

Av.  Unit 

Cost  Total 

Asphalt,   465.99   tons    18.50  $8,561 

Fluxing  oil,   125,527   Ibs 0075  940 

Naphtha,   6,753   gals 15  1,019 

Lake  shore  sand,  2,580  cu.  yds .99  2,566 

River   sand,    1,779    cu.    yds 1.64  2,920 

Tchefuncta  River  sand,  250  cu.  5'ds 1.60  400 

Mineral  dust,  321  tons. 5.50  1,764 

River  gravel,   5fi4  cu.   yds... 2.27  1,272 

Cement,    1,936    bbls 2.04  3,944 

Coal,   389  tons    2.84  •        1,105 

Clay  gravel,   3,178  cu.   yds 1.50  4,786 

New  small  granite  blocks,  3,240 .07  227 

Old  small   granite   blocks,    4,600 .04  184 

New   building   brick,    9,000 98 

Old   building   brick,    8,500 25 

Pine  wood,   49 %   cords 5.68  283 

Oak   wood,    41%    cords...; 6.74  280 

Lake  shells,   3,618    cu.    yds 1.46  5.C04 

Brickbats,  696  cu.  yds 1.48  1,032 

Cast  iron,  32,924  Ibs 1,289 

Drain  pipes  and  Ys,  3,026  lin.   ft 979 

Laboratory   supplies    

Office   supplies,   stamps,    etc 436 

Engineers'    supplies     606 

Oats,   122,172   Ibs 015  1,820 

Bran,  6,600  Ibs 01  66 

Hay,   39 %    tons    24.72  983 

Stable    supplies     309 

Blacksmith   supplies    87 

$43,309 

During   the   same  period   of  time  the  plant  turned  out   88,947 

cubic  feet  of  wear  surface  which  equals   49,415  square  yards  of 
2-inch  pavement.         * 

The  largest  day's  run  was  205  boxes  of  wearing  surface  mix- 
ture. One  box,  or  9  cubic  feet,  will  lay  5  square  yards  of  2-inch 
pavement. 


34  HANDBOOK  OF^CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


AUTOMOBILES 


These  are  of  two  main  classes,  those  for  transporting  men, 
and  those  for  materials  and  supplies. 

Passenger  Cars.  For  use  of  a  superintendent,  the  passenger 
automobile,  enabling  him  to  go  from  place  to  place  with  speed 
and  convenience,  is  practically  indispensable.  Their  first  cost 
is  known  to  almost  everyone  who  reads  the  papers,  but  the  cost 
of  operation,  which  is  the  important  feature,  seems  to  be  a  mys- 
tery to  owners  until  a  few  months  after  they  have  had  their  cars 
in  commission.  The  medium  priced  car,  say  from  $1,200  to 
$1,800  for  a  five-passenger  touring  car  equipped,  is  worth  at 
the  end  of  its  first  year  a  little  less  than  two-thirds  of  its  first 
cost  if  in  proper  repair,  newly  painted  and  usually  with  two 
new  tires.  After  the  first  year  the  rate  of  depreciation  is  a 
little  less,  say,  25  per  cent  of  the  original  cost  when  new.  It 
is  reasonably  safe  to  figure  about  as  follows  for  a  standard 
American  car: 

Depreciation   per   year 25  %-40  % 

Interest    6  % 

Repairs   and  painting    10%-20% 

Storage   (garage)    (if  in  cities) 15% -30% 

(Less  in  country) 

Gasoline  and  oil,  10,000  miles 5%-15% 

These  figures  are  intended  to  represent  average  conditions, 
and  may  easily  be  exceeded  by  careless  handling  or  rough  usage, 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  may  be  too  high  for  certain  condi- 
tions. The  very  high  priced  cars  will  not  depreciate  as  fast  as 
25  per  cent,  while  the  very  low  ones  may  depreciate  faster  than 
40  per  cent.  If  given  less  than  average  use  the  repair  bill  will 
be  low,  and  the  gasoline  and  oil  costs  will  be  reduced  in  propor- 
tion. If  not  used  at  all,  but  stored  at  a  minimum  rate  of  5  per 
cent,  the  above  costs  will  foot  up  to  36  per  cent  of  the  cost  of 
the  car  new,  while  with  very  moderate  usage  50  per  cent  would 
seem  none  too  high.  The  proper  unit  for  gasoline  cost  is  that 
of  the  car  mile,  but  here  it  has  been  assumed  to  be  on  the  basis 
of  gasoline  at  15  cents  per  gallon  and  twelve  car  miles  per 
gallon  of  gasoline.  I  have  allowed  %  cent  per  mile  for  oil, 
making  1.5  cents  per  mile  in  all,  or  $150  for  10,000  miles,  which 
would  be  10  per  cent  of  the  first  cost  of  a  $1,500  car.  The  other 
figures  are  properly  in  terms  of  percentage  of  first  cost  per  year, 
and  the  fuel  costs  have  been  assumed  as  above  to  get  them  into 
the  same  units  for  comparison.  The  last  item  is  relatively  unim- 
portant, and  becomes  insignificant  if  the  car  is  not  much  used. 

If  the  average  $1,500  car  is  used  200  days  in  the  year,  aver- 
aging fifty  miles  per  day,  its  daily  cost  on  the  above  basis  will 
be  $6.45,  which,  allowing  for  chauffeur  and  overhead  expenses, 
checks  with  the  ordinary  rental  charges.  The  automobile  manu- 
facturing industry  at  present  (1912)  is  growing  faster  than  the 


AUTOMOBILES  35 

demand  for  cars,  with  a  rapidly  decreasing  price  for  standard 
cars,  at  the  same  time  that  competition  is  keeping  up  the  quality 
of  the  marketable  cars.  There  will  be,  therefore,  a  smaller 
demand  and  lower  prices  for  second-hand  cars;  hence  the  figures 
for  depreciation  will  in  the  future  tend  to  increase.  The  price 
of  gasoline  is  not  likely  to  be  lowered,  but  is  gradually  advanc- 
ing, and  repair  and  storage  rates  tend  to  increase  with  the  lapse 
of  time.  Consequently,  the  total  percentage  for  annual  mainte- 
nance cost,  in  terms  of  the  selling  price,  is  likely  to  grow  from 
year  to  year  the  country  over,  the  selling  prices  tending  to 
steadily  decline  until  they  reach  a  standard  cost  of  production 
plus  standard  overhead  charges  and  reasonable  profits.  At  the 
present  writing,  1914,  they  are  still  at  a  considerable  distance 
from  this  standard  point. 

Many  figures  of  "sworn  statements"  as  to  repair  costs  have 
been  published  in  the  interests  of  the  manufacturers  of  cars. 
These  may  be  useful  as  advertising  matter,  but  they  are  hardly 
a  safe  guide  when.  financing  a  purchase. 

Freight  Cars,  Trucks.  The  value  of  an  automobile  truck  for 
handling  materials  and  supplies  depends  on  a  good  many  factors 
that  are  often  not  familiar  to  a  contractor,  especially  when  he 
has  no  data  except  those  furnished  him  (for  nothing)  by  the 
willing  salesman.  The  motor  truck  has  certain  marked  charac- 
teristics that  place  it  in  a  distinct  class  by  itself.  When  com- 
paring it  with  two-horse  wagons  these  peculiarities  must  be 
considered  to  avoid  an  erroneous  conclusion.  The  common  unit 
of  possible  comparison  is  the  ton  of  "live  load"  transported. 
The  cost  of  loading  and  unloading  may  be  assumed  to  be  the 
same  with  motors  as  with  horses.  The  essential  factors  are, 
therefore^  as  follows: 

W=net  live  load  in  tons,  average, 
M=dead   load  of  vehicle  in   tons, 
S=speed  loaded  in  feet  per  minute, 
KS=speed  empty  in  feet  per  minute, 
D=distance  of  haul   in  feet,  one  way, 
L=lost   time   in   one   average   round   trip,    waiting   to   load    and 

unload,  breakdowns,  etc.,  in  minutes, 
F=fixed   charges   per   working   day,   such   as        =mterestan 


D=depreciation, 
S=storage, 
O=operating  expenses  per  working  day,  such  as  f=fu^  w£ste' 

L=chauffeur   and 

other  labor, 
R=repairs, 

m=number  of  minutes  in  the  working  day, 
R=transportation  cost  per  ton.  n,.*~a 

n=number  of  round  trips  per  working  day  of  m  minutes. 

Then  we  have   the   following    formulae: 

(1)  H  =time  in  minutes  for  a  loaded  trip, 

S 

—  =time  in  minutes  for  an  empty  trip, 
KS 


36  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

(2)  LH  —  -=  actual  non-productive  time  per  round  trip, 

KS 

(3)  L+-^+D/S=total  average  time  for  one  round  trip 


-. — =total  number  of  round  trips  per  day.     This  in 

L+—  (i+  — )      the   majority   of   cases   must   be   either  an   in- 
S  V       K7     tegral    number    or    an    integral    plus*  !/>,    since 
the  truck   must   usually   tie   up   for   the   night 
at  one  end  of  the  trip. 

™- — =Average  load  transported  per  day,  in  tons. 


R=cost  of  transportation  per  ton  for 


mw  distance  D 

"W 

_—  =weight  of  load  divided  by  weight  of  v,ehicle,  and 

TUT  ,  „.   =live  load  divided  by  total  load,   giving  the  measure 
M+W         Of  carrying  efficiency  of  the   vehicle. 

There  are  eight  factors  composing  the  quantity  R,  and  these 
seven  formulas  give  us  all  the  essential  relations  for  determining 
the  economic  policy  to  be  pursued  for  any  given  conditions 
from  which  the  values  of  the  eight  factors  can  be  determined. 

Several  of  these  may  be  taken  as  standard,  while  two,  namely, 
the  practicable  net  load  and  the  distance  of  haul,  will  vary  with 
the  nature  of  the  work  and  the  hourly  conditions  on  the  work. 

To  make  proper  comparisons  between  an  automobile  truck  and 
other  means  of  transportation,  the  cost  curves  for  each  method 
should  be  plotted  and  the  costs  thus  readily  be  estimated. 

Automobiles  range  in  price  from  $500  for  a  700-pound  deliv- 
ery wagon  to  $6,000  for  a  7-ton  truck.  Prices  as  given  are  usu- 
ally for  the  chassis  alone  and  do  not  include  the  body,  which 
latter  may  be  had  in  a  variety  of  forms  at  little  above  actual 
cost.  Some  types  of  body  are  very  ingeniously  designed  and 
the  removable  body  is  of  especial  interest.  This  is  made  sepa- 
rate and  of  a  size  to  suit  the  work  it  has  to  perform,  and  is 
mounted  on  rollers  and  can  be  removed  from  the  chassis  and 
rolled  onto  a  hand  truck  or  other  support  and  while  it  is  being 
loaded  or  unloaded  the  chassis  is  performing  its  work  with 
another  body  of  the  same  type.  This  is  very  valuable  on  short 
hauls,  or  where  material  which  is  difficult  to  handle  is  being 
carried,  where  the  loading  charge  would  be  a  large  part  of  the 
total. 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Gow,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Boston  Society 
of  Civil  Engineers,  cites  an  instance  where  the  5  14  -mile  road 
from  the  railroad  to  the  work  was  in  such  bad  condition  and 
of  such  steep  grades  that  2-horse  and  sometimes  4-horse  wagons 
were  unable  to  make  more  than  two  trips  per  day,  carrying  3,000 
pounds.  A  steam  traction  engine  failed  of  greater  success  on 


AUTOMOBILES  37 

account  of  the  bad  reads  and  because  the  steep  grades  going  up 
hill  caused  the  steam  dome  to  be  flooded  and  going  down 
caused  the  crown  sheet  to  be  uncovered.  A  gasoline  traction 
engine  failed  because  of  the  presence  of  sandy  patches  in  the 
road  which  destroyed  the  tractive  force  of  the  wheels.  A  2-ton 
38.5  horsepower  automobile  truck  was  introduced  with  great  suc- 
cess, making  six  trips  per  day  over  a  longer  but  better  road. 
However,-  the  use  of  the  truck  on  the  steep,  icy  roads  became 
too  dangerous  and  was  stopped  during  the  winter.  Mr.  Gow 
says:  "It  is  highly  probable  that  had  two  of  these  trucks  been 
purchased  at  the  beginning  of  the  work  great  saving  would  have 
been  effected  in  the  cost  of  handling  materials." 

Forbes  &  Wallace  put  a  gasoline  machine  in  service  May  1, 
1909,  to  deliver  bundles  from  their  department  store.  The  result 
of  eight  months'  use  is  as  follows: 

Total  number  of  bundles  delivered 2,700 

Expense  including  storage,  oil,  parts  and  labor $    368.00 

Tires    and    repairs 217.00 

Gasoline     119.00 

Registration    10.00 

Wages    559.00 


Total     $1,273.00 

Depreciation,  33  1/3%  per  annum.     Cost  of  delivering  bundles 
by  automobile,    §y2c,   by   horse,   9  8/10c. 

Four  Overland  delivery  cars  were  used  by  the  United  States 
Mail  Service  at  Indianapolis  for  eighteen  months.  Each  car 
replaced  three  horse-driven  wagons  and  fcovered  sixty  to  seventy- 
five  miles  a  day. 

During  the  winter  of  1910  in  New  York  City  a  motor  truck 
carried  ten  cubic  yards  of  snow,  as  compared  with  five  cubic 
yards  carried  by  an  ordinary  contractor's  wagon.  The  return 
trip  from  the  unloading  point  to  the  dock  took  the  motor  truck 
on  an  average  forty  minutes,  while  the  best  record  trip  with 
a  two-horse  truck  was  one  hour  and  twenty  minutes.  At  the 
rate  of  36  cents  per  cubic  yard,  the  motor  truck  earned  $7.20, 
while  the  best  of  its  horse-drawn  competitors  earned  $1.80.  A 
New  York  contractor  hauls  heavy  stone  to  the  crusher  and 
broken  stone  away  from  it.  A  3-ton  motor  truck  in  one  and  a 
half  days  does  the  work  that  five  teams  took  two  days  to 
accomplish. 

In  New  York  City  a  5-ton  truck  delivered  963  tons  of  coal  in 
twenty-six  working  days  with  no  delay  from  breakdowns;  it  aver- 
aged twenty-eight  miles  per  day  and  thirty-seven  ton's  per  day. 
A  10-ton  truck  delivered  eighty-four  tons  a  day  and  covered  two 
and  a  half  miles  on  each  gallon  of  gasoline. 

An  industrial  concern  on  Staten  Island  used  one  3-ton  gasoline 
truck,  one  3-horse  truck  and  one  2-horse  truck  over  a  round  trip 
of  twenty  miles.  The  horse-drawn  trucks  made  one  trip  each  and 
the  motor  truck  two  trips  per  day.  The  3-horse  truck  hauled 
4y2  tons  at  a  cost  of  $10.03,  the  2-horse  truck  hauled  three  tons 


38  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

at  a  cost  of  $7.31.     The  motor  truck  hauled  six  tons   at  a  cost 
of  $13.40. 

The  Chicago  Public  Library  has  been  using  six  1-ton  gasoline 
wagons  to  deliver  books  to  their  branches.  They  were  installed 
in  November,  1904,  and  the  following  statement  was  estimated 
to  April,  1909. 

Drivers'  wages    $4,000.00  Machine  work $    117.01 

Gasoline 939.23  Parts  replaced 1,304.02 

Oil   and  grease 450.15  Tires    968.97 

Parts 35.02  Waste   52.44 

Painting 199.00  Supplies   210.78 

Interest  at  6% 1,080.00  Washing    600.00 

Storage 800.00  Insurance    90.00 


Total $10,846.62 

Average   miles   per   day,    33;    average   cost   per    ton    mile,    18c. 

This  service  formerly  cost  20c  per  ton  mile  with  horse  drawn 
wagons. 

The  Manz  Engraving  Company  replaced  four  double  teams  with 
one  3-ton  truck  which  made  two  trips  daily  on  a  round  trip  of 
more  than  fourteen  miles.  Five  gallons  of  gasoline  were  used 
per  day. 

In  the  Boston  American  Economy  and  Reliability  contest,  held 
in  October,  1910,  for  motor  trucks,  the  cost  of  gasoline  and  cylin- 
der oil  per  ton  mile  ranged  from  $0.0068  to  $0.0892  and  for  the 
twenty-eight  cars  the  average  was  $0.026,  with  gasoline  costing 
16  cents  and  oil  costing  50  cents  per  gallon. 

Standard  speeds  for  motor  trucks  were  formally  adopted  at  a 
convention  of  the  National  Association  of  Automobile  Manufac- 
turers held  in  1912.  Those  speeds,  as  reported  in  the  Power 
Wagon  of  Chicago  are  as  follows: 

TABLE  16 

Load                                      Miles            Load                                      Miles 
Rating                                per  Hour        Rating                                per  Hour 
ton 16  4%     ton 9^ 


15 

14 

13  7 

12  8 

11  9 

I0y2        10 

10 


TYPES  OF   TRUCKS 

There  are  several  types  of  motor  dump  trucks  for  use  by 
contractors  and  others  who  handle  material  in  bulk.  These 
trucks  are  so  made  that  the  body,  together  with  its  load  of  from 
three  to  ten  tons,  can  be  raised  at  the  front  end  and  the  load 
slid  out  or  else  raised  vertically  to  a  sufficient  height  to  permit 
chutes  to  be  used.  One  of  these  trucks  has  a  body  that  is  raised 
at  the  front  end  by  a  pair  of  chains  moved  by  a  train  of  gears 
driven  from  the  transmission  set  of  the  truck.  Another  is  simi- 
larly operated,  except  that  the  chains  are  wound  up  on  the 


AUTOMOBILES  39 

drums,  which  are  worm  driven  from  the  primary  shaft  just  back 
of  the  clutch. 

There  is  also  a  dump  truck  that  is  operated  by  compressed 
air.  A  valve  on  the  dash  is  opened  to  admit  compressed  air  to 
a  long  vertical  steel  cylinder  behind  the  seat.  This  raises  a 
plunger  whose  rod  is  connected  to  the  top  of  the  front  end  of 
the  body,  thus  hoisting  the  body  with  the  load.  Releasing  the 
air  from  the  cylinder  allows  the  body  to  settle  back  to  normal 
position.  The  compressor  is  operated  by  the  vehicle  engine. 
A  new  and  valuable  feature  of  some  of  the  dump  trucks'  are  the 
automatic  tail  boards  with  which  they  are  equipped.  These  are 
hung  on  trunnions  at  the  top  and  so  connected  to  a  system  of 
toggle  arms  at  the  lower  corners  that  they  open  automatically 
as  the  front  end  of  the  body  is  elevated,  thus  enabling  the 
driver  to  dump  the  load  without  leaving  his  seat.  Upon  lower- 
ing the  body  the  tail  board  closes  and  is  locked  into  position. 

Besides  the  trucks  suitable  for  general  contractors'  and  build- 
ers' hauling,  illustrated  in  Figs.  17  to  22A,  there  are  a  variety 
of  trucks  for  special  purposes,  such  as  hauling  lumber,  refuse 
removal  and  for  department  purposes.  In  what  follows  I  give 
such  data  as  have  been  collected  on  the  cost  of  motor  truck 
operation. 

COSTS    OF   MOTOR   TRUCK    OPERATION 

Costs  of  motor  truck  operation  specifically  for  contract  work 
are  somewhat  rare,  but  they  have  been  obtained  in  two  cases 
which  follow.  Operating  costs  as  compiled  by  manufacturers 
and  as  given  for  other  lines  of  work  than  contractors'  hauling 
are,  however,  nearly  as  serviceable,  and  a  number  of  examples 
follow. 

Manufacturers'  Averag-es.  From  data  made  public  by  manu- 
facturers and  covering  often  several  years  of  operation,,  the 
following  averages  have  been  compiled: 

A  tabulation  compiled  by  one  motor  truck  builder  shows  that 
the  daily  cost  of  a  two-ton  truck  that  averages  70  miles  a  day 
Is  $10.60;  that  of  a  three-ton  machine  averaging  62  miles  a 
day,  $12.20;  of  a  four-ton  truck  averaging  55  miles  a  day,  $13.80, 
and  of  a  five-ton  truck  averaging  50  miles  a  day,  $15. 

Another  company  has  compiled  a  similar  cost  table  covering 
a  period  of  more  than  six  years.  This  shows  the  average  daily 
cost  of  running  a  one-ton  truck  to  be  $8.07,  of  a  two-ton  truck 
$10.25,  a  three-ton  truck  $11.30,  five-ton  truck  $14.80,  seven-ton 
truck  $16.45  and  of  a  ten-ton  truck  $18.50  a  day.  The  figures 
given  for  the  trucks  of  one  to  ten  tons  capacity  include  all 
items  properly  chargeable  to  the  hauling  service,  both  actual 
running  expenses  and  overhead  expenses.  Drivers'  wages  are 
figured  at  $16  to  $22  per  week,  gasoline  at  12  cents  a  gallon,  oil 
at  30  cents;  garage  at  $225  to  $300  a  year;  tires  at  $275  for 
a  one-ton  machine  to  $1,650  for  a  ten-ton  truck;  overhauling  and 
general  repairing  at  $300  to  $550;  depreciation  at  15  per  cent; 
interest  at  5  per  cent,  and  fire  and  liability  insurance  at  $150  to 
$240  per  annum. 


40  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

One  of  the  electric  commercial  vehicle  companies  furnishes  the 
general  average  operating  costs  for  the  three  models  which  it 
makes.  Fixed  charges  on  the  delivery  wagon  amount  to  $303 
a  year  for  interest  and  depreciation  on  non- wearing  parts;  main- 
tenance for  maximum  service  to  $389  a  year,  and  garaging, 
Including  Charging  current  to  $108.  This  amounts  to  $800  a  year, 
or  $2.66  per  working  day,  not  including  drivers'  wages.  At  $15 
a  week,  wages  would  bring  the  total  daily  cost  to  $5.16.  On  the 
same  basis  the  total  cost  of  running  the  light  truck  is  $5.63  a 
day  and  that  of  running  the  heavy  truck  $6.91  a  day.  Larger  and 
heavier  makes  of  electric  trucks  cost  from  $7  to  $8  a  day  to 
operate. 

Contractors'  Cost  of  Hauling-  Blasted  Rock.  The  following 
data  on  motor  truck  work  hauling  blasted  rock  are  furnished 
by  the  Charles  P.  Boland  Company,  engineers  and  contractors 
of  Troy,  N.  Y.  The  contract  called  for  the  excavation  and 
removal  of  23,000  cubic  yards  of  rock.  The  rock  was  blasted 
and  hauled  in  two  3-ton  trucks.  These  were  equipped  with 
patent  dumping  bodies  and  were  used  continuously,  day  and 
night  shifts.  The  excavated  material  was  hauled  in  some  cases 
a  distance  of  one  and  a  half  miles.  The  records  show  that  these 
trucks  carried  about  twice  the  amount  usually  hauled  in  a  \Vz- 
cubic  yard  dump  wagon  and  made  the  trip  to  the  dumping 
ground  and  return  in  just  half  the  time  required  for  a  team  to 
make  it.  Experience  proved  that  it  was  necessary  to  keep  the 
trucks  continuously  on  the  move  in  order  to  work  them  eco- 
nomically, and  with  this  idea  in  mind  large  steel  bottom  dump 
buckets  were  used  in  loading  the  trucks;  thus  no  time  was  lost 
in  loading,  as  several  buckets  were  full  at  all  times  and  the 
operation  of  reloading  the  trucks  took  only  the  time  required  to 
hoist  the  buckets  over  the  trucks.  The  actual  loading  operation 
required  but  a  few  minutes. 

In  the  hauling  of  materials  from  the  freight  house  to  the  build- 
ing site,  the  records  show  that  hauling  cement  cost  about  1  % 
cents  per  bag,  or  30  cents  per  net  ton.  Eighty  bags  were  car- 
ried on  each  trip  and  eight  trips  were  required  to  unload  a  car 
containing  640  bags.  Increased  efficiency  was  obtained  by  having 
at  least  six  laborers  to  do  the  loading,  as  little  time  is  lost  if 
the  loading  force  is  large  enough.  The  average  record  of  each 
car  of  cement  from  the  freight  house  to  the  site  of  operations, 
a  distance  of  about  1%  miles,  was  as  follows: 

6  Laborers,  6  hrs.  each  day,  at  16c $5.76 

1  Chauffeur,  6  hrs.  each  day,  at  25c 1.50 

Fuel,  oil,  etc 55 

Percentage   of   maintenance    charge 1.00 

Total    * $8.8.1 

Referring  to  their  experience  on  this  work  the  contractors 
write  as  follows: 

In  the  care  of  an  automobile  truck,  our  experience  has  taught 
us  that  it  is  economical  to  keep  every  part  well  lubricated  at 


AUTOMOBILES 


41 


Fig.  17.     Fierce-Arrow  5-Ton  Truck  with  Hydraulic  Hoist. 


Fig.    17A.     Fierce-Arrow   5-Ton    Truck,    High    Level    Tipping    Body. 


42  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.    18.     Packard    Dump   Truck. 


Fig.   18A.     Packard   5-Ton    Dump  Truck. 


AUTOMOBILES 


43 


Fig.   19.     White  3-Ton  Truck. 


Fig.  19A.     White  5-Ton  Truck. 


44  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.  20.     Mack  7!/2-Ton  Automatic   Dump  Truck. 


Fig.  20A.     Saurer  6'/2-Ton  Truck  with  Wood  Hydraulic  Hoist. 


AUTOMOBILES 


45 


Fig.   21.     Peerless    5-Ton    Rear    Dump    Truck. 


Fig.    21A.      KisselKar   3!/2-Ton    Truck   with    Hydraulic    Hoist. 


46  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.  22.     Garford  5-Ton   Dump  Truck. 


Fig.   22A.      Knox   Tractor  with   Trailer. 


AUTOMOBILES  47 

all  times.  A  cheap  or  an  inferior  grade  of  oil  should  not  be  used, 
as  the  carbon  forming  qualities  of  a  cheap  oil  more  than  offset 
the  saving  in  the  price.  Where  more  than  one  truck  is  in  use  at 
least  one  chauffeur  should  be  employed  who  is  a  thoroughly 
practical  man.  This  will  enable  one  to  have  each  truck  carefully 
looked  over  each  day  and  any  disarrangement  corrected  before 
damage  is  done.  We  have  had  little  or  no  trouble  with  these 
trucks.  The  main  expense  in  connection  with  the  maintenance 
of  the  trucks  is  the  wear  and  tear  on  tires.  We  are  now  using 
a  wire  mesh  tire  made  by  the  Diamond  Rubber  Company  which 
seems  to  give  us  good  service.  The  company  referred  to  sells 
these  tires  on  a  guaranteed  mileage  basis,  and  if  renewals  are 
necessary  before  the  mileage  is  completed,  a  replacement  is  made 
by  them  and  an  adjustment  made  on  the  basis  of  the  mileage 
obtained. 

Owners'  Reports  on  Costs  of  Motor  Truck  Operation.  The  fol- 
lowing data  on  the,  cost  of  operating  motor  trucks  are  condensed 
from  a  paper  by  L.  R.  Button  before  the  American  Gas  Institute: 

Electric  Trucks.  One  company  reporting  five  1-ton  trucks 
(all  of  one  make)  one  and  one-half  years  old,  one  %-ton  truck, 
and  one  2-ton  truck,  in  use  only  a  few  months,  furnishes  the 
following  operating  costs.  Total  mileage  of  the  seven  cars, 
39,507  miles: 

Cost.                                                                      Total  Per  mile 

Battery    man     $1,100.00  $0.028 

Battery  maintenance    595.71  0.015 

Chain?  and  sprockets 146.58  0.004 

Chassis   repairs    54.09  0.001 

Current     282.38  0.007 

Generating   plant    133.21  0.003 

Tires    591.06  0.015 

Wagon    repairs     17.00  0.000 

Wagon  washing   587.83  0.015 

Miscellaneous     f 387.01  0.010 

$3,894.87  $0.098 

Insurance $    539.90  $0.014 

Battery    maintenance    accrued 984.57  0.025 

Tires    depreciation    accrued    199.08  0.005 

Depreciation  at   10   per  cent 2,054.00  0.052 

Interest  at  8  per  cent 1,739.40  0.044 

Total   cost    $9,411.82  $0.238 

The  following  figures  are  given  on  a  2-ton  electric  truck  cov- 
ering two  years'  service: 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Current  at  2 %  cts.  per  k-w  h $    253.88  $0.0275 

Labor  for  maintenance    486.78  0.0528 

Maintenance   and    repairs 1,130.04 

Total    expense    $1,870.70  $0.2028 

Miles   traveled,   9,225. 

This  truck  is  reported  out  of  service  for  maintenance  in  the 
two  years,  12  ^  per  cent  of  the  working  hours.  The  same  com- 


48  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

pany  reports  the  following  summary  of  expense  on  a  1,000- 
pound  electric  truck,  covering  a  period  of  two  and  a  half  years' 
service — total  mileage,  10,274. 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Interest   on    $1,668    at    6% $    250.20  $0.0244 

10%    depreciation    on   the    value    of   wagon      244.20  0.0237 

Maintenance   and   depreciation  of  batteries      601.02  0.0586 

Tires   and    repairs 210.00  0.0204 

Wagon   expense,    repairs 145.12  0.0142 

Miscellaneous    charges     48.54  0.0047 


Total    expense    $1,499.08  $0.1460 


It  will  be  noted  that  the  owner  of  this  vehicle  suggests  differ- 
ent depreciation  values  on  various  parts  of  an  electric  machine. 
He  divides  it  as  follows:  First,  depreciation  on  wagon;  second, 
depreciation  on  tires;  third,  depreciation  on  batteries. 

These  expenses  are  complete,  because  the  expense  is  included 
up  to  the  point  where  the  truck  has  a  new  set  of  tires,  and  is  in 
good  condition  except  that  the  wagon  needs  painting.  It  also 
had  a  new  battery  installed  during  the  past  year.  Valuable  infor- 
mation (Table  17)  on  the  operation  of  electric  vehicles  can  be 
obtained  by  consulting  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Electric 
Vehicles,  National  Electric  Light  Association,  June,  1911. 


TABLE    17— COST    OF    OPERATING    1,500-LB.    AND    3,000-LB. 
CAPACITY   DELIVERY   WAGONS. 


-Average  Cost- 


Fixed   Charges   and  Per                                     Per  mile. 

General  Expense  month  Total  Cents 

Drivers'    salary     $  N65.00          $  5,687.50  9.0 

Supervision     5.22                  456.75  0.7 

Garage  rent    5.18         •        453.25  0.7 

Wheel    tax    2.67                 233.62  0.4 

Washing,    oiling,    etc 13.00  1,137.50  1.8 

Interest    at    5%,    taxes    at    1.5%, 

and   insurance   at   .5%    on    total 

cost  of  wagon    14.58  1,275.65  2.0 

Depreciation: 

Batteries,    66%    per   year   on    $255  14.17  1,239.87  2.0 

Tires,    100%    per    year    on    $225.60  18.80  1,645.00  2.6 

Balance  of  wagon,   10%   per  year  15.99  1,399.13  2.2 


Total    general    expense    and    fixed 

charges     $154.61          $13,528.27  21.4 

Total  supplies  and  repairs 29.44  2,575.44  4.0 


Grand    total    expense $184.05         $16,103.71  25.4 

Gasoline  Cars.  The  following  is  the  cost  of  operation  of  three 
30  horsepower  cars  used  by  superintendents  and  managers  of  a 
gas  company.  They  cost,  new,  somewhat  less  than  $2,000  each. 


AUTOMOBILES  49 

TABLE   18 


Gasoline 
Oil,    etc. 
Tires     .  . 
Repairs 

1st  Car. 
9,474  Miles. 
r-2Vs  Yrs.  Use^ 
Total         Cost 
cost     per  mile 
...$109.66     $0.012 
6.28        0.001 
...    168.17        0.017 
...      68.63        0.007 

2d  Car. 
11,600  Miles. 
r-\V2  Yrs.  Use-., 
Total        Cost 
cost     per  mile 
$106.75      $0.0092 
20.85        0.0001 
186.49        0.0161 
90.62        0.0078 

3d  Car. 
15,651  Miles. 
^2  i/s  Yrs.  Use^, 
Total        Cost 
cost     per  mile 
$154.60     $0.010 
34.27        0.002 
243.48        0.016 
76.43        0.005 

$352.74     $0.037          $404.71      $0.0332          $508.78      $0.033 

One  company  reports  the  use  by  salesmen  of  three  cars  cost- 
ing $750  each.  Being  low-priced  cars  and  covering  only  from 
500  to  800  miles  per  month,  the  depreciation  was  high.  The 
amount  charged  for  depreciation  was  the  actual  amount,  because 
the  cars  were  sold  at  the  end  of  the  year  and  the  loss  was  known. 
The  operating  expense  on  the  first  car  was  4.8  cents  per  mile;  on 
the  second,  10  cents  per  mile;  on  the  third,  10^  cents  per  mile. 
If  these  cars  were  used  by  only  one  salesman  it  would  indicate 
that  the  cost  was  unusually  high. 

A  well-known  company  in  another  line  of  business,  having 
salesmen  in  various  parts  of  the  country,  furnished  fourteen 
of  its  men  with  runabout  cars  costing  $1,000  each.  The  cars 
average  four  months'  operation;  mileage  of  car  '3,830.  Item  of 
expense:  Gasoline,  oil  and  grease,  repairs  to  motor,  deprecia- 
tion, 25  per  cent  per  annum.  Total  cost  per  mile,  14.9  cents. 

Gasoline  Trucks,  1,000  Founds  Capacity.  Cost  of  operating 
five  1,000-pound  trucks  of  a  well-known  make,  costing  $750  each, 
with  large  wheels  and  solid  tires: 

Cost 
Mileage  per  mile 

Truck    No.     1 2,000  0.0926 

Truck    No.     2 9,210  0.042 

Truck    No.    3 8,160  0.045 

Truck    No.    4 3,565  0.045 

Truck    No.    5 3,924  0.045 

The  cost  of  the  above  trucks  include  gasoline,  oil  and  grease, 
tire  repairs  and  sundries.  The  average  is  very  uniform,  except 
with  car  No.  1,  the  additional  expense  originating  from  a  broken 
motor  caused  by  an  inexperienced  driver  learning  to  operate. 
The  different  companies  operating  these  trucks  all  state  that  the 
depreciation  cost  is  very  high.  In  most  cases  the  truck  can  only 
be  kept  in  use  a  few  months  or  a  year  and  traded  in  for  a  new 
one.  At  least  50  per  cent  depreciation  should  be  charged  the  first 
year.  A  practically  similar  experience  was  reported  by  a  com- 
pany with  a  truck  of  the  same  capacity  and  low  cost,  built  by  a 
different  concern. 

One  Ton  Trucks.  Three  companies  report  on  the  use  of  1-ton 
trucks  of  different  makes.  Company  No.  1  reports  on  two  1-ton 
trucks;  total  mileage,  18,550;  cost  per  mile,  10  cents.  This  in- 
cludes gasoline,  oil,  tires  and  motor  repairs.  The  opinion  of  the 
owner  is  that  the  depreciation  is  33  1-3  per  cent  per  year.  Com- 


50  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

pany  No.  2  reports  on  three  1-ton  trucks.  The  report  covers 
gasoline,  oil,  tires  and  repairs.  The  owner  estimates  depreciation 
15  per  cent.  Truck  No.  1,  6,060  miles;  cost  per  mile,  11  cents; 
truck  No.  2,  6,300  miles;  cost  per  mile,  10^  cents;  truck  No. 
3,  8,000  miles;  cost  per  mile  8.6  cents. 

Company  No.   3  reports  on  the  operation  of  one  1-ton  truck. 

The  expenses  on  2,600  miles  are  as  follows: 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Gasoline,  at  11  cts.  per  gal...: $     34.05  $0013 

Oil,  at  50  cts.  per  gal C 8.45  0.003 

Tires    (accrued) 48.00  0018 

Repairs,  none. 


Total     $      90.50  $0.034 

The  item  of  tires  mentioned  above  was  owing  to  the  rear  tires 
being  too  light.  They  were  removed  and  1  inch  heavier  solid 
tires  installed,  at  the  above  cost.  The  motor  is  of  the  two-cycle 
type. 

One  and  One-half  Ton  Trucks.  Only  one  company  has  re- 
ported on  a  truck  of  this  capacity  and  similar  make.  The  report 
covers  a  total  of  11,150  miles  and  the  truck  was  in  use  fourteen 
months. 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Gasoline,  at  15  cts.,  7  mill,  per  gal $   236.70  $0.0212 

Oil,  at  35  cts.  per  gal 35.00  0.0031 

Tires    and    repairs 150.00  0.0134 

35.10  0.0031 

Total   expense    $  456.80  $0.0408 

The  owner  believes  l2l/2  per  cent  depreciation  should  be  charged 
on  this  truck.  Its  makers  have  reports  from  the  owners  of  hun- 
dreds of  these  cars  and  claim  the  operating  costs  to  average  8 
cents  per  mile,  made  up  as  follows:  Five  per  cent  interest  on 
investment;  depreciation,  25  per  cent;  gasoline,  oil,  tires,  motor 
repairs  and  maintenance,  70  per  cent. 

Two  Ton  Trucks.  From  the  reports  received  only  three  com- 
panies are  using  the  same  make.  One  of  the  three  furnishes 
detailed  costs  of  operation,  which  report  is  very  complete.  Truck 
was  owned  fourteen  months,  or  352  working  days;  days  in  use, 
227;  days  idle  for  repairs,  75,  or  21  per  cent.  The  owner  reports 
that,  although  this  car  has  been  on  the  market  for  several  years, 
an  unusual  amount  of  time  was  lost  because  of  poor  service 
rendered  by  the  manufacturers  and  agent,  owing  to  delays  in 
obtaining  repair  parts.  When  parts  were  received  they  either 
did  not  fit  the  machine  or  were  not  perfect.  Time  lost  was  due 
as  follows,  in  days:  To  springs,  5;  to  tires  and  wheels,  13;  to 
motor,  33;  to  transmission,  15;  to  radiator,  9.  The  mileage  was 
11,300;  gallons  gasoline  used,  2,250,  or  5  miles  per  gallon;  miles 
traveled  daily,  41.  A  summary  of  the  operating  expense  of  this 
truck  is  shown  as  follows: 


AUTOMOBILES  51 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Gasoline     $    298.23  $0.0265 

Oil     100.41  0.0089 

Tires    and    repairs 432.98  0.0384 

Car  repair  and  sundries 370.22  0.0328 

Labor,   cleaning,   etc 514.27  0.0456 

Total    $1,716.00  $0.1522 


Standing  Expense. 

Insurance     $       68.29  $0.006 

Depreciation,    2%    month 653.90  0.058 


$2,438.30  $0.216 

It  should  be  noted  in  connection  with  this  truck  that  a  com- 
mon fault  was  found  of  installing  tires  under  capacity  on  the 
rear  wheels.  The  wheels  also  were  too  light  for  the  load,  owing 
to  the  overhang  of  pipe  and  poles  from  the  rear  of  the  truck. 
When  the  proper  equipment  was  installed  it  was  found  that  good 
service  was  received.  The  same  difficulty  was  experienced  with 
the  springs,  but  they  were  changed  to  heavier  type.  It  would 
appear  that  this  make  of  truck  would  prove  very  satisfactory, 
after  taking  care  of  the  usual  difficulties  experienced,  by  having 
it  properly  equipped  for  the  work  to  be  performed.  The  second 
year's  operating  should  prove  much  more  economical. 

Three  Ton  Trucks.  Carefully  compiled  figures  show  that 
3-ton  trucks,  covering  40  miles  a  day,  and  operating  300  days 
a  year,  can  be  maintained  and  run  at  an  average  cost  of  $9.75 
per  day.  The  items  making  up  this  charge  of  an  establishment  of 
ten  trucks,  three  tons  capacity,  are: 

Wages,  10  drivers  at  $2.50 $25.00 

Wages,  repairmen,  helper  and  washer 7.00 

Gasoline,  80  gals,  at  12  cts 9.60 

Lubricant,   1   ct.   per   mile 4.00 

Maintenance,  10%  per  year 10.00 

Superintendence     3.20 

Incidentals,    light,    heat,    tools,    etc 2.87 

$61.67 

Average  running  expense  per  truck $  6.17 

Interest  at  6%,  depreciation  at  20%,  insurance  at  %%,  all 

on  $3,000 2.65 

Storage,    200    sq.    ft.   at   50    cts.    per   year 0.33 

Add    20  %    for    2    spare    machines 0.60 

Total  operating  and  maintenance  cost  per  day $  9.75 

Total  operating  and  maintenance  cost  per  mile 0.24^ 

The  tabulated  cost  of  four  3-ton  trucks,  four  years  old,  oper- 
ating forty  miles  per  day  in  Chicago  follows.  Each  truck  saves 
$9  per  day  on  horses  formerly  used: 


52  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Standing  Expense 

Per  day.  Per  mile. 

5%  interest  on  $3,500    $0.58  $0  015 

Insurance 0.28  0.007 

Running  Expense 

Gasoline,   10  gals,   at  11  cts $1.10  $0.027 

Oil    and   grease    0.57  0^015 

Tires  and  general  repairs 2.00  0.050 

Machine  cleaning    1.31  0^32 

Total     $5.84  $0.14 

Pive  Ton  Trucks.     Only  two  companies  report  on  5-ton  trucks. 

These  have  both  been  in  use  a  year  and  the  exact  cost  has  been 

ascertained.     The  trucks  are  manufactured  by  different  concerns. 
The  operating  costs  are  shown  as  follows: 

First  5-Ton  Truck 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Gasoline,  at  15  cts.  $0.033  mile  per  gal $     300.00  $0.05 

Oil,  at  35  cts.  per  gal 105.00  0  0175 

Tires    260.00  0.0434 

Maintenance   and   repairs 87.36  0.0145 


Total   expense    $    752.36  $0.1254 

Annual  mileage  6,000  miles=per  day  22  miles. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  owner  of  this  truck  states 
it  has  depreciated  only  5  per  cent,  and  that  the  truck  performs 
the  same  work  as  a  horse  equipment  costing  $14.15  per  day. 

Second   5-Ton  Truck 

Total  Cost 

cost  per  mile 

Gasoline,  3  mile  per  gal.  at  10  cts $    350.00  $0.034 

Oil,  at  55  cts.  per  gal 140.00  0.013 

Tires    798.00  0.076 

Repairs    and    maintenance 1,400.00  0.133 


Total   expense    ; $2,688.00  $0.256 

Annual  mileage  10,500  miles=35  miles  per  day. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  owner  of  this  truck  estimates 
24  per  cent  depreciation.  The  worm  drive  which  has  been  adopted 
by  builders  of  motor  vehicles  abroad  is  installed  in  this  truck. 
Very  little  attention  has  been  given  to  it  by  American  builders, 
although  the  housing  of  the  worm  drive  in  the  rear  construction, 
its  simple  design,  easy  lubrication,  and  noiseless  running,  should 
favor  its  high  efficiency  and  long  life. 

The  following  was  abstracted  from  the  Oct.  5,  1912,  edition  of 
the  Electrical  World: 

Electric  Truckjs.  A  study  of  the  cost  of  operation  of  battery- 
propelled  trucks  was  carried  out  by  the  Waverly  Company,  Indi- 
anapolis, Ind.,  some  time  ago,  comparisons  being  made  for  ve- 
hicles of  600-lb.,  1,500-lb.  and  2,500-lb.  carrying  capacity.  In 
these  figures  it  was  assumed  that  the  600-lb.  car  would  travel 
40  miles  per  day,  or  12,000  miles  per  year,  and  the  1,500-lb.  and 


AUTOMOBILES 


53 


2,500-lb.  cars  ,30  miles  per  day,  or  9,000  miles  per  year.  The  cost 
of  repairs  and  renewals  given  in  the  table  was  computed  on  a 
ten-year  life  of  the  car,  and  all  parts  were  charged  at  regular 
list  prices.  The  cost  of  batteries  and  tires  was  estimated  at 
market  price  to  the  customer,  although  no  account  has  been 
taken  of  the  labor  item  of  putting  them  on. 

For  the  purpose  of  the  calculation,  batteries  and  tires  were  fig- 
ured at  one  year's  life,  and  gears,  chains  and  sprockets  at  two 
years  (gears,  four  years;  bearings,  four  years;  driving  gears,  ex- 
posed, one  year;  driving  chain,  one  year).  Electrical  energy  has 
been  charged  for  at  4  cents  per  kw-hr.,  and  rent,  light,  heat,  etc., 
are  estimated  at  $1  per  square  foot.  The  depreciation  allowed 
is  based  on  writing  off  that  part  of  the  vehicle  not  covered 
by  maintenance  in  ten  shears.  Interest  is  computed  at  6  per  cent 
of  one-half  of  the  purchase  price,  as  the  investment  is  being 
written  off.  Under  these  conditions  the  conclusions  shown  in  the 
accompanying  table  were  reached: 


*-•  03  Q, 
OQ 
rt  .     05 


<o 

n^o  . 

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t!  rt  ft 


Battery    $  190.00 

Tires     120.00 

Chains,  gears,  etc 28.37 

All  other  parts 22.50 

Total    replacement 

charges    $  360.87 

Electric  energy    $  176.00 

Garage  labor    224.00 

Driver     750.00 

Rent,  light,  heat,  etc 72.00 

Total   operating 

expense    $1,222.00 

Depreciation    $  125.59 

Interest    54.00 

Fire  insurance    18.00 

Liability  insurance    75.00 

Total  fixed  charges $  272.59 

Grand  total $1,855.46 

Per  day    6.18 

Per   mile    0.15 


$     216.90 

129.06 

77.91 

30.00 

$    453.87 

$    156.00 

224.00 

750.00 

77.00 

$1,207.00 


N 

$    232.00 

173.20 

85.00 

33.00 

$    523.20 

$    163. OO1 

224.00 

750.00 

78.00 

$1,215.00 

$     172.99 

72.00 

24.00 

100.00 

$    368.99 

$2,107.19 
7.02 
0.23 


Electric  Vehicle  Data.  Mr.  Louis  A.  Ferguson  gives  the  fol- 
lowing figures  in  Electrical  World:  Number  of  pleasure  electric 
vehicles  in  Chicago,  2,000;  number  of  commercial  electric  vehicles, 
250;  number  of  commercial  electric  vehicles  probably  sold  in 
1912,  200;  total  number  miles  streets,  2,978;  number  miles  of 
paved  streets,  1,652,  of  which  1,200  miles  are  in  very  good  con- 


64  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

dition.  The  cost  of  maintaining  a  2,000-lb.  commercial  electric 
wagon,  running  10,000  miles  per  year,  divided  up  about  as  shown 
in  the  table. 

COST   OF   MAINTAINING   2,000-LB.   ELECTRIC   WAGON 

Per 

Cent 

Cost  per      of 

Expenditure  Mile      Total 

General  Expenses: 

Supervision,  garage  rent,  wheel  tax  and  state 

license    $0.018          12.2 

Operating  Expenses: 

Fixed    charges    (interest,    depreciation,    taxes 

and   insurance)     0.040          27  10 

Tires 0.025          16.90 

Washing  and  minor  repairs 0.024          16.26 

Battery   renewals    0.019          12.90 

General  repairs    0.011  7  44 

Electricity    0.0106          7.20 


$0.1476        100.00 

Ton-mile  delivery  costs,  horses  and  electric  vehicles:  The  fol- 
lowing data,  taken  from  Electrical  World,  bearing  on  the  com- 
parative cost  of  ton-mile  haulage  by  horses  and  electric  vehicles 
were  obtained  by  a  prominent  electric  truck  manufacturer  from 
installations  in  New  York  City.  The  1,500-lb.  delivery  service 
cited  was  that  of  a  large  department  store;  the  2-ton  service 
included  general  merchandise  delivery,  usually  in  units  of  me- 
dium size,  and  the  third  class,  5  tons,  covered  the  delivery  of 
larger  cases  of  similar  material  over  a  wide  area.  The  figures 
given  in  the  table  include  the  stabling  of  the  horses  required  to 
haul  a  truck  of  the  stated  size. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  SERVICES 

— 1,500-Lb. —  — Two  Tons —  — Five  Tons — 

Horses  Electric  Horses  Electric  Horses  Electric 

Miles  per  day 17            30  16            30  12              24 

Ton-miles  per  day.12.75        22.50  32             60  60             120 

Cost  per  day $6.00        $6.00  $6.37        $8.50  $9.10       $11.00 

Cost    per   mile 0.35          0.20  0.52          0.28  0.76            0.45 

Ton-mile  cost    ...    0.466       0.207  0.26          0.14  0.15            0.09 

These  figures  bear  out  the  contention  that  the  electric  truck 
gives  a  greater  service  and  at  a  lower  cost  than  is  possible 
with  horse-drawn  equipment.  The  figures  represent  practically 
the  limit  of  the  horse,  but  they  do  not  indicate  the  maximum 
possibilities  of  the  electric  truck,  the  mileage  of  which  often 
runs  considerably  higher  than  in  the  figures  presented.  The 
data  above  given  include  all  expenses  and  charges,  with  energy 
at  4  cents  per  kw-hr. ;  chauffeur's  wages  at  $15  per  week;  writ- 
ing off  the  investment  in  eight  years;  payment  of  6  per  cent  inter- 
est meanwhile,  with  insurance  and  taxes,  and  one  renewal  of 
battery  plates  and  tires  yearly. 

Trucking*  Costs.     The  following  figures   show  the  comparative 


AUTOMOBILES  55 

costs  of  running  three  double-truck  teams  and  a  four-ton  motor 
truck,  which  replaced  them.  It  will  be  noted,  says  the  Iron 
Trade  Review,  that  no  depreciation  is  figured  on  the  horse  trucks. 
The  motor  truck  at  first  ran  484  miles  per  month,  consuming  7.6 
gallons  of  gasoline,  and  two  gallons  of  oil  per  day. 

THREE  DOUBLE  TRUCKING  TEAMS 

Cost  of  six  horses  at  $300 $1,800 

Cost  of  three  wagons  at  $450 1,350 

Cost  of  six  harnesses  at  $35 210 

Cost  of  keeping  horses,  $25  a  month 1,800 

Repairing  harnesses,  wagons,   etc 100 

Interest  on   investment 336 

Drivers'  salaries,   $12  a  week 1,872 


Total,    horses $4,008 

"KISSEL-KAR"    FOUR-TON    TRUCK 
Cost  of  4-ton  truck $3,800 

Gasoline,  2,400  gals,  a  year  at  lOc 240 

Oil,  156  gals,  a  year  at  23c 36 

Driver's  salary  at  $18  a  week 936 

Amortization,  10  per  cent  on  $3,800 380 

General  overhaul,  once  a  year 150 

Interest  on   investment. 380 


Total,  truck   $2,122 

COST  AND  SERVICE  RECORDS  FOR  MOTOR  TRUCKS 

The  following  information  is  from  Engineering  Record,  April 
12,  1913. 

5-Ton  Trucks.  The  City  Fuel  Company,  of  Chicago,  has  in 
service  fourteen  5-ton  Saurer  trucks.  The  records  for  Novem- 
ber, 1912,  as  furnished  by  the  International  Motor  Company,  of 
New  York,  show  that  during  that  month  these  trucks  ran 
9,893  miles  and  carried  12,444  tons.  Each~truck  worked  an  aver- 
age of  25.3  days,  covered  an  average  daily  distance  of  27.92 
miles,  and  hauled  an  average  of  35.13  tons  per  day.  The  fol- 
lowing gives  the  costs  in  detail: 

Average  Cost      Cost 
Total  Cost      per  Truck      per  Ton 

Gasoline $    431.76  $  30.84  $0.0346 

Lubricating   oil    54.79  3.91  0.0044 

Wages  of  helper  and  driver 1,247.95  89.14  0.1002 

Other   labor — loading,    mechanics 

and  repair  men 245.60  17.54  0.0197 

Repair  parts   and  material 146.17  10.44  0.0117 

Garage    140.00  10.00  0.0112 

Light   and   power 3.64  0.26  0.0002 

Insurance — Fire    58.38  4.17  0.0046 

Insurance — Liability    143.34  10.24  0.0115 

Miscellaneous   expenses    39.14  2.80  0.0031 

Tires     396.52  28.32  0.0318 

Depreciation,  20  per  cent 979.81  69.99  0.0788 

License     42.00  3.00  0.0033 


$3,929.10  $280.65  $0.3151 


56  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  following  was  abstracted  from  an  article  published  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  Vol.  35,  No.  5: 

Passenger  Automobile  Operating*  Costs.  The  following  table 
gives  the  actual  cost  of  running  a  four  passenger  automobile, 
of  the  so-called  demi-tonneau  type,  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York 
City  from  July  4,  1909,  when  it  was  bought  new,  to  Dec.  4, 
1910,  when  it  was  laid  up  for  the  winter.  The  car  is  of  a  well- 
known  make,  and  there  was  practically  no  engine  trouble;  it  has 
a  4-cylinder  engine,  25.6  h.p.  A.  L.  A.  M.  rating,  shaft  drive.  Of 
the  17  months  the  car  was  in  commission  it  was  in  use  for 
driving  15  months.  It  is  estimated  that  of  the  total  distance 
driven,  namely,  8,500  miles,  about  two-thirds  was  over  so-called 
good  roads,  varying  from  fair  to  very  good.  It  was  used  mostly 
for  pleasure,  but  somewhat  for  inspection  trips  to  engineering 
works,  when  it  received  some  hard  usage.  The  writer  estimates 
that  if  it  had  been  used  for  business,  under  similar  conditions, 
and  driven,  say,  15,000  miles  in  the  same  length  of  time,  items 
1,  5,  9,  10  and  11  would  be  unaffected,  though,  of  course,  item 
5  is  a  very  uncertain  quantity,  and  might  involve  the  total  de- 
struction of  the  car.  Column  3  has  been  added  to  the  table  to 
show  this  estimated  cost  per  mile  on  this  basis.  The  car  was 
driven  by  the  owner,  who  had  had  no  previous  experience  in  driv- 
ing, and  it  was  kept  at  a  public  garage.  It  may  be  noted  that  no 
expense  is  included  for  additional  wearing  apparel  or  for  extra 
expenses  at  hotels,  restaurants,  etc.,  when  touring  or  on  all-day 
trips,  though  these  items  are  not  inconsiderable  and  really  enter 
into  the  cost. 


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58  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Notes  in  regard  to  the  above  items:  Item  1.  Depreciation:  The 
makers  of  the  car  offer  $650  cash  for  it  as  it  stands  now,  this 
being  their  regulation  price  for  1909  cars,  irrespective  of  condi- 
tion; that  is,  of  course,  within  reasonable  limits.  To  put  the  car 
in  shape  to  run  another  season  will  cost  approximately  $500,  this 
including  complete  overhauling,  new  parts  where  necessary,  four 
new  tires  and  painting,  and  at  the  end  of  this  season  it  would 
hardly  bring  more  than  $300  or  $400,  so  that  the  depreciation 
charge  is  not  too  high. 

Items  2  and  3:  The  tires  used  were  33x4.  Including  the  four 
tires  on  the  car  when  it  was  bought,  seven  shoes  and  nine 
inner  tubes  have  been  in  use,  of  which  there  now  remains  only 
one  shoe  in  fair  shape  and  two  or  three  inner  tubes  which  may 
be  used  for  spare  next  season.  The  writer  believes  the  tire 
expense  to  be  lower  than  usual.  This  item  increases  very  rapidly 
and  in  much  greater  proportion  as  the  weight  of  the  car  in- 
creases, and  also  is  liable  to  be  more  on  an  old  car  in  which 
some  of  the  parts  of  the  running  gear  become  worn  and  pres- 
sures are  not  evenly  distributed. 

Item  4:  This  item  is  largely  for  small  repairs  and  adjust- 
ments which  might  have  been  made  almost  entirely  or  at  least 
half  of  them  by  the  writer,  except  for  the  fact  that  he  did  not 
consider  it  economy  to  spend  his  time  in  this  way,  or  to  get  as 
dirty  as  would  have  been  necessary  had  he  done  so. 

Items  6,  7  and  8:  It  will  be  noticed  that  these  items  for  fuel 
and  oil  amount  to  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  total. 

Item  9  is  for  tips  to  employes  at  the  garage,  and  charges  for 
greasing  and  oiling  the  car.  The  writer  usually  made  a  point 
of  examining  the  car  all  over  about  once  every  two  months,  and 
at  these  times  greasing  everything  up,  but  this  took  not  less 
than  five  or  six  hours  and  used  up  a  whole  Saturday  afternoon, 
so  that  in  between  times  this  work  was  done  at  the  garage. 

Item  10:  This  included  washing  the  car  and  polishing  the 
brass  work  as  well  as  storage.  This  item  can  of  course  be  cut 
down  where  the  car  is  kept  in  one's  own  garage.  Washing  and 
polishing  in  this  case  if  done  at  a  public  garage  costs  about 
$1  each  time  for  a  moderate  sized  car.  If  the  car  is  run  all 
winter,  however,  as  this  car  was,  the  garage  must  be  heated. 

Item  11:    This  covers  a  period  of  two  years. 


AXES 

Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  axes  are  as  follows: 
TABLE  19 

Weight           Price  Price 

Lbs              each  per  doz 

Single    bitted 3V2  to  4%          $0.50  $5.35 

Single    bitted 4      to  5                  .55  5.75 

Single    bitted 5      to  6                  .65  6.50 

Double    bitted 4      to  5                  .85  8.50 

Handled  axes  bring  the  following  net  prices: 

Each.  Doz. 

Single  bitted,  Michigan  pattern,  4  to  5  Ibs $0.80  $  8.25 

Single  bitted,  Michigan  pattern,  5  to  6  Ibs 90  9.00 

Double  bitted,  Michigan  pattern,  4  to  5  Ibs 1.10  11.00 


60  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

BARGES  AND  SCOWS 


Wood  Barg-es.  The  following  data  are  vouched  for  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Dunham  (Professional  Memoirs),  and  were  published  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting,  July  17,  1912.  They  cover  a  very 
interesting  and  instructive  record  of  initial  cost,  repairs  and  life 
of  various  classes  of  floating  plant  used  on  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi Improvement  during  the  last  thirty  years. 

During  this  period  of  thirty  years,  this  improvement  has  owned 
and  employed  282  barges  (scow),  12  barges  (model),  90  quarter- 
boats,  office-boats  and  store-boats,  3  steam  drill-boats,  4  dipper 
dredges,  5  hydraulic  dredges,  7  pile  drivers,  23  dump  boats,  3 
snag-boats,  16  tow-boats  of  various  sizes,  and  a  very  large  num- 
ber of  small  steam  and  gasoline  launches,  motor  and  ordinary 
skiffs,  pontoons,  and  other  small  pieces. 

It  will  not  be  practicable  within  reasonable  limits  to  follow 
the  destinies  of  so  many  pieces,  and  therefore  certain  character- 
istic groups  of  various  kinds  are  taken,  from  the  experience  of 
which  conclusions  may  be  drawn.  Pieces  built  within  the  last 
few  years  are  not  considered.  I  would  say  that  none  of  the 
pieces  up  to  1908  had  any  kind  of  wood  preserver  except,  occa- 
sionally, Carbolineum  Avenarius  laid  on  with  a  brush,  but  during- 
the  past  three  years,  80  barges,  4  dumps,  3  dredges,  33  pontoons, 
and  3  quarter-boats  have  been  built,  of  which  most  of  the  lumber 
in  the  hulls  has  been  treated  with  creosote  by  the  open  tank  01 
dipping  process.  Sufficient  time  has  not  elapsed  to  show  the 
value  of  this  treatment. 

In  1911  we  treated  lumber  in  barge  construction  by  a  pressure 
process. 

Scow  Barg-es.  The  standard  barges  used  in  this  district  are 
100x20x4%  ft.  and  110x24x5  ft.  in  size. 

The  barges  used  in  the  earliest  years  of  this  improvement  for 
carrying  rock  and  brush,  were  mostly  of  smaller  size  than  those 
at  present  employed,  were  built  of  white  pine,  and  with  calking 
and  nominal  repairs,  gave  good  service  for  periods  ranging  from 
eight  to  eleven  years. 

Model  Barg-es.  Early  in  the  Improvement  six  oak  model  barges, 
135x26x5%  ft.,  were  built  on  the  Ohio  River,  three  by  Howard,  of 
Jeffersonville.  Ind.,  and  three  by  Cutting,  of  Metropolis,  111. 
These  barges,  numbered  60-62  and  88-90,  were  built  in  1882  at 
$3,500  each,  and  were  not  condemned  until  1901,  but  for  five  or 
six  years  previous  the  repairs  were  very  heavy.  These  barges 
were  in  use  eighteen  years. 


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67 


68  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Steel  Barges.  Fourteen  steel  barges  built  for  use  on  govern- 
ment work  on  the  Mississippi  River  and  placed  in  commission  in 
1912  are  described  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  April  24,  1912. 
These  barges  cost  $9,300  each,  have  a  capacity  of  about  400 
tons,  and  an  estimated  life  of  over  twenty  years.  They  are  used 
In  conjunction  with  creosoted  wood  barges  of  about  the  same 
capacity,  but  costing  half  as  much  and  with  an  estimated  life 
of  ten  years.  It  will  be  well  to  compare  these  estimates  of  life 
with  those  of  Mr.  Hageboeck,  described  later. 

The  steel  barges  are  120  ft.  long,  30  ft.  beam,  7  ft.  4  ins.  deep 
at  center  of  hold  and  7  ft.  at  sides.  They  are  of  steel  through- 
out, flat  bottomed,  with  rounded  knuckles,  wall  sided,  symmetrical 
about  center  line,  with  a  rake  15  ft.  long,  a  sheer  12  ins.  high 
at  each  end,  and  a  crown  of  beam  4  ins.  There  are  four  trans- 
verse water-tight  bulkheads,  and  one  non-water-tight  longitudi- 
nal bulkhead  over  the  center  line,  and  two  longitudinal  trusses. 

Untreated  Wood,  Treated  Wood  and  Steel  Compared.  Mr.  A.  C. 
Hageboeck,  United  States  Inspector  at  Rock  Island,  111.,  in  a 
paper  presented  to  the  American  Wood  Preservers'  Association, 
and  reprinted  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  April  24,  1912,  gives 
the  comparative  costs  of  barges  of  treated  and  untreated  timber 
and  of  steel.  He  states  that  the  life  of  untreated  yellow  pine 
barges  is  difficult  to  determine  due  to  lack  of  accurate  records, 
but  that  a  barge  containing  a  minimum  proportion  of  sappy 
timber  is  past  economical  repairs  at  the  end  of  ten  years.  Pres- 
sure-treated yellow  pine  barges  have  been  used  for  twelve  years 
and  are  good  today  for  an  additional  life  of  ten  years.  It  is 
necessary  to  recalk  the  barges  after  two  years'  service.  The 
original  cost  of  untreated  barges,  120x30x6  ft.  built  in  the  early 
nineties  was  about  $3,000,  and  the  cost  during  ten  years  aver- 
aged $2,006.61  per  barge.  The  original  cost  of  pressure-treated 
yellow  pine  barges  of  the  same  size  was  $4,000,  and  the  cost 
of  repairs  averaged  $557.35. 

The  following  table  compares  the  two  kinds  of  barges: 


TABLE     32— COMPARATIVE    ANNUAL    COST     OF    TREATED 
AND    UNTREATED    YELLOW    PINE    BARGES 

120   Ft.x30  Ft.x6   Ft. 

Untreated     Treated 
Barges,  10    Barges,  9 
Years  Old  Years  Old 

Original    Cost $3,093.39     $4,000.00 

Cost   of   Repairs 2,006.61  557.35 


Total    Cost $5,100.00  $4,557.35 

Value  of  Barges  Today *  $3,600.00 

Cost  of  Barges  During  Total  Periods $5,100.00  957.35 

Annual  Cost  Per  Barge 510.00  106.00 

Annual  Saving  in  Favor  of  Creosoted  Barge. .  404.00 


BARGES   AND   SCOWS  69 

Repairs  to  untreated  fir  barges  are  mainly  due  to  decay  and 
not  to  abrasions.  The  life  of  barges  of  this  wood  used  on  the 
upper  Mississippi  has  been  from  ten  to  seventeen  years,  averag- 
ing fifteen.  The  cost  of  repairs  is  slight  up  to  the  sixth  or 
seventh  year,  at  which  period  $200  to  $300  is  spent  for  extensive 
repairs.  After  that  time  repairs  average  $75  per  year  until  the 
tenth  or  twelfth  year,  when  extensive  repairs  are  again  required 
and  the  barges  have  to  be  taken  from  rock  work  and  placed  in 
the  brush  carrying  service.  The  life  of  treated  fir  barges  is  esti- 
mated at  twenty  years  with  slight  repairs. 

The  following  table  is  based  on  government  freight  rates  on 
timber,  and  for  commercial  comparison,  $10  per  barge  should  be 
added  to  the  yearly  cost. 


TABLE  33— COMPARATIVE  COST  OF  LIGHT  DRAFT  BARGES 
BUILT  OF  VARIOUS  KINDS  OF  MATERIAL 

100  Ft.  x  20  Ft.  x  4  Ft.  7  Ins. 

— Douglas  Fir —  — Yellow  Pine —          Steel 

Untreated  Treated  Untreated  Treated 

10  Lbs.  14  Lbs. 
15  Yr.  Lf.   20  Yr.  Lf.  15  Yr.  Lf.  22  Yr.  Lf.  25  Yr.  Lf. 

Original    Cost $1,200          $1,500  $1,300          $1,650          $4,000 

Total     Repairs...    1,094                400  1,094                700               400 
Interest  at  5%  on 

Cost    900            1,500  975            1,815            5,000 

Interest  at  5%  on 

Repairs    341                125  341                125                125 

Total  Cost... $3,535         $3,525  $3,710          $4,290          $9,525 
Annual    Cost    Per 

Barge    $236             $177  $247             $195             $381 

Annual  Saving  in 
Favor    of   Creo- 

soted  Fir  Barge        59  70                18              204 

Further  data  on  the  cost  of  barges  are  given  by  Mr.  John  L. 
Taylor  in  Engineering  News,  September  26,  1912,  in  which  he  takes 
exception  to  the  price  of  steel  barges  given  by  Mr.  Hageboeck 
above.  He  states  that  the  following  is  an  abstract  of  proposals 
for  furnishing  two  gravel  barges  for  Dam  No.  28,  Ohio  River, 
opened  on  November  23,  1911: 

Barges  100  Ft.  x  22  Ft.  x  5  Ft. 
Bidder  No.  Rate  per  Barge     Amount  Material 

1  .  ..$3,680  $7,340  Untreated  Wood 

2    2,950  5,900  Untreated  Wood 

3  .  4,350  8,700  Steel 

4  .  .    3,870  7,740  Untreated  Wood 

5  .  .    3,050  6,100  Untreated  Wood 

6    3,620  7,240  Untreated  Wood 

The  above  shows  a  ratio  between  the  cost  of  a  steel  barge  and 
a  wooden  barge  of  1.47  to  1  in  comparing  the  lowest  price  for 
a  wooden  barge,  and  1.27  to  1  in  comparing  the  average  price 
of  wooden  barges. 


70  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Bids  opened  on  January  24,  1912,  for  two  dump  scows  for  the 
same  work  were  as  follows: 

Barges  80  Ft.x21  Ft.x6  Ft.  4  Ins. 
Bidder  No.  Rate  per  Barge     Amount  Material 

1 $6,490  $12,980  Untreated  Wood 

2 6,565  13,130  Untreated  Wood 

3 5,895  11,790  Untreated  Wood 

4 6,700  13,400  Steel 

The  above  shows  a  ratio  between  the  price  of  steel  and  lowest 
price  of  wood  barges  to  be  1.14  to  1  and  between  the  price  of 
steel  and  average  price  of  wood  barges  to  be  1.06  to  1. 

Bids  opened  October  7,  1910,  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  resulted  as 
follows : 

Flat  Barges,  55  Ft.xl6  Ft.x3  Ft. 

Bid  No.  1,  Lowest  Bid  for  Steel  Flat  Boats $1,725  each 

Bid  No.  2,  Lowest  Bid  for  Wooden  Flat  Boats 1,223  each 

The  cost  ratio  is   1.41  to   1. 

Miscellaneous  Boats.  Mr.  C.  W.  Dunham  in  Professional  Memoirs, 
reprinted  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  gives  the  following 
information  in  regard  to  quarter  boats  of  pine  or  fir: 

Quarter  Boats.  The  quarter  boats  used  in  this  improvement, 
In  which  category  may  be  included  offlce-boats  and  inspection 
boats,  have  been  very  numerous  and  always  long  lived,  because 
it  has  been  advisable  to  rebuild  hulls  or  provide  new  ones  on 
account  of  the  cabins,  which  do  not  decay  or  wear  out.  The 
dimensions  and  design  of  these  boats  have  varied — in  fact,  it  is 
believed  that  there  are  hardly  any  two  alike. 

Building  boats  have  not  been  standardized,  although  those 
recently  built  are  quite  similar.  Many  of  these  boats  were 
adapted  from  ordinary  barges.  They  are  used  in  building  dams, 
being  suspended  along  the  line  of  the  dam;  the  brush  and  rock 
barges  are  handled  with  their  power. 


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BARS 


Net  prices  for  solid  steel  crowbars,  lining  bars,  claw  bars,  and 
railroad  tamping  bars,  are  about  as  follows: 

Per  Lb. 

Crowbars     v . . . 4       cts. 

Lining  Bars 4        cts. 

Claw  Bars,  Goose  Neck 6       cts. 

Claw  Bars,  With  Heel 6       cts. 

Railroad  Tamping  Bars 4  %   cts. 


73 


74 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

BAR  BENDERS 


The  steel  bar  bender  shown  in  Fig.   23   takes  round,  square  or 
channel  iron  up  to   y2   in.   size  and  flat  iron   I1/£x%   in.,  21/4x15e  in. 


Fig.  23. 

or  less,  cold,   weight   35   Ibs.,  price  $25.     Figure   24   illustrates  a 
steel  bar  bender  for  cold  steel  bars,  round,  square  or  twisted  from 


f 


Fig.  24. 


BAR    BENDERS 


75 


%  In.  to  1%  in.,  weight  175  Ibs.,  price  $58.  Both  of  these 
machines  will  bend  to  any  angle  and  are  fastened  by  bolts  to  a 
plank  or  beam  and  operated  by  one  or  more  men. 

A  very  strong  bar  bender  is  shown  in  Fig.  25.     This  machine  is 
constructed  entirely  of  steel  and  is  bolted  to  any  suitable  plank 


Fig.  25. 


Patented. 
Acme   Bar   Bender. 


or  beam.  It  is  adapted  to  any  size  bar  by  turning  the  hand 
wheel  and  to  any  curve  by  loosening  one  nut;  weight  200  Ibs., 
price  $85. 

A   large   portable   machine   mounted   on   a   truck   is    illustrated 
in    Fig.    26.      It    will    bend    rods    of    mild    or    high    carbon    steel 


Fig.  26. 


varying  in  diameter  from  %  to  1*£  in.  to  any  angle  within  the 
limits  of  the  shearing  resistance  of  the  metal.  The  machine  is 
operated  by  one  to  three  men.  In  a  test  made  in  1909  rods  of 
mild  steel  1%  in.  in  diameter  for  use  in  the  "Mushroom"  system 
of  reinforcing,  were  run  through  the  machine  continuously  for 


76 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


one  hour.  In  that  time  205  rods  were  bent  to  the  required  shape. 
This  machine  is  10  ft.  long  by  2  ft.  6  in.  wide  and  the  weight  is 
about  1,800  Ibs.,  price  $500. 

A    bar    bending    machine    particularly    designed    for    bending 
stirrups  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  27.     The  Turner  Construction  Corn- 


Fig.  27. 

pany  states  that  a  metallic  lather,  in  eight  hours,  would  bend 
from  300  to  500  stirrups  per  day,  while  with  this  bender  they 
found  it  easily  possible  to  bend  from  1,200  to  2,000  stirrups  per 
day.  The  price  of  the  machine  is  $50,  f.  o.  b.  New  York. 


BAR  CUTTERS 


A  cutter  which  is  operated  by  a  lever  and  takes  twisted  steel 
bars  up  to  %"  in  size,  weighing  190  Ibs.,  costs  $85.  A  machine 
which  takes  bars  up  to  1%",  weighing  195  Ibs.,  costs  $160. 

A  machine  which  cuts  flat  bars  21/&"  wide  and  square  bars  1%" 
wide,  costs  $60.  Machines  for  cutting  rods  from  %"  to  %"  in 
diameter  cost  from  $5  to  $8. 


BELTING  FOR  POWER  PURPOSES 


leather.  Price  per  1-inch  width  per  running  foot  in  cents: 
Single,  9%  cts. ;  Double,  19  cts. ;  Triple,  28  cts.  Weight,  16  oz. 
to  1  sq.  ft.  in  single  ply. 

Bound  Leather.  Price  per  %-inch  width  per  running  foot  in 
cents:  Solid,  iy2  cts.;  Twist,  2  cts. 

Cut  Lacing's,  bundles.    Price  per  ^4 -inch  width  per  100  ft.,  60  cts. 

Rubber.      Price   per    1-inch    width   per    running    foot    in    cents. 


2-ply  3  V2  to  41/2  cts. 

3-ply  4%  to  5  cts. 

4-ply  5  %  to  6  cts. 

5-ply  6^  to  8  cts. 


6-ply   7 1/2   to     9  %  cts. 

7-ply    9       to  Iiy2  cts. 

8-ply    10  y2   to  13       cts. 


The   price   increases   as   the   width. 
Stitched  Canvas.     Price  per  1-inch  width  per  running  foot. 

4-ply 3       cts.         8-ply   6       cts. 

5-ply   4       cts.        10-ply   7  %   cts. 

6-ply   41/2   cts. 

Detachable  Link  Belts.  We  give  below  a  table  of  various  sizes 
of  detachable  link  belt  with  prices,  etc.  Figure  the  working 
strain  at  one-tenth  the  ultimate  strength  for  speeds  of  from  200 
to  400  feet  per  minute.  For  lower  speeds  increase  this  by  two- 
thirds.  When  a  number  of  attachment  links  for  fastening  on 
buckets,  etc.,  are  used,  add  about  15  per  cent  to  cost  of  chain. 


TABLE    36 — COST    AND    STRENGTH    OF    LINK    BELT 
DETACHABLE   CHAINS 


Number 

Price    of  Links 

Chain  No.  per  Ft.   in  10  Ft. 

25  ....................  $0.04  133 

32  .....  .  ...............  04  104 

33  .....................  04  86 

34  .................     .04  86 

35  .....................  04  74 

42...  ..................  05  88 

45  .....................  04  74 

51  .....................  07  104 

52  .....................  07  80 

55  .....................  06  74 

57  .....................  07  52 

62  .....................  09  73 

66  ...............      .09  60 

67  .....................  09  52 

75  ..........           .10  46 

77  .....................  10  52 

78  .....................  14  46 

83  .....................  14  30 

85  .....................  18  30 

88  .......              .17  46 

93  .....................  20  30 

95  .....................  21  30 

103  .....................  27  39 

105  ............      ...   .20  20 

108  .........  .  ...........  26 

110  ..............  .......  30 

114  .....................  34 

122  .....................  45 

124...  .42 

146  .....................  41 

77 


37 

20 

30 
20 


Width 
in  Inches 


Ultimate 

Strength 

700 

,100 

,190 

,300 

,200 

,500 

,600 

,900 

2,300 

2,200 

2,800 

3,100 

2,600 

3,300 

4,000 

3,600 

4,900 

4,950 

7,600 

5,750 

7,500 

8,700 

9,600 

6,900 

9,900 

12,700 

11,000 

15,000 

12,700 

14,000 


78 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


BINS 


Portable  Mounted  Bin.  Three-pocket  25-ton  (rated  capacity) 
mounted  bin  of  selected  lumber;  steel  lined  bottom;  equipped 
with  steel  chutes. 


Fig.  28.      15-ton    Bin   with   Screen    Lowered. 


Price 

Arranged  for  lowering  screen  into  bin $270.00 

Arranged  for  lowering  bin  only 281.25 

Arranged  for  lowering  screen  and  bin 337.50 


BLACKSMITH  SHOP  OUTFIT 


Tools  necessary   for  a  blacksmith   shop   suitable  for  drill  and 

general  repair  work  are  about  as  follows  in  an  ordinary  shop: 

1  anvil,   130  Ibs . .  $  13.00 

2  augers,  ship,  1%",  $1;  1-1",  $1.20 2.20 

2  bevels,   universal    2.50 

1  brace  and  13  auger  bits,   %"  to  1",  in  roll 5.50 

1  caliper,  micrometer   6.00 

4  calipers,    spring,    at    $1 4.00 

6  chisels,  cold,   12  Ibs.   at  50c 6.00 

4  chisels,   hot,   8   Ibs.,  at  50c 4.00 

1  cutter  for  pipe  up  to  3" 4.80 

1  drill,  stationary,  hand  power,    y±"  to   l1^"  hole,  weighs 

170    Ibs ...  22.00 

1  drill,  breast   3.00 

6  drill  dollies    10.00 

24  files,  assorted,  at  $8  per  doz 16.00 

24  files,  flat,  at  $8  per  doz 16.00 

12  files,  small  taper .60 

24  files,  triangular,  at  $7  per  doz 14.00 

1  grind  st^ne,  foot  power,  3"xl2"  wheel 4.00 

1  gauge,   marking    2.00 

4  heading  tools,  1  %  Ibs.  each 3.00 

J  hammers,  blacksmith   2.70 

3  hammers,    set    1.50 

4  handles,  at  50c  per  Ib 2.00 

2  pails  at  70c 1..40 

6  rasps,  at  $12  per  doz 6.00 

1  rule,  6  ft.,  folding 40 

1  saw,  cross-cut,  hand,  26" 1.35 

1  saw  set  : .70 

2  saws,  hack,  at  $1 2.00 

4  shanks   , 2.00 

1  sledge,  double  face,  5  Ibs 1.50 

2  sledges,  double  face,   7  Ibs.  each 4.20 

1  sledge,  cross  pein,  5  Ibs 1.50 

2  sledges,  cross  pein,  4  Ibs.  each 2.80 

2  squares  at   $9 18.00 

1  stock  and  8  dies  for  y2"  to  2"  pipe 17.50 

8  swedges,  bottom,  1   Ib.  each 2.00 

8  swedges,  top,   1  Ib.  each 2.00 

9  tongs,  assorted   12.00 

1  vise,  blacksmith's  leg,   6  %  " 20.00 

1  vise,  hinged,  for  pipe,  %"  to  3" 3.15 

$243.30 


79 


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BLASTING  SUPPLIES 

(See  also  Explosives) 
BLASTERS'    THAWING  KETTLES 


Capacity,        Shipping 
No.  Lbs.         Weight,  Lbs.     List  Price 


"Bradford"  .........  1  22  25                      $475 

"Bradford"  .........  2  60  30                        7.25 

"Catasauqua"    ......  1  30  4  75 

"Catasauqua"    ......  2  60  7.25 

The  price  of  "Bradford"  is  net:  of  "Catasauqua,"  10%  discount. 
F.  o.  b.  distributing  points  east  of  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico. 

BLASTING   AUGERS 

Augers  may  be  conveniently  used  to  bore  holes   for  inserting 
dynamite  under  tree  stumps,  etc.     They  cost  as  follows: 

Inches  List  Price 

*Dirt    ....................................  1%  $1.25 

*Dirt    ....................................  2  1.35 

*Dirt    ....................................  2V2  1.50 

Wood   ....................................  1  y2  1.75 

Wood    ....................................  2  2.25 

Wood   ....................................  2%  2.75 

Auger  Handles   ...........................  1.25 

*Without  handles. 
P.    o.    b.  :      Cincinnati,    O.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

BLASTING   CAPS 

TABLE   38 

List  Price*     List  Price* 
Per  1000         Per  1000 

Weight  of  Charge     Lots  of  1000       Lots  of 
Brand  No.  Grains  or  Grammes       or  Over  Less  Than  1000 

Silver    Medal...    3  8.33  .54  $  6.00  $  6.25 

Gold  Medal  .....    4  10.33  .65  6.50  6.75 

Du  Pont  ........    5  12.34  .80  7.00  7.25 

Du  Pont  ........    6  15.43  1.00  8.00  8.25 

Du  Pont  ........    7  23.15  1.50  10.00  10.25 

Du  Pont  ........    8  30.86  2.00  13.25  13.50 

*  The  discount  from  above  is  about  as  follows: 

In  lots  less  than  20,000  at  factory,  net. 
In  lots  of  20,000  or  over  delivered,  10%. 

Caps    are   packed   in    the    following   size   cases   without   extra 
charge. 

Case  0  ..................................       500  caps  to  the  case 

Case  1  ..................................    1,000  caps  to  the  case 

Case  2  ..................................    2,000  caps  to  the  case 

Case  3  ..................................    3,000  caps  to  the  case 

Case  5  ..................................   5,000  caps  to  the  case 

81 


82  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

BLASTING  FUSE 

The   price   list    of   fuse    given   below    is    subject    to    about   the 
following  discounts: 

In  lots  of  less  than  1000  ft. 2l/2  to  10% 

In  lots  of  1000  to  5000   ft 7%   to  15% 

In  lots  of  6000  ft.  and  over 17 Vz   to  25% 

depending  on  the  section  of  the  United  States  where  it  is  sold. 

TABLE    39 

Packed  in 

Price  per     Barrels,     Cases, 
Kind   of   Fuse    and    Use  1000  Ft.         Ft.  Ft. 

Hemp,  for  use  in  dry  ground $3.05  12,000 

Cotton,   for  use  in  dry  ground 3.55  12,000 

Superior  Mining,  for  hard  tamping. 3.75  8,000  6,000 

Beaver  Brand,  for  use  in  wet  ground...    3.90  8,000  6,000 

Single  Tape,  for  use  in  wet  ground 4.05  8,000  6,000 

Anchor  Brand,  White  Finish,   for  use  in 

very  wet  ground 4.65  8,000  6,000 

Crescent  Brand,  White  Finish,  for  use  in 

very  wet  ground 4.65  8,000  6,000 

Reliable   Gutta  Percha,   for   use   in   very 

wet    ground 4.65  8,000  6,000 

Double  Tape,  for  use  in  very  wet  ground  4.85  8,000  6,000 

Stag  Brand,  White  Finish  Gutta  Percha, 

for  use  in  very  wet   ground 5.60  8,000  6,000 

Special    No.     XX,     Gutta    Percha,    semi- 
smokeless  and  almost  free  from  lateral 

emission  of  sparks 5.60  8,000  6,000 

Triple  Tape,  for  use  in  very  wet  ground 

and  will  bear  rough  treatment 5.70  7,000  6,000 

Special  No.  XXX,  Gutta  Percha,  designed 

to    be     even     freer     from     smoke     and 

sparks  than  Special  No.  XX 6.70  8,000  6,000 

The  packages  weigh  approximately: 

Barrels,  Cases, 

Lbs.  Lbs. 

Hemp  and  Cotton 135  135 

Triple   Tape    150  125 

All  Others   145  115 

ELECTRIC    FUSE 
TABLE    40 

(Copper  Wires)     List  Prices  per  100 
Weight  of  Charge 


No.   4  No.   6  No.  7  No.  8 

(Single  (Double 
Strength)          Strength) 

Length  of      10.03  Grains  15.43  Grains     23.15  Grains      30.86  Grains 

Wire                      or  or  or  or 

Ft.             .65  Gramme  1.00  Gramme  1.50  Grammes  2.00  Grammes 

4  .             ...$   3.00  $   3.50  $   4.00  $   4.50 

6 3.54  4.04  4.54  5.04 

8   .                        4.08  4.58  5.08  5.58 

10 4.62  5.12  5.62  6.12 

12   .                        5.16  5.66  6.16  6.66 

14 5.70  6.20  6.70  7.20 

16 6.24  6.74  7.24  7.74 

18  .,                      6.78  7.28  7.78  8.28 


BLASTING  SUPPLIES  83 

TABLE    40 — Continued 

Length  of      10.03  Grains  15.43  Grains  23.15  Grains  30.86  Grains 

Wire                     or  or  or  or 

Ft.             .65  Gramme  1.00  Gramme  1.50  Grammes  2.00  Grammes 

20 7.32  7.82  8.32  8.82 

22 8.32  8.82  9.32  9  82 

24 9.32  9.82  10.32  10.82 

26 10.32  10.82  11.32  11.82 

28 11.32  11.82  32.32  1282 

30 12.32  12.82  13.32  13.82 

Longer  lengths  (made  to  order),  $1.00  for  each  additional  2  feet. 
The  discount  from  above  is  about  as  follows: 

5,000   or  over,   delivered 25  % 

1,000   or  over,  factory 15% 

Less  than  1000,  factory 10  % 

Waterproof  electric  fuses  cost  about  30%  more  than  the  above. 
Electric   fuses  with  iron  wires   cost  about   15%   less. 
Electric  fuses  are  packed  as  follows: 

Number  of  Number  of  Total  Number 

Length  of  Wires  Fuses  in  Carton  Cartons  in  Case  of  Fuses  in  Case 

4  ft.  to  16  ft.  inc 50  10  500 

18  ft.  to  30  ft.  inc 25  10  250 

BLASTING  MATS 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette,  in  "Rock  Excavation,"  says: 
"Use  of  a  Blasting-  Mat.  For  preventing  accidents  due  to  flying 
rocks,  all  blasts  in  cities  should  be  covered  either  with  timbers 
qr  with  a  blasting  mat.  This  should  be  done  to  avoid  suits  for 
damages,  regardless  of  city  ordinances.  A  blasting  mat  is  readily 
made  by  weaving  together  old  hemp  ropes,  iya  in.  diameter  or 
larger.  To  make  such  a  mat,  support  two  lengths  of  1-in.  gas 


Fig.    29.      Blasting    Mat. 

pipe  parallel  with  one  another  and  as  many  feet  apart  as  the 
width  of  the  mat  is  to  be.  Fasten  one  end  of  the  rope  to  one 
end  of  the  pipe;  carry  the  rope  across  and  loop  it  over  the  other 


84  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

pipe;  bring  it  back  around  the  first  pipe;  and  so  on  until  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  close  parallel  strands  of  the  rope  have  been 
laid  to  make  a  mat  as  long  as  desired.  Starting  with  another 
rope,  weave  it  over  and  under,  like  the  strands  in  a  cane-seated 
chair,  until  a  mat  of  criss-cross  ropes  is  made.  Such  a  mat, 
weighted  down  with  a  few  heavy  timbers,  will  effectually  pre- 
vent small  fragments  from  flying  at  the  time  of  blasting.  The 
mat  and  its  ballast  may  be  hurled  into  the  air  several  feet,  upon 
blasting;  but  it  will  serve  its  purpose  by  stopping  the  small 
pieces  of  rock  which  are  so  dangerous  even  where  light  blasts 
are  fired.  The  mat  should  be  laid  directly  upon  the  rock.  Such  a 
mat  will  save  a  great  deal  of  labor  involved  in  laying  a  grillage 
of  timbers  over  a  trench.  It  will  also  make  it  unnecessary  for 
the  blasters  to  stand  far  from  the  blast  when  firing." 

Manufactured  Mats.  Close  woven  blast  mats  made  of  1%  in. 
diameter  rope  with  a  loop  in  each  corner  and  binding  on  sides, 
can  be  bought  new  in  New  York  for  80  cents  per  square  foot; 
mats  made  of  1-in.  diameter  rope  cost  70  cents  per  square  foot. 
(Fig.  29.) 

BLASTING  WIRE 

Connecting  Wire.  No.  20  B.  &  S.  Gauge  on  1-lb.  and  2-lb. 
spools. 

Leading  Wire.  No.  14  B.  &  S.  Gauge  both  single  and  duplex 
in  200  ft,  250  ft,  300  and  500  ft.  coils. 

Leading  wire  reels $4.00 

Connecting  wire  holders 2.00 

The  price  of  wire  varies  with  the  locality,  but  is  about  as 
follows: 

Leading  wire  No.   14 $24.00  per  Ib. 

Connecting  wire  No.  20 29.00  per  Ib. 

Connecting  wire  No.  21 31.50  per  Ib. 

This  is  subject  to  the  following  discounts: 

Less  than  50  Ibs.,  one  sale,  one  delivery 10% 

50  Ibs.,  or  over,  one  sale,  one  delivery 15% 

100  Ibs.,  or  over,  one  sale,  one  delivery 25% 


BLOCKS 


TABLE  41— WROUGHT  IRON  GIN  BLOCKS  FOR  WIRE  ROPE, 
STIFF    SWIVEL    HOOKS    AND    BECKETS 

Heavy  Pattern,  Phosphor  Bronze,  Self-Lubricating,  Bushed 
Diam.   Sheave,         For  Rope  Diam.  Price 

Inches  Inches  Description  Each 


10 
12 
14 
16 
18 


Sing-le     $   5.50 

Double     9.00 

Triple     >. .    14.00 

Single     :     6.25 

Double    10.00 

Triple     15.50 

Single     '    7.50 

Double   11.50 

Triple 18.00 

Single     9.00 

Double   13.50 

Triple     23.00 

Single     11.50 

Double    16.00 

Triple     •..    2«.50 


TABLE     42— WROUGHT     IRON    BLOCKS    FOR    WIRE     ROPE, 
HEAVY    PATTERN    WITH    STIFF    SWIVEL    HOOKS 


o  ><-* 
ttg  w 


10 
12 
14 
16 
18 


—  Iron    Bushed  — 


Phosphor  Bronze 
Metaline  Self- 
Lubricati  ng 
Bushed. 

5  « 

*  * 


ft 

55 

$   7.00 
8.00 
9.00 
15.50 
17.25 

5 

$10.00 
11.50 
12.50 
20.00 
22.50 

h 

$14.00 
15.50 
18.00 
23.00 
30.00 

33 

$   8.50 
9.50 
10.50 
18.00 
20.00 

o 
jjj 

$13.00 
14.50 
15.50 
25.00 
28.00 

$18.50 
20.50 
22.50 
32.50 
37.50 

TABLE   43— STEEL   TACKLE   BLOCKS,   WITH   SHACKLES 


Size  Sheave, 
(Ins.) 


Phosphor  Bronze 
or  Metaline 
Bushed,   Self- 
Lubricating. 

"3 

1         S 

1 

o            *C 

$ 

2.97 
4.23 
5.94 
12.40 

$  5.13     $  7.02 
7.30        10.80 
10.25        14.04 
22.14       31.8* 

86 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE    44 — TACKLE    BLOCKS 


s  -3 

eU  .0 

S  I 

Size  Sheave   <*>  o 

(Ins.)  g-  x' 


4^x1     x' 


S 

9 

10 


xl%x% 


xl%x% 


1% 
1% 


c6 
5 

7 

10 
12 
13 
15 


—Iron    Bushed— 


bo 

+1 

a 

.2 

0 

•c 

S 

ft 

h 

$0.29 

$0.54 

$0.79 

.62 

1.01 

1.49 

1.00 

1.69 

2.40 

1.57 

2.36 

3.38 

1.80 

2.92 

4.05 

—  Bronze  Bushed  — 

£ 

^Q 

9 

I 

s 

0 

ft 

33 

p 

6 

$0.38 

$0.76 

$1.12 

.79 

1.35 

1.91 

1.19 

2.07 

2.97 

1.83 

2.88 

4.15 

2.08 

3.49 

4.90 

TABLE   45— LIGNUM   VITAE   SHEAVES   FOR   REGULAR  AND 
THICK  MORTISE  BLOCKS 


Size  of 
Sheave,  Ins. 


8  xlx 

9  xl%x% 
10     xl%x% 


Length  of 
Block,  Ins. 

10 
12 
13 
15 


Iron  Bushed, 
Price 

$0.21 
0.46 
0.63 
0.84 
1.05 


Bronze 

Bushed, 

Price 

$1.05 
1.93 

2.06 
2.28 
2.73 


Size  of 
Sheave,  Ins. 

4%xl  x 


TABLE  46— IRON  SHEAVES 

Bronze 
Bushed, 

,-Iron  Bushed^  Self  Lubri- 
Length  of  Self-Lubricating,  eating, 
Block,  Ins.  Price  Price 


7 

10 
12 
13 
15 
18 


$0.20 
0.35 
0.57 
0.88 
0.97 
2.25 


$0.75 
1.12 
1.48 
1.73 
1.95 
4.00 


TABLE   47— WROUGHT    IRON   BLOCKS— ENGLISH   PATTERN 
WITH   STIFF   SWIVEL   HOOKS 


Size  of  For 

Sheave  For    Rope  Chain  Length 

Ins.  Diam.,  Ins.  Ins.   Shell,  Ins. 

4*4x1  %  .-  7 

6     xiy2  y4  TBs  10 

8     xl%  1%  A  14 

10     x2%  2%  %  ig 


Iron  Bushed 

Double 

$   2.30 

5.25 

10.00 

21.50 


Phosphor  Bronze  or  Metaline 

Bushed,  Self-lubricating 

Single  Double  Triple 

$   2.18  $   3.55  $  4.80 

3.92  6.90  9.25 

6.30  12.10  16.65 

15.87  24.75  34.12 


Triple 

$   2.92 

6.75 

13.50 

29.25 


BLOCKS 


87 


TABLE    48 — WROUGHT    IRON    SNATCH    BLOCKS — ENGLISH 
PATTERN  WITH  STIFF  SWIVEL  HOOKS 

Diam. 

Sheave,  For  Rope 

Ins.  Diam.  Ins. 


10 
12 
14 
16 
18 


Iron  Bushed 

$  9.60 
10.80 
12.00 
16.80 
22.80 


Phos.  Bronze  or 
Metaline  Bushed 

$10.80 
12.20 
14.40 
19.80 
26.40 


TABLE     49— HEAVY     TACKLE,     THICK     MORTISE     BLOCKS, 
EXTRA  HEAVY  LOOSE   SIDE   HOOKS  AND  STRAPS 


Diameter  of 

Sheave, 

Ins. 


xl%x% 


02 


Iron  Bushed 


Bronze  Bushed- 


OM 

1 

1% 
1% 

00 

g 

7 
10 
12 
13 
15 

c 

-rH 

W 

$1.12 
2.00 
2.62 
4.00 
4.50 

fi 

0 

Q 
$2.00 
3.25 
4.25 
6.50 
7.50 

ft 

EH 

$  2.75 
4.25 
6.25 
8.50 
10.00 

bo 

a 

$2.12 
3.62 
4.62 
6.50 

|M 

0 
O 

Q 

$   3.75 
6.75 

8.50 
11.75 

a 

$   5.00 
9.50 
12.50 
16.5U 

TABLE     50— HEAVY     TACKLE,     THICK     MORTISE     BLOCKS, 
EXTRA  HEAVY  LOOSE   SWIVEL  HOOKS  AND   STRAPS 


Diameter  of 

Sheave, 

Ins. 


4^x1  %x% 


Iron  Bushed 


Bronze  Bushed-^ 


x%      1% 


1 

B 

OQ 

;-> 
O 
P 

°u 

c 

3 

0 

fi 

*C 
EH 

7 

$1.42 

$2.37 

$   3.20 

$2.55 

$   4.37 

$   6.20 

10 

2.60 

4.12 

5.50 

4.22 

7.62 

10.75 

12 

3.87 

5.75 

7.87 

5.87 

10.00 

14.12 

13 

5.62 

8.25 

10.75 

8.12 

13.50 

18.75 

15 

6.25 

9.75 

13.00 

9.25 

15.50 

21.50 

HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


BLUE  PRINT  FRAMES 


BLUE    PRINT    FRAMES    COMPLETE    WITH    POLISHED 
GLASS    (Fig:.   30) 


Fig.    30.      Print    Frame    on    Wheel    Carriage. 

20x24    24x30    30x42    36x48   36x60    42x60    42x72 

With  oak  frame... $10.75   $16.00  $27.75  $36.90  $44.25   $50.25   $63.00 

With  hardwood 

frame  10.00  14.50  23.50  33.15  39.75  

With  wheeled  car- 
riage    37.00  49.50  49.50  62.90  71.25  78.75  94.50 

With  mountings 

for  window *  54.75  70.90  79.75  

Same  with  revolv- 
ing carriage 20.00  20.00  20.00  


BLUE  PRINT  MACHINES 


Continuous  Blue  Print  Machine.  Operated  by  single  arc  lamp 
using  15  amperes  at  110  volts,  or  7^  amperes  at  220  volts,  trav- 
eling up  and  down  continuously  in  the  center  of  a  half  cylinder 
of  glass,  while  the  paper  and  tracing  are  carried  around  by  an 
endless  canvas  band.  Speed  can  be  regulated  to  2  feet  per 
minute  using  rapid  paper.  Size  2  ft.  6  in.  square  by  6  ft.  high. 
Weight  400  Ibs.  Price,  $300  f.  o.  b.  factory. 


Fig.  31.    Continuous 
Blueprint    Machine. 


Another  vertical  machine  of  similar  type  uses  lamps  for  direct 
or  alternating  current  of  110  or  220  volts.  It  requires  a  floor 
space  of  36"x42". 


Catalogue 
Size 

1 
2 

4 


Two  Print  Surfaces, 
Inches 

42x36 

42x48 
42x60 
42x72 


Price 

$210.00 
230.00 
245.00 
300.00 


90  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

BOILERS 


Upright  tubular  boilers  constructed  for  100  Ibs.  working  pres- 
sure complete  with  base  and  fixtures  cost  as  follows;  f.  o.  b. 
manufacturer's  works: 

Rated 

H.  P.  Weight,  Lbs.  Price 

*  2,500  $150.00 

8  3,000  185.00 

12  4,000  225  00 

15  6,000  275.00 

20  7,000  325  00 

30  9,000  375.00 

60  11,000                                           ,           550.00 

Locomotive    type   boilers    mounted    on    wheels,    complete,    con-1 
structed  for  100  Ibs.  pressure.     The  70  H.  P.  is  mounted  on  skids. 

Rated 

H.  P.  Weight,  Lbs.  Price 

10  4,000  $300  00 

15  7,000  350^00 

20  8,000  400  00 

25  9,000  425.00 

30  10,000  450  00 

40  10,500  550.00 

50  11,000  600  00 

60  11,500  700.00 

70  11,600  725.00 

The  outside  of  the  boiler  should  be  kept  dry  at  all  times  and 
the  inside  of  it  should  be  as  nearly  free  from  scale  and  rust  as 
possible.  Different  kinds  of  water  will  have  different  effects 
upon  the  life  of  the  boiler,  and  the  results  to  be  obtained  from  it. 
In  a  limestone  country  the  boilers  will  scale  rapidly.  This  scale 
is  a  poor  conductor  of  heat  and  as  soon  as  it  reaches  a 
considerable  thickness  will  cause  a  marked  decrease  in  a  boiler's 
steaming  efficiency.  In  alluvial  country,  where  the  water  contains 
much  vegetable  and  loamy  matter,  the  boilers  will  gather  an  ac- 
cumulation of  heavy  mud  and  should  be  blown  at  least  once 
each  week. 

Mr.  John  W.  Alvord,  of  Chicago,  gives  a  table  showing  the 
history  of  thirty-two  horizontal  tubular  boilers  used  in  water 
pumping  stations  in  Illinois,  Iowa  and  Michigan.  The  active  life 
of  these  boilers  was  found  to  have  ranged  from  six  years  for 
two  boilers  at  Sterling,  111.,  where  artesian  water  was  used,  to 
twenty-three  years  for  two  boilers  in  Oskaloosa,  la.,  where  river 
water  was  used,  the  latter  boilers  being  still  in  service.  The 
average  life  of  this  group  of  thirty-two  boilers  was  fifteen  years. 
This  would  indicate  that  the  rate  of  depreciation  on  boilers  should 
be  20  per  cent  where  artesian  water  is  used,  10  per  cent  where 
lake  water  is  used  and  5  per  cent  where  soft  river  water  is 
used. 


BOILERS  91 

Estimating-  the  Horsepower  of  Contractors'  Boilers.  A  boiler  is 
usually  estimated  to  give  one  horsepower  for  every  10  sq.  ft. 
of  heating  surface.  Hence  the  horsepower  of  a  vertical  tubular 
boiler  is  found  thus: 

Rule:  Divide  the  total  heating  surface  of  the  tubes  and  fire  box 
(expressed  in  square  feet)  by  ten,  and  the  quotient  is  the  horse- 
power. 

The  square  foot  heating  surface  of  a  tube  is  quickly  calculated 
by  multiplying  the  length  of  the  tube  in  feet  by  0.26  and  then 
multiplying  by  the  outside  diameter  of  the  tube  in  inches.  Sines 
tubes  are  ordinarily  2  in.,  the  total  heating  surface  of  the  tubes 
is  found  by  multiplying  the  number  of  tubes  by  their  length  in 
feet  by  0.52;  or,  for  all  practical  purposes,  take  half  the  product 
of  the  number  of  tubes  by  the  length  of  tube  in  feet.  To  this 
heating  surface  of  the  tubes  must  be  added  the  heating  surface 
of  the  fire  box,  which  is  ascertained  thus:  Multiply  the  circum- 
ference of  the  fire  box  in  feet  by  its  height  above  the  grate  in 
feet  and  add  the  square  foot  area  of  the  lower  flue  sheet. 

The  diameter  of  the  fire  box  or  furnace  is  usually  4  to  5  ins. 
less  than  the  outside  diameter  of  the  boiler.  The  height  of  the 
fire  box  is  usually  2  to  2*6  ft.  The  amount  of  coal  required  for 
a  contractor's  boiler  is  about  6  Ibs.  per  horsepower  per  hour,  or 
60  Ibs.  per  horsepower  per  day  of  ten  hours.  Nearly  one  gallon 
of  water  will  be  required  for  each  pound  of  coal.  About  2%  Ibs. 
of  dry  wood  are  equal  to  1  Ib.  coal,  or  2  cords  of  wood  equal 
1  ton  of  coal. 


BOILER  ROOM  TOOLS 


TABLE   51 
Boiler  room  tools  cost  as  follows: 

Diam.  of  , Price,  Each- 


Length    Bar,  Ins.             Hoe              Slice  Bar       Clinker  Hook  Poker 

6                     %                   $1.20                   $0.95                   $1.20  $0.80 

8                     %                      1.80                     1.50                     1.85  1.30 

10                     %                      2.50                      3.00                      2.80  2.00 

12                  1                          4.60                     4.60                     4.40  2.80 

Roller  tube  expanders,  1  in.  to  6  in.,  $2  to  $12 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

BOOTS 


Boots  are  generally  supplied  by  the  contractor  to  his  men  where 
the  work  is  of  a  wet  nature.  Good  quality  rubber  boots  cost  from 
$3  to  $5  per  pair  depending  on  the  length  of  boot  and  the  quality 
of  the  rubber.  Unless  shod  with  leather,  they  will  wear  out  in 
from  two  to  six  weeks.  Leather  soles  cost  about  50  cents  to 
60  cents  a  pair  put  on,  but  are  liable  to  cause  the  boots  to  leak. 
These  soles  double  the  life  of  the  boot,  but  the  best  practice  is  to 
buy  specially  constructed  boots  with  a  sewed  leather  sole  and 
heel.  Short  boots  of  this  type  cost  $4.75  per  pair,  Storm  Kings 
cost  $5.60,  and  hip  boots  cost  $6.50.  Boots  of  this  type  last  at 
least  four  times  as  long  as  the  ordinary  boot. 


BRICK  RATTLER 


The  city  of  Baltimore  in  1909  installed  a  "rattler"  for  testing 
vitrified  blocks.  The  machine  is  28  ins.  in  diameter,  20  ins.  long 
within  heads.  The  barrel  is  a  regular  paragon  of  fourteen 
sides  and  contains  about  12,018  cubic  inches.  It  is  driven  by  a 
5  horsepower  single  phase  electric  motor  making  1,710  revolutions 
per  minute.  The  speed  was  geared  down  at  the  "rattler"  end 
of  the  belt  to  produce  thirty  revolutions  per  minute.  The  cost 
of  the  outfit  and  the  expenditures  during  the  first  year  were: 

One  vitrified  block  rattler  with  belt $192.50 

One  5  H.  P.   motor 150.00 

Cast  steel  shot 12.00 

Freight   and   drayage 10.20 

Building  foundation  and  remodeling  shed 53.32 

One  set  scales 8.70 

New  cast-iron  shot 10.20 

One  new  pulley 5.20 

One  revolution  counter 4.00 

Electric  installation    37.64 

Electric  company's  connections 3.73 

Electric  current 5.69 

$493.18 


BUCKETS 


Contractors'  buckets  are  of  two  general  types:  (1)  that  which 
is  niled  by  hand,  or  other  agency  outside  itself,  and  (2)  that 
which  fills  itself  by  digging  into  the  material  to  be  conveyed. 
The  first  type  of  bucket  as  used  by  contractors,  is  usually  a  dump 
bucket,  and  the  bowl  is  cleared  by  either  tilting  it,  or  allowing 
a  door  or  gate  in  the  bottom  to  open,  thereby  releasing  the  mate- 
rial. The  second  type  of  bucket  is  usually  either  clamshell  or 
orange  peel,  but  is  sometimes  made  in  special  shapes. 


•  The  following  table  gives  the 
approximate  weights  of  ma- 
terials commonly  handled  with 
buckets: 

TABLE  52 

Weight 

per  Cubic 

Material  Yard,  Lbs. 

Dry  sand 2,700 

Wet  sand   3,400 

Loose  earth   2,400 

Wet  clay 3,000 

Anthracite  coal 1,600 

Bituminous  coal    1,450 

Crushed  stone 3,000 

Iron   ore    4,200 

Granulated  slag 1,600 

Gravel   3,000 


Bottom  dumping* 
similar  to  Fig.  32 
follows: 


TABLE  53 


Capacity 
in  Cu.  Ft. 

App.  Wt. 
Lbs. 

3 

175 

7 

360 

10 

450 

12 

500 

14 

575 

18 

650 

21 

745 

27 

850 

34 

1,025 

41 

1,150 

54 

1,650 

63 

1,700 

.   67 

1,775 

75 

2,070 

85 

2,300 

buckets 

cost     as 


Price 

$  45 

56 

66 

73 

84 

91 

98 

105 

128 

140 

185 

196 

203 

210 

227 


94 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


Coal  tufcs  similar  to  Fig.  33  cost  as  follows: 
TABLE  54 


Capacity 
Coal,  Tons 


Long  Ton 


Cu.  Ft. 

10 
20 
40 
45 


Weight, 
Lbs. 

150 

270 
440 
800 
825 


Price 

$18 
26 
48 
63 
67 


Fig.  33. 


Fig.  34. 


Contractors'  tubs,  Fig.    34,   cost   as   follows: 
TABLE  55 


Capacity 
Cu.  Ft. 

3 

12 
18 
27 
42 


Length, 
Ins. 

26 
33 
42 
48 
53 
60 


Width, 
Ins. 

28 
26 
33 
37 
43 
58 


Depth, 
Ins. 

15 
19 
25 
29 
29 
33 


Price 

$16 
18 
26 
33 
42 
56 


BUCKETS  D5 

Contractors'  and  miners'  round  tubs,  Fig.  35,  cost  as  follows: 


Capacity 
Cu.   Ft. 

6 

14 
21 
27 
42 


TABLE  56 
Length,  Width, 


Depth, 
Ins. 


Price 
$16 
28 
36 
44 
60 


Fig.  35. 
Bottom  dump  buckets,  similar  to  Fig.  36,  cost  as  follows: 


Capacity, 
Yds. 
% 

I* 

3 


TABLE  57 

Top 
Width 

Bottom 
Width 

Depth 

Price 

31 

25 

30 

$  48 

41 

32 

37 

60 

46 

35 

42 

80 

51 
61 

39 
48 

45 
48 

100 

14,8 

Fig.  36. 


I.  HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

Center  dump  pier  buckets  for  concrete,  Fig.  37,  cost  as  follows: 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Ft. 
15 
22 
30 
36 
45 


TABLE  58 

Weight,  Lbs. 
535 

590 

875 

925 

1,140 


Price 
$   71 

90 
103 
117 
130 


Fig.  37. 

Center  dump  form  buckets,  for  concrete,  Fig.   38,  cost  as  fol- 
lows: 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Ft. 
15 
22 
30 
36 
44 
60 


TABLE  59 

Weight,  Lbs. 
450 
550 
775 
850 
950    x 
1,000 


Price 

$   81 

94 

108 

121 

135 

161 


Fig.  38. 


BUCKETS 


97 


Lockwood  Automatic   concrete  bottom   dump   buckets,   cost   as 

follows: 

TABLE  60 

Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 


I* 


Weight,  Lbs. 

1,000 
1,500 
2,000 
2,200 
2,400 


Price 

$100 
140 

180 
200 
220 


CLAMSHELL    BUCKETS 

Class  C,  used  for  handling-  all  classes  of  loose  materials,  fitted 
with  round  link  side  chains. 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 


Weight 
Lbs. 

2,000 
2,350 
3,400 
4,500 
6,250 
10,000 


TABLE   61 

( — Dimensions,  Open — \ 

Width,  Length, 

Ft.  In.          Ft.          In. 


Price 

$    357.50 

487.50 

552.50 

747.50 

1,056.25 

1,560.00 


Class  E,  a  very  good  digging  bucket;  suitable  for  handling 
crushed  stone.  Fitted  with  flat  link  side  chains  and  strong 
cutting  edge. 


Fig.  39.      Unloading  Scows  of  Cellar  Dirt  for  the  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  Embankment  at  Snake  Hill,  N.  J. 


98 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 


Weight 
Lbs. 

2,100 
2,600 
3,800 
4,750 
G.500 
11,000 


TABLE  >62 

, — Dimensions,  Open — » 

Width,  Length, 

Ft.  In.         Ft.  In. 


0 


Price 

$    390.00 

520.00 

617.50 

780.00 

1,105.00 

1,820.00 


Class  H,  designed  to  handle  very  heavy  and  rough  materials. 
Flat  link  side  chains  are  used,  and  the  closing  power  is  mate- 
rially increased. 

TABLE   63 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 

i* 

3 
5 


Weight 
Lbs. 

4,000 

5,200 

6,700 

11,500 


, — Dimensions,  Open — N 

Width,  Length, 

Ft.  In.          Ft.  In. 


Price 

$    715.00 

975.00 

1,365.00 

1,950.00 


Scraper  Clam  Shell  Buckets,  for  handling  ore  and  extra  hard, 
heavy  material. 


Fig.  40.     Scraper  Clam  Shell   Bucket 
TABLE   64 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 


Weight 
Lbs. 

4,500 

6,000 

8,000 

12,500 

20,000 


, — Dimensions,  Open — ^ 
.    Width,  Length, 

Ft.          In.         Ft.          In. 


12 

12 
14 
16 
16 


Price 

$    617.50 

780.00 
1,105.00 
1,820.00 
2,600.00 


BUCKETS  99 

ORANGE  PEEL  BUCKETS 

Standard  orang-e  peel  buckets  are  adapted  to  all  classes  of 
dredging  and  excavating.  They  are  good  all  around  digging 
buckets,  and  are  sometimes  used  for  handling  ore. 

TABLE  65 

t Diameter ^ 

Weight          Closed,  Open, 

Capacity  t,bs.          Ft.         In.          Ft.          In.  Price 

1  cu.  ft.  125-1  9              2              2  $    113.75 

5  cu.  ft.  900  3               2               4               0  292  50 

9  cu.  ft.  1,100  3            10              4              8  325!00 

15  cu.  ft.  2,350  4              6              5              6  503  75 

1  cu.  yd.  4,200  5  8               6            10  682.50 
1^  cu.  yds.  5,250  6478  1,04000 

2  cu.  yds.  8,500  7086  1,137.50 

3  cu.  yds.  10,000  8  0              9            10  1,397.50 

Extra  heavy  standard  orang-e  peel  buckets  are  adapted  for  dig- 
ging harder  materials.  Cast  steel  points,  placed  outside  where 
sticky  material  is  to  be  handled,  are  furnished. 

TABLE   66 

, Diameter x 

Weight          Closed,  Open, 

Capacity  Lbs.          Ft.         In.          Ft.          In.  Price 

21      cu.  ft.  4,100  5              0              6              4  $    682.50 

1  cu.  yd.  4,600  5              8              6            10  747.50 
1^  cu.  yds.  8,500  6480  1,137.50 

2  cu.  yds.  9,500  70              8               6  1,267.50 

3  cu.  yds.  11,500  8               0              9            10  1,527.50 
5       cu.  yds.  20,000  96114  2,502.50 

10      cu.  yds.         30,000  12  0  14  6  4,030.00 

Multi-power  orang-e  peel  buckets  are  used  for  digging  clay, 
compact  sand,  and  other  hard  material,  and  are  built  about  as  the 
extra  heavy  standard,  but  differ  in  the  closing  mechanism,  which 
in  this  case  has  twice  the  closing  and  half  the  lifting  power. 

TABLE  67 

, r-Diameter x 

Weight          Closed,  Open, 

Capacity  Lbs.          Ft.         In.          Ft.          In.  Price 

21       cu.  ft.  4,200  5              0              6              4  .  $     747.50 

1  cu.  yd.  4,750  5              8              6            10  812.50 
1%  cu.  yds.  8,500  6480  1,300.00 

2  cu.  yds.  9,500  7086  1,430.00 
2&cu.  yds.  10,500  7894  1,560.00 

Three-sided  orang-e  peel  buckets  are  especially  well  adapted  for 
the  handling  of  boulders,  broken  rock,  and  other  odd-shaped 
materials  difficult  to  hold  unless  an  even  force  is  exerted  on 
bearing  part.  This  is  possible  with  this  three-bladed  bucket. 


100 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


An  excellent  illustration  is  given  in  Fig.  41  of  what  a  three- 
bladed  orange  peel  bucket  can  do.  The  points  of  three-bladed 
buckets  coming  in  contact  with  a  boulder  or  pile  will  either 
force  it  inside  the  bowl  or  will  grasp  the  object  as  in  the 
illustration  in  such  a  manner  that  the  holding  force  will  be 
positive  and  the  strain  equally  divided. 


Fig.  41.     Three    Bladed   Orange 
Peel  Bucket. 


TABLE 


Capacity 


cu.  ft. 
cu.  yd. 
cu.  yds. 
cu.  yds. 


Weight 
Lbs. 

4,200 

4,750 

8,500 

10,500 


-Diameter- 


Closed 
Ft. 

5 
5 
6 

7 


In. 


Open, 
Ft.  In. 

6  4 

6  10 

8  0 

9  4 


Price 

I    715.00 

812.50 
1,202.50 
1,300.00 


BUILDINGS 


The  only  buildings  that  properly  need  be  described  in  a  book 
of  this  character  are  those  of  a  temporary  or  semi-permanent 
character. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Tyrrell  says,  "Roughly  speaking,  the  cost  of  one- 
story  building,  complete,  is,  for  sheds  and  storage-houses,  40 
cents  to  60  cents  per  square  foot  of  ground,  and  for  such  build- 
ings as  machine-shops,  foundries,  and  electric-light  plants  that 
are  provided  with  traveling  cranes,  the  cost  is  from  60  cents  to 
90  cents  per  square  foot  of  ground  covered." 

Kidder's  Architects'  and  Builders'  Pocket-Book  gives  the  cost 
of  a  large  car  barn  of  exposed  iron  construction  and  brick  walls 
erected  in  1895  as  9  cents  per  cubic  foot. 

Mr.  Fred  T.  Hodgson,  in  the  Architects'  and  Builders'  Magazine, 
gives  the  following: 

Second  class  stable  with  common  fittings — per  cu.  ft.,  11  cents 
to  13  cents;  per  sq.  ft,  $1.65  to  $2;  per  cow,  $130  to  $140. 

Third  class  stable  for  farms,  wood  fittings — per  cu.  ft.,  1Y2 
cents  to  10  cents;  per  sq.  ft.,  $1.45  to  $1.50;  per  cow,  $90  to  $105. 

The  following  has  been  compiled  by  James  N.  Brown:  Barns, 
framed,  shingle  roof,  not  painted,  plain  finish,  iy2  cents  to  2% 
cents  per  cu.  ft. 

Barns,  framed,  painted,  with  good  foundation,  2}£  cents  to  3 
cents  per  cu.  ft. 

The  following  is  from  H.  P.  Gillette's  Handbook  of  Cost  Data: 

COST  OF  ITEMS  'OF  BUILDINGS  BY  PERCENTAGES 

Brick  Machine  Shop 

Warehouses  (150x400) 

Per  Cent  Per  Cent 

Excavation,  brick  and  cut  stone 50  15 

Skylights   and   glass 10 

Millwork  and  glass 7  6 

Lumber    18  V2  6  % 

Carpenter  labor 9^  4 

Tin,   gal v.    iron   and   slate 1  Vz 

Gravel  roofing   2  iy2 

Structural    steel    45  % 

Steel  lintels  and  hardware 8%  6 

Plumbing  and  gas  fitting 2 

Piping  for  steam,  water  and  power 

Paint 2% 

The  labor  cost  of  framing  and  erecting  plain  framed  buildings 
averages  from  $10  to  $15  for  one  thousand  feet  B.  M. 

The  cost  of  section  houses,  with  three  rooms,  of  che^p  con- 
struction averages  54  cents  per  sq.  ft. 

Cost  of  six  tool  houses,  8'xl2',  area  96  square  feet: 

Cost  per  Total 

Item  Square  Foot  Cost 

Materials   .161  $15.53 

Labor    , 134  12.90 

Tools    • 005  .48 

.300  $28.91 

The  lumber  and  labor  in  the  above  were  very  cheap. 

101 


102  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Cost  of  a  blacksmith  shop,  2<Tx30',  area  600  square  feet,  no  floor, 
no  studs  in  the  sides,  most  6f  material  second  hand: 

2,120  ft.  B.  M.,   @   $4.60 $   9  76 

41/0   M  shingles,   @    $1.65 ..' 7^3 

Hardware   .'77 


Total  materials    $17.96 

Superintendence   . .  $  4.80 

Carpenter,   @    J2.10 21.82 


Total   labor    $26.62 

Cost  per  square  foot $.072 

In  contrast  with  the  above  cost,  note  the  cost  of  an  extremely 
well  built,  portable  blacksmith  shop,  built  in  New  York  City  in 
1910,  18'x30'xll'  high,  fitted  with  shelves,  closet  and  racks: 

Lumber,  @  $30  M.B.M — 5  window  frames  and  sash,  2  large 

doors  framed  at  mill,  rubberoid  roofing $140.00 

Hardware    15.00 

Painting  and  paint  (contract) 15.00 

Labor — carpenters,   @   $4.50;  common  labor,   @   $1.50  per  8 

hours    130.00 


Total    $300.00 

Cost  per  square  foot $0.55 

Portable  offices  and  houses  ready  to  be  fitted  together  and 
with  one  coat  of  paint  can  be  purchased  in  almost  any  of  the 
large  cities.  Below  are  prices  on  portable  houses,  manufactured 
in  New  York: 

Feet  Per  Sq.  Ft. 

Inspector's  office   8x9  $  55.00  $0.76 

Tool  house   6x8  30.00  .62 

Office  and  tool  house 10x12  90.00  .75 

10x16  110.00  .69 

10x20  135.00  .68 

8x12  65.00  .67 

8x16  80.00  .62 

8x20  100.00  .63 

Peak  roof  house 12x24  185.00  .64 

All  of  white  pine  partitions,  tongued  and  grooved,  and  center 
beaded,  bolted,  windows  netted. 

In  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Oct.  7,  1908,  the  cost  of  camp 
buildings  used  on  a  concrete  dam  contract  in  a  small  town  200 
miles  from  Chicago  is  given. 

The  camp  consisted  of  the  following  buildings: 

Floor  Area, 
Building  Sq.  Ft. 

8  dormitories  for  283  men 15,000 

2  mess  halls  for  80  men 3,000 

3  individual  shacks  for  3  men 864 

1  storehouse    .• 1,136 

1  machine  shop 900 

1  blacksmith  shop 100 

Total  floor  area..  21,000 


BUILDINGS  103 

The  cost  of  constructing  these  buildings  was  as  follows: 
Item  Cost 

158,000  ft.  B.  M.  of  lumber  at  $22.50 .  .$3,575 

15   carpenters   48   days   at   $3 2,160 

30,000  sq.  ft.  tar  paper  at  $0.0225 675 

Nails    .  145 


Total    $6,555 

Interest  and  depreciation   $5,500 

The  cost  per  square  foot  of  building  was  as  follows: 

Per  Per 

Sq.  Ft.  Cent 

Lumber     .  ..$0.17  55 

Labor     0.10  32 

Roofing  and  hardware 0.04  13 

Total    $0.31  100 

The  carpenter  work  cost  $13.70  per  1,000  ft.,  B.  M. 


104  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

CABLEWAYS 


The  following  data  are  taken  from  Gillette's  "Rock  Excavation": 
Nineteen  cableways  with  spans  of  from  550  to  725  ft.  were 
used  on  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal.  The  main  cableways  were 
2^4  ins.  in  diameter  with  a  sag  of  5  ft.  in  100  ft.,  supported 
on  towers  from  73  to  93  ft.  high.  The  haul  and  hoisting  cables 
were  %  in.  in  diameter  and  the  button  and  dumping  cables  %  in. 
in  diameter.  The  life  of  the  main  cable  was  from  50,000  to 
80,000  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock,  or  30,000  to  50,000  trips,  or  100 
to  160  days.  A  70  H.  P.  boiler  and  a  10x12  engine  operated  the 
skips  with  a  speed  of  250  ft.  and  a  traveling  speed  of  1,000  ft. 
per  minute.  The  skips  were  2x7x7  ft.  of  steel,  weighing  2,300  Ibs., 
and  holding  1.9  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock.  Total  weight  of  the 
cables,  cars,  skips  and  all  was  about  450,000  Ibs.  and  cost  $14,000. 
The  force  consisted  of  a  foreman  at  $3.00,  an  engine  man  at 
$2.75  per  10  hours;  a  fireman  at  $1.80,  a  signalman  and  a  tower- 
man  at  $2.70  each,  and  laborers  at  $1.50  each,  loading  skips.  The 
output  ranged  from  300  to  450  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock  per  10 
hrs.,  loaded  and  handled  at  a  cost  of  28  to  30  cts.  per  cubic  yard. 
This  does  not  include  rental  of  plant. 

The  following  table  gives  the  cost  in  percentages: 
TABLE   69 


Labor 
(2/3) 

Drilling 22 

Explosives    

Loading    46 

Conveying    15 

Channeling    4 

Pumping 4 

Supt.  and  genl.  labor. .  6 


Total 


JOO 


Supplies 
(1/3) 

10 

58 

2 

20 
3 

7 

100 


Assuming  50 

Cts.  per  Cu. 

Total 

Yd.,  Cost  per 

(3/3) 

Cu.  Yd.  in  Cts. 

18 

9.0 

21 

10.5 

31 

15.5 

17 

8.0 

4 

2.0 

5 

2.5 

4 

2.0 

100 


50.0 


On  section  7  nine  skips  and  about  35  men  worked  on  a  face. 
About  1%  tons  of  coal  and  25  cts.  worth  of  oil  were  consumed 
each  shift. 

The  cost  of  earth  excavation  for  a  cableway  of  400  ft.  span 
is  given  in  Gillette's  "Earthwork  and  Its  Cost."  The  earth  was 
delivered  to  a  chute  and  thence  to  cars.  The  cost,  which  did  not 
include  the  timber  sheeting,  the  hauling  or  unloading  of  cars, 
was  30  cts.  per  cubic  yard.  To  move  one  of  these  cableways  takes 
a  gang  of  15  men  three  days,  if  green;  two  days  if  accustomed 
to  the  work,  and  costs  from  $50  to  $75.  If  this  cost  is  added  to 
the  cost  of  excavating  the  earth  in  a  trench  375  ft.  long  it  will 
amount  to  several  cents  per  cubic  yard.  If  the  trench  is  6  ft. 
wide  and  9  ft.  deep  the  charge  will  be  about  10  cts.  per  cubic  yard. 


CABLEWAYS 


105 


In  building  a  bridge  across  the  Delaware  river  on  the  D.  L.  & 
W.  R.  R.  most  of  the  concrete  and  other  materials  were  handled 
by  a  cabieway.  This  was  a  double-span  duplex  cableway  with  a 
span  of  2,005  ft.,  which  was  divided  near  the  center  by  an 
A-frame.  The  cables  were  14  ft.  apart,  the  two  towers  were 
about  130  ft.  high,  while  the  A-frame  was  75  ft.  high.  The  main 
cables  were  2%  ins.  in  diameter  and  the  operating  ropes  %  in. 
About  5,000  ft.  of  main  cable  and  10,000  ft.  of  line  were  used. 
Each  span  was  operated  by  a  125  H.  P.  locomotive  boiler  with  a 
50  H.  P.,  10x12  in.  double  cylinder,  double  friction  drum,  revers- 
ible link  motion  cableway  engine;  drums  54  ins.  in  diameter,  48 
ins.  long  between  flanges.  The  load  operated  by  each  engine  was 
5  tons,  making  15  to  20  trips  per  hour.  Four  engineers,  two  fire- 
men and  one  rigger  were  necessary  to  operate  the  cableway. 
The  entire  plant  cost  about  $22,500,  erected. 

A  Duplex  Traveling  Cableway  was  used  by  the  United  States 
government  in  excavating  the  Hennepin  Canal.  The  cableway  was 
purchased  in  1903  and  cost,  complete  and  in  operation,  $28,580. 
It  consisted  of  2  complete  and  independent  cableway  systems 
mounted  on  a  single  pair  of  duplex  traveling  towers.  One  tower 
served  as  a  head  tower  for  one  cableway,  the  other  tower  served 
as  a  head  tower  for  the  other  cableway.  These  towers  were 


Fig.  42. 


Duplex  Cableways  Used  on  Hennepin  Canal,  Operating 
Two  iy2  Cubic  Yard  Orange  Peel  Buckets. 


built  of  heavy  timber  well  braced  and  ballasted.  Each  contained 
about  40,000  ft.  B.  M,  of  timber  and  4,000  Ibs.  of  iron  work. 
They  were  mounted  on  47x54  ft.  platforms  supported  by  48 
standard  car  wheels  set  in  two  parallel  frames  54  ft.  long,  and 
moved  on  5  lines  of  rails  laid  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  canal. 
These  rails  were  so  laid  as  to  form  two  standard  gauge  tracks 
with  centers  29  ft.  apart,  and  one  single  rail  between  them. 
Each  tower  was  equipped  with  a  special  12^4x15  in.  double 


106  HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

cylinder  cableway  engine  with  3  tandem  51  in.  friction  drums 
and  a  125  H.  P.  locomotive  fire  box  boiler.  The  cableways  were 
18  ft.  apart  and  had  a  span  of  625  ft.  Each  was  equipped  with  a 
l1/^  cubic  yard  orange  peel  bucket  operated  at  the  same  time  and 
independently.  From  October  10th  to  December  20th  a  total  of 
131,414  cubic  yards  were  excavated.  The  total  operating  expense 
for  this  period  was  $11,546,  divided  as  follows: 

Labor,  $7,261;  repairs,  renewals,  lubricating  oil,  kerosene  oil 
for  lights,  waste,  etc.,  $3,528;  coal  $757.  The  operating  cost  per 
cubic  yard  was  8.8  cts.  The  item  for  repairs,  renewals,  etc., 
includes  $1,350  worth  of  new  cables,  but  it  is  stated  only  about 
one-third  of  this  sum  could  justly  be  charged  to  the  operating 
cost  of  this  period.  During  the  period  of  operation  for  which  the 
cost  data  are  given  the  towers  were  moving  over  very  soft 
ground.  This  made  the  track  work  expensive  and  was  the  cause 
of  a  number  of  extraordinary  breakages;  for  instance,  3  crank 
shafts  on  the  engines  were  broken. 

A  cableway  used  as  a  framework  for  a  track  carrying-  cars 
for  making  a  fill  was  erected  near  Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  fill  was 
across  a  gorge  400  ft.  wide  and  95  ft.  deep.  One  small  trestle 
bent  on  each  bank  and  one  tall  bent  in  the  center  were  erected. 
Two  2 1/4 -in.  galvanized  cables  7  ft.  apart,  were  stretched  over  the 
bents  and  anchored  to  dead  men  of  buried  logs.  The  rails  were 
spiked  to  ties  which  were  fastened  to  the  cables  by  U  bolts. 
Small  trestle  bents  were  put  in  as  the  fill  advanced.  Turn  buckles 
were  placed  in  the  cable  to  keep  the  suspended  track  taut. 

Actual  cost  of  aerial  cable  roadway: 

2^4    in.   galvanized  bridge  cable,   1,000   ft ..$  600.00 

Eyebolts,  2%  ins.  diam.,  with  clevises  for  both  ends 108.30 

Turnbuckles  at  north  end  3-in.  diam. — two 120.00 

Chains  at  north  end,  2^,  in.  iron — two 62.40 

Cast  washers,  8  ins.  diam,,  2  ins.  thick — four 2.46 

Timber  for  A-frame  (all  other  timber  was  obtained  on 
ground):  Upper  42  ft.,  14  ft.  x  8  ins.  x  8  ins.  All  brac- 
ing and  cross  ties;  3,800  ft.,  at  $34  per  M 108.80 

Lower  50  ft,  round  timber,  56  ft.  long:  Rough  in  tree..  32.00 
Cost  of  team  work  for  hauling  round  timber,  and  pulling 

timber   to    place    for    erecting 65.00 

Carpenter  labor  on  A-frame  and  end  bents  on  bank .  .  231.40 

Time  of  superintendent,  getting  material  and  overseeiner 

work  in  general    60.00 

Common  labor:  Digging  trenches  for  anchors  and  put- 
ting up  cableway * 112.00 

Nails  and  iron  in  A-frame  and  bents 29.40 


Total  cost  of  cableway $1,531.76 

Estimated  cost  of  timber  trestle: 
Timber  (all  uprights,  planks  for  bracing,  stringers,  etc.), 

98,000  ft.,  at  $26  per  M .  .  $2,548.00 

Labor,  at  $6  per  M 588  00 

Spikes 98.00 

Iron  drift  bolts 40.00 

Total   $3,274.00 

Balance  in  favor  of  cableway $1,742.24 


CABLEWAYS  107 

The    following    is    abstracted    from    Gillette's    "Handbook    of 
Cost  Data." 

Cost  of  Cordwood  and  Cost  of  a  Wire  Rope  Tramway.     Mr.  B. 

Mclntire  gives  the  following  about  a  wire  ropeway  built  by  him 
in  1884  in  Mexico.  He  states  that  when  the  inclination  of  an 
endless  traveling  ropeway  is  greater  than  about  1  in  7  it 
will  run  by  gravity,  the  speed  being  controlled  by  a  brake.  A 
ropeway  running  200  ft.  per  min.  with  buckets  at  intervals  of 
48  ft.,  each  carrying  160  Ibs.,  will  deliver  20  tons  per  hour.  By 
using  two  clips  close  together  on  the  rope,  loads  of  700  Ibs.  per 
bucket  may  be  carried.  This  particular  ropeway  was  used  for  car- 
rying cordwood  to  a  mine.  Its  total  length  was  10,115  ft.  between 
terminals,  and  the  difference  in  elevation  was  3,575  ft.  The 
longest  span  between  towers  was  1,935  ft.;  the  shortest,  104  ft. 
There  were  10  towers  and  two  terminals.  Hewed  timbers  were 
used  for  the  towers,  being  much  better  than  round  timbers  in 
maintenance.  The  rope  was  }|-in.  diam.,  plow  steel  of  300,000  Ibs. 
strength  per  sq.  in.  It  was  transported  on  7  mules  in  lengths 
of  2,250  ft.,  each  mule  carrying  a  coil  321  ft.  long,  with  a  piece 

10  ft.    long  between   mules.      The   coils   were    24   ins.    in   diam. 
There   were   3   men   required   to   every    7    mules.     Care   must   be 
taken  to  lead  the  mules  on  a  steep  ascent  to  prevent  a  sudden 
rush   that   may   throw   a  mule  over  a  precipice.      The   ropeway, 
after  erection,  was  lubricated  best  by  using  black  West  Virginia 

011  (instead  of  tar),  applied  continuously  at  the  rate  of  a  drop  a 
minute.     This  was  vastly  better  than  intermittent  oiling. 

The  cost  of  this  ropeway  was  as  follows: 

Upper  terminal    $  192.45 

Lower  terminal   218.00 

5   trees  fitted  for  towers 103.00 

5   towers-   854.25 

Counterweight  tower 169.00 

Remodeling  towers 332.00 

Stretching,  splicing  and  mounting  rope,  attaching  clips 

and  baskets    255.00 


Total  labor  cost  of  construction $   2,123.70 

Opening  and  maintaining  roads 1,822.30 

Ropeway,    materials    and    transportation 15,454.00 

Total  cost  in  running  order $19,400.00 

This  is  equivalent  to  about  $10,000  a  mile.  During  9  months  the 
ropeway  was  operated  at  a  cost  of  $400  a  month,  and  handled 
660  cords  per  month;  the  items  of  cost  being  as  follows  for 
9  months: 

1  brakeman,  at  $52  per  month $  468 

3  men  filling,  at  $26  per  month  each 702 

1  man  dumping,  at  $40  per  month 360 

1  man  looking  after  line  and  oiling,  at  $26 234 

Oil    .. 117 

Repairing  (very  heavy,  $2.25  per  day) 526 

2  men  wheeling  wood  away  from  terminal 468 

2  men  receiving  wood  from  choppers  and   delivering   it   to 

packers    702 

Total  for  9  months $3,577 


108 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


It  will  be  noted  that  the  cost  of  labor  was  low,  being  $1  a  day 
for  common  labor.  The  cost  of  cutting  and  delivering  wood  to 
the  tramway  was  $2.20  per  cord,  and  the  cost  of  transporting  by 
the  tramway,  as  above  given,  was  60  cts.  per  cord  (not  including 
interest  on  the  plant).  During  the  previous  year  the  cost  of 
cutting  and  teaming  wood  had.  been  $12  per  cord.  The  total 
saving  to  the  company,  after  deducting  cost  of  tramway,  was 
$33,500  the  first  year. 

An  Aerial  Cafoleway  4.8  miles  long  has  been  used  for  conveying 
contractors  equipment,  materials  and  supplies  for  the  construc- 
tion of  the  reservoir  dam  of  a  new  hydro-electric  plant  at  Loch 


Fig.  43. 


10-Ton  Cableway;  800-ft.  span  with  50-ft.  Four-Post 
Towers. 


Leven,  Scotland.  The  ground  between  the  loch  and  the  dam, 
which  is  at  an  elevation  of  1,075  ft.  above  the  loch  level,  is  very 
steep,  rendering  transportation  by  any  method  other  than  a  cable- 
way  almost  impossible.  The  mean  gradient  is  1  in  22.8  against 


CABLEWAYS  109 

the  loads.  There  are  six  stations  for  loading  and  unloading,  three 
being  at  the  angles  in  the  line.  The  single  rope  system  is  used, 
being  supported  by  86  wooden  towers  of  an  average  height  of 
24  ft.  The  longest  span  is  about  900  ft.  The  power  driving 
the  ropeway  is  a  Pelton  wheel  of  250  B.  H.  P.,  the  speed  being 
reduced  by  gearing  so  as  to  drive  the  rope  at  300  ft.  per  minute. 
About  580  buckets,  with  a  capacity  of  600  Ibs.,  ar£  used,  and 
spaced  about  90  ft.  apart.  The  material  handled  varies  from 
700  to  1,000  tons  per  day.  Twenty  men  are  engaged  in  its 
operation;  one  man  at  the  power  house,  three  men  at  each  of  the 
three  angle  and  delivery  stations,  four  men  at  the  upper  and  four 
at  the  lower  terminal  for  handling  the  materials  and  the  buckets, 
and  two  men  for  lubricating  the  pulleys  on  the  towers.  The 
upper  terminal  is  a  trestle  105  ft.  long,  20  ft.  wide,  and  50  ft. 
high,  containing  bins  for  storing  450  to  500  tons  of  ballast. 
The  total  cost  of  the  line,  according  to  The  Engineer,  London, 
from  which  these  notes  are  taken,  was  $62,500,  or  at  the  rate  of 
about  $12,500  per  mile.  The  estimated  cost  of  operation  per  ton- 
mile,  allowing  for  redemption  in  three  years,  labor,  and  10  per 
cent  on  the  labor  account  for  supervision,  is  4  cents. 

Handling-  Concrete.  Cableways  can  be  used  advantageously  for 
handling  concrete.  A  cableway  with  a  span  of  800  ft.,  and 
stationary  towers  45  ft.  high,  capable  of  handling  a  bucket 
containing  a  yard  of  concrete,  costs  from  $4,500  to  $5,000.  Mov- 
able towers  cost  about  $1,000  more. 

Cost  of  Bock  Removal.  On  the  St.  Mary's  Channel  improve- 
ment, Wiest  Nubick  Channel,  four  cableways  were  used  to  exca- 
vate 1,600,000  cubic  yards  of  rock.  This  was  accomplished  in  2%  ' 
years.  After  blasting,  the  rock  was  loaded  into  skips  by  steam 
shovels  and  the  skips  were  hoisted  and  conveyed  by  cableway. 
Average  haul,  300  ft.  The  rock  cut  varied  from  27  ft.  to  0  ft, 
average  being  15  ft.  Skips  8  ft.x30  in.  In  June,  1907,  76,752 
yds.  were  excavated,  or  an  average  of  3,073  cu.  yds.  per  day;  in 
August  the  output  was  88,000  yds.;  average  yardage  from  May  to 
August,  four  months,  was  85,000  yds.  per  month.  One  cableway 
made  a  monthly  record  of  29,490  yds. 

The  cost  of  an  average  cableway  without  towers  to  carry  a 
5-ton  load  800  ft.  span  with  deflection  at  center  of  about  5% 
of  the  span,  complete  with  guys  but  without  towers,  12x12  engine 
working  at  90  Ibs.  to  100  Ibs.  pressure,  steam  or  air,  with  dumping 
drum  without  boiler  is  between  $6,000  and  $7,000  f.  o.  b.  the 
manufacturer's  works.  The  cableways  operating  by  electricity, 
including  150  H.  P.  motor  with  controllers  and  resistances  cost 
about  $1,500  more  than  the  above,  or  just  about  enough  more 
to  offset  the  cost  of  the  boiler  plant  if  a  separate  boiler  has  to  be 
installed  for  the  cableway. 

Cost  of  Towers.  One  A-frame  tower,  guyed,  for  each  end  of 
this  type  of  cableway 'Will  require  a  minimum  of  5,000  ft.  B.  M. 
of  lumber,  with  14  in.  x!4  in.  sticks,  costing  about  as  follows: 


110    \  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Timber,  Y.  P.,  5,000  ft.,  B.  M.,  at  $50 $250.00 

Labor  erecting,  about 125.00 

Fastenings,  freight  and  haulage,  say 100.00 


Total  for  1  tower  in  place $475.00 

This  tower  can  be  taken  down  and  reset  for  about  $50  plus 
the  cost  of  moving  to  the  new  location.  I  do  not  know  of  towers 
of  this  type  being  built  higher  than  80  ft.  and  would  advise 
against  anyone  attempting  to  construct  A-frame  towers  higher 
than  65  ft.  unless  they  have  had  much  previous  experience  of  the 
use  of  such  very  long  sticks.  The  above  figures  are  approximate, 
of  course,  and  apply  to  average  conditions  in  New  York  State.  A 
4-leg  tower  takes  about  three  times  as  much  lumber  as  an 
A-frame  tower. 

Traveling*  towers  for  a  cableway  cost  from  three  to  five  times 
that  of  fixed  towers  under  the  same  general  conditions. 

Repairs  on  a  cableway  may  be  counted  at  %-ct.  per  cu.  yd. 
of  material  handled. 

Three  cableways  on  the  D.  J.  McNichols  portion  of  Philadelphia 
Filtration  System,  Torresdale  Filters,  carried  concrete,  which 
was  handled  in  dumping  tubs.  Each  cableway  averaged  200 
buckets  per  day  of  10  hours,  and  a  record  of  330  buckets  or  495 
yard  rods  was  made  by  a  single  cableway  in  one  day.  One  of 
these  cableways  with  a  span  of  825  ft.  cost  $4,200  without 
towers.  The  towers  were  64  ft.  high.  After  being  used  three 
years  this  plant  was  sold  for  $3,500. 

A  cableway  for  Baker  Contract  Co.,  at  U.  S.  Lock  and  Dam 
No.  4,  Ohio  River,  with  a  span  of  1,485  ft.  designed  for  a  load  of 
5  tons,  with  2 % -in.  cable  between  103  ft.  towers,  cost  $6,500, 
exclusive  of  boiler  and  towers. 

Cost  of  Erection  and  Plant.  The  Croton  Falls  Const.  Co.,  at  the 
Croton  Falls  Dam,  put  in  two  cableways  1,434  ft.  long,  2 14 -in. 
cables,  carrying  5  to  10-ton  loads.  The  cost  of  one  of  these  was 
$8,000,  exclusive  of  towers,  tracks  and  boilers.  The  engine  and 
boiler  for  this  plant  cost  $3,300,  or  41.3%  of  the  cost  of  the  plant. 

A  report  made  by  the  Construction  Service  Co.  shows  the  labor 
cost  of  erecting  four  towers  and  stringing  cables  for  the  two 
cableways  as  follows: 

Average  height  of  towers:    Head,  73  ft.     Tail,  .103%  ft. 

Carpenter  foremen    49.25@$6.00  =  $    295.50 

Carpenters    312. 25@  3.50=    1,093.38 

Hoisting  engineer 104  @3.00  =       312.00 

Fireman 57.5  @  2.50  = 

Laborers     330.5  <g>  1.60  = 

Teams    (labor  only) 47  @  1.50  = 

Foreman  riggers    45  @  6.00  = 

Rigger  helpers    374  @  2.50  = 

Machinist    '.  . .  4  @  6.50  = 

Machinist  helper    16  @  3.00  = 

Foreman  (laborers)    15.5  @  2.00  = 

Cableway   engineer 19  @  4.25  = 

Signalman   23  @  1.50  = 

Cableman    18  @  3.00  = 

$4,123.18 


CABLEWAYS 


111 


Work  Accomplished.  On  North  Channel,  St.  Lawrence  River, 
two  cableways  costing  $7,000,  exclusive  of  towers  and  tracks, 
excavated  over  500,000  tons  of  heavy  stratified  limestone.  75% 
of  this  was  handled  in  blocks  of  3  to  15  tons  and  25%  in  4-yd. 
skips,  20,000  to  25,000  cu.  yds.  handled  per  month  the  year  around 
1,000  tons  per  day  was  averaged.  Delays  on  one  cableway  in  11 
months  due  to  repairs  were  19  hours  and  49  minutes. 

Moving-  Cableways.  In  the  construction  of  the  Southern  Out- 
fall Sewer,  Louisville,  Ky.,  two  700-ft.  double  Lidgerwood  cable- 
ways  were  moved  several  times.  Each  time  the  cableway  was 

dismantled  and  two  traveling 
cranes  assisted  in  the  moving. 
The  towers  were  60  ft.  high.  About 
20  men  were  employed  in  moving, 
and  the  cost  of  moving  and  setting 
up  each  time  was  between  $380 
and  $400. 

Output.  On  the  Holyoke  Water 
Power  Dam  a  cableway  with  a 
cable  2  ins.  in  diameter,  supported 
by  a  frame  tower  20  ft.  high  on 
one  side  and  a  similar  tower  100 
ft.  high  on  the  other,  set  with 
a  difference  in  elevation  of  the 
tops  of  40  ft.,  was  used  for  con- 
veying materials.  Most  of  the 
travel  was  down  grade.  The  total 
span  was  1,615  ft,  total  distance 
between  anchorages  2,200  ft.  A 
fifty  H.  P.  engine  with  two  drums 
was  used  for  hoisting.  The  average 
round  trip  to  the  center  of  the 
span  with  3  cu.  yds.  took  ten 
minutes.  This  is  at  the  rate  of  18 
yds.  per  hour  or  180  yds.  per  day. 


Fig.  44.     Sewer  Cableway. 


life.  In  constructing  the  Rocky  River  Bridge  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  a  cableway  with  a  800-ft.  span  was  used.  This  was  mounted 
on  towers  which  ran  on  rollers  so  that  the  whole  machine  could 
be  shifted  sideways.  It  was  capable  of  carrying  10  tons.  The 
main  cable  was  3  inches  and  the  load  line  %  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  Once  every  three  months  the  main  cable  was  shortened 
to  take  out  the  sag.  The  line  had  a  life  of  eighty  to  ninety  days 
and  after  being  removed  was  used  on  small  derricks,  etc. 

The  Iiidgrerwood  High  Speed  Cableway.  With  long  spans,  the 
time  required  to  move  the  carriage  along  the  cable  at  speeds 
up  to  600  or  800  ft.  per  minute  made  horizontal  transporta- 
tion a  large  item  in  the  cost  of  handling  materials  in  this 
manner,  but  with  the  ordinary  type  of  apparatus  higher  travel- 
ing speeds  were  not  practicable.  The  fall  rope  carriers  were 
damaged  and  the  "buttons"  could  not  be  made  to  retain  their 


112  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

position  on  the  cable.  The  effect  of  impact  being  somewhat 
proportional  to  the  square  of  the  speed  of  the  moving  load, 
the  necessity  for  radical  changes  in  equipment  that  would 
meet  an  increase  in  running  speed  of  two  hundred  per  cent  is 
apparent.  For  this  purpose  Mr.  Spencer  Miller  has  developed  a 
new  type  of  "button"  and  a  special  shock  absorbing  fall  rope 
carrier,  both  of  which  are  extremely  ingenious  and  effective. 
Electric  cableways  so  equipped  have  operated  on  the  Panama 
Canal  work.  These  cableways  operated  at  a  running  speed  of 
1,800  to  2,000  ft.  per  minute,  driven  by  General  Electric,  inter- 
pole,  series  wound  railway  type  motors  of  150  h.  p.,  wound 
for  550  volt  D.  C.  circuit.  These  motors  were  equipped  with  a 
current  limit  automatic  and  hand  control,  whereby  the  operator 
may  cause  the  motors  to  be  accelerated  by  throwing  the  master- 
controller  handle  to  full-on  position,  the  motors  taking  a  pre- 
determined current  from  the  line.  The  motors  may  be  slowed 
up  by  a  retrograde  movement  of  the  controller  handle,  thus  cut- 
ting resistance  back  into  the  motor  circuit.  The  control  panel 
carries  an  overload  relay  which  throws  the  motor  off  the  line  in 
case  of  overload  by  causing  the  line  contactors  to  drop  out. 
Before  the  motor  can  again  be  thrown  on  the  line  it  is  necessary 
for  the  operator  to  bring  the  master-controller  handle  to  the  off 
position,  after  which  the  motors  are  started  in  the  usual  man- 
ner. The  brakes  are  electrically-operated  air  brakes,  as  well 
as  friction  clutches,  a  separate  electrically-driven  air  compressor 
being  employed.  The  control  arrangement  both  for  the  air 
brakes  and  friction  clutches  is  designed  for  operation  locally 
or  at  a  remote  point. 

These  cableways,  in  a  battery  of  eight  (4  duplex),  have  placed 
about  2,900  cu.  yds.  of  concrete  in  one  day  of  12  hours,  in  addi- 
tion to  handling  forms  and  iron  work  for  the  day's  work. 

The  hoist  has  cast  steel  gearing  with  machine-cut  teeth 
throughout.  The  diameter  of  the  hoisting  and  conveying  drums 
is  54  inches  and  the  hoist  is  geared  to  give  a  hoisting  load  speed 
of  333  feet  per  minute. 

The  duplex  cableway  towers  travel  the  whole  length  of  the 
flight  of  locks,  about  3,000  feet.  There  are  eight  cableways  in 
the  set,  arranged  on  four  pairs  of  traveling  duplex  towers.  All 
the  towers  are  readily  moved  along  the  tracks  by  special  electric 
winches.  The  towers  are  provided  with  brake  apparatus  and 
locking  clamps,  in  addition  to  the  solenoid  brakes  on  the  pro- 
pelling winches.  This  is  necessary  on  account  of  the  grade  of 
trackway,  which  is  2.1  per  cent  for  a  large  part  of  its  length. 


CARS 


Double  side  or  double  end  all  steel  dump  cars  cost  as  follows: 


Capac-  Gauge 

ity  of  Track 
Cu.  Ft.  Ins. 
18      20 
27      20 
18      24 
27       24 
36      24 
36      30 


TABLE   70 

, Overall  Dimensions ^ 

Length          Width          Height 
5'  7"  4'  3"  3'  4" 

5'11"  4'10"  3'11" 

5'   7"  4'   3"  3'   8" 

6'   2"  4'10"  4'  0" 


6'  9' 


Weight, 
Lbs. 
700 

850 
750 
875 
975 
1,050 


Price 

$52.00 
58.00 
55.00 
58.00 
68.00 
70.00 


Hand  operated  brakes,  $20  per  car  extra. 
Brake  cars  are  about  15  in.  longer. 


Fig.  45. 
Rocker,    double    side    all    steel    dump    cars    cost    as    follows: 


Capac-  Gauge 
ity  of  Track  ,  — 

Cu.  Ft. 

Ins. 

Ler 

18 

24 

6'9' 

27 

24 

7'4' 

40 

24 

8'1 

27 

30 

7'7' 

40 

30 

8'1 

54 

30 

8'8' 

40 

36 

8'1 

54 

36 

8'8' 

TABLE  71 

>verall  Dimensions x 

1          Width          Height 


4'  2' 
4'11' 
5'  3' 


5'  3' 


3'  8" 
3'11" 
4'  5" 
3'11" 
4'  7" 
4'10" 
4'  8" 


Weight, 

Lbs. 

900 

950 
1,325 
1,000 
1,425 
1,675 
1,500 
1,770 


Price 

$54.00 
58.00 
70.00 
60.00 
78.00 
yo.oo 

80.00 
92.00 


Hand  operated  brakes  $20  per  car  extra. 


Unloading1  thirty  30-in.  gauge  36  cubic  feet  capacity  cars, 
similar  to  above,  from  flat  cars  and  hauling  about  one  mile, 
cost  $39.50,  or  about  $1.32  per  car.  Foremen,  35  cts.;  teams  and 
drivers,  50  cts.,  and  laborers,  15  cts.  per  hour. 

113 


114 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


In  excavating-  a  bank  of  hardpan  with   a   14-ft.   face   in   1907, 
the  following  equipment  and  men  were  used: 
10   steel   double  side  dump  cars,    36   cubic   feet  capacity, 

36-in.  gauge  at   $72.50 $  725.00 

2  brake  cars  at  $92.50 185.00 

2  switches  complete  at  $30.00 60.00 

1,500  ft.  of  30-lb.   rail  and  plates,  etc.  —  600   ft.   of  track 

and  1  turn-out  at  19  cts.  per  ft 285.00 

200  ties,  6"x4"  spruce,  5%   ft.  long.  . 49.50 

Spikes    and    bolts 40.00 


Total  cost  of  plant $1,344.50 


Fig.  46. 

1  foreman  at  $3.00 $3.00 

6  pick  and  bar  men  at  $1.50 9.00 

12  shovelers  at  $1.50 18.00 

1   horse  and  driver  at  $3.50 3.50 

y2   trackman  at  $1.50 75 

1%   dumpmen  at  $1.50 2.25 


Total  labor  cost  per  10  hours $36.50 

The   earth,    which   was   extremely   hard,    was   undermined   and 
pried  down  with  picks  and  bars,   and  loaded  into   a  train   of  six 


Fig.  47. 

cars.     The  whole  gang  then   started  the  train,   which  ran  down 
the  4%  grade  to  the  dump  by  gravity.     After  being  dumped,   it 


CARS 


115 


was  hauled  back  by  one  horse.  Thirty-three  trains  or  198  cars, 
well  loaded,  per  day,  was  the  output.  A  car  was  found  to  contain 
about  1  cubic  yard  of  earth  place  measure.  This  gives  a  labor 
cost  of  about  18.5  cents  per  cubic  yard.  About  $1.75  per  day 
was  spent  on  repairs  to  the  equipment. 


On  another  job  two  trains  of  ten  cars  each   were  used, 
gang  was  as  follows: 


The 


1  foreman   

20  loaders    

1  dump  foreman   , 

3  dump  men 

2  brakemen     

1  trackman   

2  pickmen    

1  waterboy    

2  extra  men    

1  hauling  team  and  driver, 

1  plow  team  and  driver.  .  . 


$  3.50 
30.00 
1.60 
4.50 
3.20 
1.60 
3.00 
1.00 
3.00 
5.00 
5.00 

Total    $61.40 

The  earth  was  of  hardpan  and  sand  and  the  cut  ranged  from 
0  to  15  feet.  The  fill  was  about  9  feet  in  height.  The  average 
haul  was  800  feet.  Thirteen  hundred  feet  of  track  was  laid  at 


Fig  48.     The  Oliver  4-Yard  Car. 


a  cost  of  $75.     The  average  daily  output  was  330  cars,  or  yards, 
making  a  labor  cost  of  about   19  cents  per  yard. 

Cars  similar  to  these  were  loaded  by  a  30-ton  traction  shovel 
for  10  cents  (contract)  per  yard,  and  dumped  and  hauled  back 
by  horses  for  7  cents  per  yard,  average  length  of  haul  1,500  feet 


116 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  repairs  on  cars  were  very  high,  amounting  to  about  4  cents 
per  yard,  but  had  stronger  cars  of  the  same  type  been  used,  the 
repairs  would  have  been  nominal. 


Fig.  49.     8-Yard  Car  in  Dumped  Position. 

A  diamond  frame  double  side  dump  car  of  wood  and  steel,  costs 
as  follows:     Fig.  50. 


Capac- 
ity, Weight, 
Yds.  Lbs. 


TABLE  72 


Equipment 


Price 


4  6,000  Link  and  pin  coupling  and  air  brake $195.00 

6  11,000  Automatic  coupler,  hand  brake 275.00 

6  11,000  Automatic    coupler,    air   brake 325.00 

12  28,000  Double  trucks,  automatic  coupler  and  air  brake  750.00 


Fig.  50. 


A  two-way  dump  car,  diamond  frame,   of  white  oak,   strongly 
reinforced  with  steel,  costs  as  follows: 

Listed 
Capacity, 
Yds.       Weight 

5,988 
30,875 
16,500 


6 

8 

12 


28,000 


Trucks 

Single 
Single 
Double 
Double 


Gauge 

36" 

36" 

36" 

Standard 


Brake 

Hand 

Hand  and  Air 
Hand  and  Air 
Hand  and  Air 


Price 

$165.00 
255.00 
435.00 
750.00 


CARS 


117 


The  manufacturers  present  the  following  figures: 

Capacity  of  4-yard  car 3.9  cu.  yds — of  2  cars  7.8  cu.  yds. 

Capacity  of  8-yard  car 9.8  cu.  yds. 

Length  of  4-yard  car  over  all  13'6 — of  2  cars  27' 
Length  of  8-yard  car  over  all  22'6" 

A  train  of  twelve  4-yard  cars  hauls  46.8  cubic  yards  of  earth. 

A  train  of  six  8-yard  cars  hauls  58.8  cubic  yards  of  earth;  a 
gain  of  25  per  cent. 

A  train  of  twelve  4-yard  cars   is   182   feet  in  length. 

A  train  of  six  8-yard  cars  is  135  feet  in  length. 

Length  saved  in  "spotting"  by  using  8-yard  cars,  47  feet;  a 
gain  of  2  per  cent  per  train  foot,  and  a  50  per  cent  saving  in 
time  dumping.  The  increased  diameter  of  wheels  under  an  8-yard 
double-truck  car  enables  a  dinky  to  handle  more  yardage  than 
with  4-yard  cars. 


Fig.  51. 

Revolving-  dump  cars  similar  to  Fig.  51  cost  as  follows: 
TABLE  73 

Capacity,  Track  Gauge,  Weight, 

Cu.  Ft.  Ins.  Lbs. 

18  18,   20   or  24  540   to  550 

18  30  560 

27  18,   20   or  24  740   to  750 

27  30  760 

Plat  cars  with  4  wheels,  having  frames  and  platforms  of  wood, 

steel  axles,  and  cast  iron  wheels,  cost  as  follows: 


Price 

$45 
50 
52 
55 


Capacity,  Gauge, 

Tons  Ins. 

2  36    . 

5  42 

10  561/2 

15  56  y2 

20  56% 


TABLE   74 

, Platform x  Weight, 

Width           Length  Lbs. 

50                     72  750 

57                     84  1,100 

76                     96  1,200 

81                   108  1,300 

84                   120  1,400 


Price 

$   26.00 

34.00 

56.00 

100.00 

170.00 


118 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Double-truck  platform  cars  with  wooden  frames  and  trucks 
with  wooden  or  steel  bolsters  (Fig.  52)  have  the  following 
capacities: 

TABLE  75 


Capacity, 
Tons 


Track 
Gauge 


10 

12 

15 

20| 

25J 

30 


30",   36'" 
42",   39.37' 


4'8%' 


, — Platforms — N 

Length     Width 

20'  6 


30' 
30' 
32' 
34' 


86 


Weight, 

Lbs. 

6,000 

9,500 

11,500 

13,000 

18,000 

22,000 

24,000 


Price 
$220.00 
300.00 
330.00 
400.00 
475.00 
520.00 
620.00 


These  cars  are  regularly  equipped  with  hand  brakes  working 
on  one  truck  only,  and  link  and  pin  couplers.     For  brakes  working 


Fig.  52. 

on  both  trucks  add  $12  to  $15.  For  automatic  couplers  add  $14 
to  $20.  For  air  brakes  add  $50  to  $60. 

Cars  similar  to  above  with  steel  frames  and  trucks  cost  25  per 
cent  more. 

Inspection  and  hand  cars  operated  by  foot  or  hand  are  of  three 
general  types:  foot  driven,  velocipede  type,  4  wheels,  weight  70 


Fig.  53. 

Ibs.,  price  $70;  hand  driven,  3  wheels,  weight  140  Ibs.,  price  $40; 
hand  driven  (Fig.  53),  4  wheels,  weight  500  Ibs.,  $40. 


Capacity, 
Tons 

Track 
Gauge, 
Inches 

,  Platform  N 
Length           Width 

2  to  3 

2  to  3 
2  to  3 

20 
24 
24 

4'9" 
5'0" 
6'0" 

3'0" 
3'4" 
4'0" 

CARS  119 

Platform   Cars   with   steel   frames   similar   to   Fig.    47    cost   as 
follows: 

TABLE  76 

Weight, 
Lbs.  Price 

500  $28.00 

550  29.00 

640  32.00 

Ordering".     In   ordering   cars   or  making  inquiries   from   manu- 
facturers the  following  points  should  be  noted. 

Gauge  of  track. 

Weight  of  rail  on  which  cars  run. 

Radius  and  length  of  sharpest  curve. 

Style  of  car    (give   number   of   catalog   cut   nearest   to   your   re- 
quirements). 

Material  to  be  handled  and  its  weight  per  cubic  foot. 

Capacity  of  car  in  tons  or  cubic  feet. 

Give  dimensions  of  car,  if  possible. 

Any  limitations  as  to  height,  length  or  width. 

Style  of  coupling  and  drawbar. 

Distance  from  top  of  rail  to  center  of  drawbar. 

Method   of   operation — hand,    animals,   steam   or   electricity. 

Whether  to  be  used  singly  or  in  trains. 

Number  cars  to  a  train. 

Diameter  of  wheels  and  axles  already  in  use,  if  new  cars  are 
to  be  used  with  old  ones. 

Style  of  axle  boxes,  if  inside  or  outside,  roller  bearings,  etc.,  if 
with  or  without  springs. 

Any  other  points  to  be  considered. 

Depreciation   and   Repairs.     Ten    new    dump    cars,    some    with 

steel    and    some    with    wooden    bottoms,    costing    $50,    drawn    by 

horses,   had   a  life   of  4    years,   and   averaged    $1.75   per   car  per 

month  for  repairs   the  first   18   months. 

The  following  tables  give  the  original  cost  and  average  repairs 

per  month  on  about  22,000  cars  on  a  large  railroad  system.     I  am 

indebted  to  Mr.  J.  Kruttschnitt  for  the  data  from  which  it  has 

been  compiled. 

STEEL    OB   STEEL    UNDERFRAME    CABS 

TABLE  77 

Monthly 

Average 

Type  of  Car                     Original  Cost  No.  of  Cars  Repairs 

Ballast    $    889.81  460  $  5.17 

Box    1,085.00  2,304  1.57 

Coal     674.65  1,594  3.47 

Dump    1,461.63  300  4.37 

Flat                                  845.00  2,289  1.05 

Furniture     802.29  297  3.61 

Gondola   or  ore 1,210.00  1,419  3.16 

Oil     2,110.00  871  10.01 

Stock    1,030.00  1,693  1.10 


120  HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

WOODEN  CABS 

TABLE  78 

Monthly 

Average 

Cost  of 

Type  of  Car  Original  Cost  No.  of  Cars  Repairs 

Ballast    $    589.09  457  $478 

Box     440.00  6,247  3'92 

Coal    557.58  127  3*76 

Flat    581.20  512  102 

Furniture     530.00  278  744 

Oil     1,800.00  247  13.'05 

Stock    450.00  2,700  3.61 

The  average  cost  of  repairs  on  steel  underframe  cars  was 
$2.79  and  on  wooden  cars  $4.04  per  month. 

Reports  from  various  railroads  indicate  that  the  average  cost 
of  repairs  of  wooden  cars  varies  from  $35  to  $85  per  car  per 
year,  and  of  steel  or  steel  underframe  cars  varies  from  $9 
to  $10  per  car  per  year.  The  average  life  of  a  wooden  car  is 
about  15  years,  and  of  steel  cars  about  25  years. 

The  cost  of  repairs  on  cars  per  year  in  percentage  of  the 
original  cost  is  as  follows: 

Wood 
Type  Steel  Cars  Cars 

%  % 

Ballast    7.0  9.75 

Box    1.7  10.7 

Coal    6.2  8.1 

Dump    3.6 

Flat 1.5  2.1 

Furniture     5.4  16.8 

Gondola  or  ore 3.1 

Oil     5.75  8.7 

Stock    1.3  9.6 

In  the  Railroad  Gazette,  October  11,  1907,  Mr.  William  Mahl, 
comptroller  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific  railways, 
gives  some  valuable  data  as  to  the  life  of  equipment  on  the* 
Southern  Pacific  Railway. 

The  following  are  averages  for  the  period  of  six  years,  190? 
to  1907,  the  costs  being  the  average  cost  per  year. 

Expenditure  on 
each  per  annum 
Class  No.  Serviceable         Repairs  Vacated 

Locomotives 1,540  f  3,165  $183 

Passenger  cars    1,504  759  104 

Freight   cars    42,983  70  17 

In  "repairs"  are  included  the  annual  expenditure  for  repairs 
and  renewals  of  each  locomotive  or  car,  other  than  the  expendi- 
ture for  equipment  "vacated."  In  "vacated"  is  included  the  cost 
of  equipment  destroyed,  condemned  and  dismantled,  sold  or 
changed  to  another  class. 

From,  1891  to  1907,  a  period  of  17  years,  the  average  number 
of  freight  cars  "vacated"  each  year  was  3.63  per  cent  of  the 
total  number  in  service.  Dividing  100  by  this  3.63,  we  get  27%. 
which  is,  therefore,  the  average  life  in  years  of  each  freight 


CARS  121 

car.  These  cars  were  nearly  all  wooden  cars,  of  which  the 
cost  of  a  box  car  did  not  exceed  S450,  excluding  air  brakes. 

The  number  of  freight  cars  constantly  in  repair  shops  wa.« 
5  per  cent  of  the  total  number  for  the  three  months  ending 
March  31,  according  to  Statistical  Bulletin  No.  4  of  the  American 
Railway  Association.  For  the  previous  quarter  the  percentage 
was  5y2  per  cent.  Each  car  averaged  23^  miles  traveled  per  day. 
The  above  figures  are  based  upon  averages  of  almost  2,000,000 
freight  cars.  In  Group  IV  (Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  and 
South  Carolina)  there  were  124,000  cars,  7  per  cent  of  which  were 
in  the  repair  shop  at  any  one  time.  This  group  made  the  poorest 
showing  of  all. 

On  the  Panama  Canal  work  during  the  six  months  ending 
June  30,  1910,  the  cost  per  day  of  repairs  to  cars  of  all  kinds 
was  $1.03.  For  the  same  period  the  cost  of  repairs  to  plant  and 
equipment  per  unit  of  work  done  was  as  follows: 

Item  Cu.  Yds.          Per  Cu.  Yd. 

Dry    excavation    10,515,443  $0.0795 

Wet  excavation    5,274,633  0.0713 

Concrete    565,459  0.1741 

Sand 316,028  0.2789 

Stone     581,812  0.2410 

Dry  fill    1,913,963  0.0065 

Wet    fill    1,556,745  0.0587 

The  compartment  type  of  rock  car  is  now  being  used  by  the 
Los  Angeles  Pacific  Railway  Co.,  and  it  has  proved  very  success- 
ful. In  this  type  of  car  a  box  is  built  on  an  ordinary  fiat  car 
having  a'  floor  raised  about  2  feet  along  the  center  line  of  the 
car  and  sloping  to  each  side.  This  box  is  divided  into  twelve 
or  more  compartments,  each  having  two  doors,  one  on  each  side  of 
the  car.  The  teamster  drives  his  wagon  along  the  side  of  the 
car  and  adjusts  a  board  between  his  wagon  and  the  car  which 
prevents  the  spilling  of  any  rock  on  the  ground.  He  then,  with 
his  shovel,  loosens  the  hook  holding  the  door  in  place,  which 
allows  it  to  swing  up  and  discharge  the  whole  two  yards  which 
each  compartment  contains.  The  whole  operation  is  consum- 
mated in  about  one  minute.  Mr,  H.  R.  Postle  gives  the  following 
bill  of  lumber  for  building  such  a  box  on  a  34-foot  flat  car: 

6—2  x    4  in.  x  18  ft.  12—4  x    4  in.  x    8  ft. 

6—4  x    6  in.  x  16  ft.  4^2  x  16  in.  x  16  ft. 

60—2  x  12  in.  x  16  ft. 

Total,  2,643  ft.  at  $22  per  M  ft.  =  $58.15. 

He  does  not  give  the  amount  of  bolts  and  iron  required,  but 
says  that  the  shop  foreman  of  the  railroad  told  him  that  each 
car  costs  a  total  of  $250. 


122  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

CARTS 


Dump  carts,  one  horse,  with  three-inch  tires,  cost: 


Capacity, 
Cu.  Ft. 


Light   cart 21 

Heavy  cart 24 


Pounds 

2,500 
3,500 


Weight, 
Lbs. 

700 

900 


Price 

$42.00 
45.00 


For  hoppers  10  inches  deep  add $9.50 

For  tail   gate  add    2.00 

For  automatic   end    gate   add 8.50 

For  4-inch   tires   add 5.50 

For  steel  bottom  add 5.00 

Ten  new  railroad,  one-horse  dump  carts,  some  with  steel  and 
some  with  wooden  bottoms,  cost  $50  each.  Repairs  cost  $1.75  per 
month  each  during  eighteen  months'  use.  Six  old  carts  about 
two  years  old  averaged  $2  per  month  for  repairs  for  twelve 
months.  Other  carts  also  averaged  $2.  The  life  of  wooden  dump 
carts  is  about  five  years. 


Fig.  54. 

Mr.  D.  J.  Hauer  says  that  average  dump  carts,  without  a  tail- 
board, hold  about  0.6  cu.  yds.  of  earth,  or  0.35  cu.  yds.  of  rock, 
place  measure. 

From  Morris's  data,  quoted  by  Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  in  "Earth 
Work  and  Its  Cost,"  the  average  speed  of  a  cart  is  200  feet  per 
minute  and  the  average  load  %  cubic  yard  on  a  level  and  ^4  cubic 
yard  on  steep  ascents  such  as  when  making  railroad  fills;  and  the 
lost  time  for  each  trip  in  loading  and  dumping  averages  four 
minutes;  these  data  having  been  obtained  on  some  150,000  yards 
of  work. 

In  a  great  deal  of  one-horse  cart  work  it  can  be  so  arranged 
that  one  driver  attends  to  two  carts,  the  undriven  horse  being 
trained  in  a  very  few  days  to  follow  his  leader. 


CARTS 


123 


Concrete  spreader  carts  similar  to  Fig.  55,  having-  a  capacity 
of  21  cubic  feet  and  weighing-  985  pounds,  cost  $99. 

Pick-up  carts  or  beam  trucks,  having  two  wheels  and  a  raised 
axle,  are  used  for  picking  up  and  hauling  iron  pipe,  timbers, 
structural  shapes,  etc. 


Fig.  55.     Spreader. 


They  are  usually  drawn  by  hand. 

Diameter  of  wheels,  40  ins.;  weight,  400  Ibs.;  price $34 

Diameter  of  wheels,   48   ins.;   weight,   450  Ibs.;   price.... 35 

Diameter  of  wheels,  54  ins.;  weight,  500  Ibs.;  price..... 42 


124 


HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


CEMENT  SIDEWALK  AND  CURB  FORMS 


Adjustable  steel  sidewalk  and  curb  forms  are  rapidly  coming 
into  use,  and  where  the  amount  of  work  is  large,  their  extra  cost 
is  justified. 


Fig.  56.     This  Cut  Shows  the  Use  of  the  6-inch-radius  Curve 


TABLE   79— SIDE  RAILS    (RIGID) 


10  ft.  Rails,     4 

10  ft.  Rails,     5 

10  ft.  Rails, 

10  ft.  Rails, 

]0  ft.  Rails, 

10  ft.  Rails,  12  in.  high 

10  ft.  Rails,  18  in.  high 


10  ft.  Rails,  24  in.  high, 


in.  high $1.75 

in.  high 2.00 

6  in.  high 2.25 

7  in.  high 2.50 

8  in.  high 2.75 

4.00 

8.50 

..10.00 


Rails  shorter  than  10  feet  to  be  used  in  "ending  up"  work  may 
be  purchased  at  a  cost  proportionate  to  the  10  ft.  lengths;  i.  e., 
a  5  ft.  length  would  cost  one-half  the  amount  of  a  10  ft.  length. 

Flexible  side  rails  are  made  in  any  length  to  make  any  desired 
radius,  at  the  same  proportionate  prices  as  the  rigid  side  rails. 


TABLE   80 — SIDEWALK  DIVISION  PLATES 


Width  of 

Sidewalk  4"  Depth 

3  feet $0.50 

4  feet 70 

5  feet .85 

6  feet 1.00 


^ost  of  Plates > 

5"  Depth      6"  Depth 


$0.65 

.85 

1.05 

1.25 


$0.80 
1.05 
1.30 
1.45 


CEMENT  SIDEWALK  AND  CURB  FORMS 


125 


TABLE     81 — COMBINED    CURB    AND    GUTTER 
DIVIDING  PLATES 


Height 
of  Curb 
12"    

Thickness 
of  Curb 
5" 

Width 
of  Gutter 
12" 

12"    

18" 

12"    

...                         6" 

24" 

12" 

30" 

12"     . 

6" 

36" 

Cost 

$0.65 

.75 

.90 

1.15 

1.40 


Height 
of  Curb 


12" 
12" 
16" 
18" 
24" 


Fig.  57. 

TABLE  82— CURB  DIVIDING  PLATES 

Thickness 
of  Curb 


Cost 

$0.40 
.40 
.50 
.55 
.75 


Cement  Workers  Tools.  The  following  are  net  prices  at  Chicago 
for  tools  used  in  constructing  and  finishing  cement  sidewalks. 
The  prices  are  for  iron  nickel  plated  tools. 

JOINTER 
2  %  in.  wide,  6  in.  long,  each $0.54 


NARROW  JOINTER 


1%  in.  wide,  8  in.  long, 
1%,   in.   wide,  8  in.  long, 


in.  blade,  each  ..................  $0.60 

in.  blade,   each  ...................  60 


126  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

STRAIGHT  END  JOINTER 
3  in.  wide,  6  in.  long,  %  in.  deep,  each $0.60 


NARROW  STRAIGHT  END  JOINTER 

1%'  in.  wide,  8  in.  long,   %   in.  blade,  each $0.60 

1%  in.  wide,  8  in.  long,   */4  in.  blade,  each 60 

DRIVEWAY   GROOVER 

The  following  are  net  prices  for  driveway  groovers,  3  in.  wide 
and  9  in.  long: 

Groover,   %   in.  deep,  each $1.10 

Groover,  half   round,   each 1.10 

A  6-in.  V-groover,   %  in.  wide,  %  in.  deep,  costs  52  cts.  each. 

STRAIGHT   END  GROOVER 
6-in.  V-groover,  %  in.  wide,  %  in.  deep,  each $0.60 

EDGERS 

The  net  prices  of  edgers,  %  in.,  2%  in.  and  6  in.  long,  are  as 
follows: 

%  in.  turned  edger,  each $0.52 

%  in.  turned  edger,  10  in.  long,  each 1.35 

NARROW  EDGER 

8  in.  long,  1  %  in.  wide,  each $0.60 

6  in.  long,  1%  in.  wide,  with  guide 52 

A  reversible  handle  edger,  right  or  left,  1  in.  turned  edge,   %   in. 
radius,  3  in.  wide  and  6  in.  long,  costs  60  cts. 

CIRCLE  EDGERS 

-in.  radius,  each $0.45 

-in.  radius,  each 45 

A  square  edger  3  ins.  wide,  6  ins.  long,  both  edges  rounded, 
with  1%-in.  cutting  edge,  costs  75  cts.  Bevel  edgers,  2%  ins. 
wide,  6  ins.  long,  with  either  %-in.  bevel  or  %-in.  bevel,  can  be 
bought  at  53  cts.  each.  Corner  tools,  one  end  straight,  the  other 
curving  back,  6  in.  long,  1%  ins.  wide,  also  cost  53  cts.  each. 
Curbing  edgers  with  2  in.  turned  back  with  radius  of  1%  ins., 
3%  ins.  wide,  6%  in.  long,  cost  $1.09  each.  Raised  (tuck) 
pointers,  •&,  %,  &,  %  or  %-in.  size,  cost  45  cts.  each. 

Long  handled  finishing  tools  cost  as  follows: 

Trowel  with  one  long  adjustable  handle,  one  short  handle,  one 
wrench;  price,  15  in.,  $4;  24  in.,  $6.  Jointer,  with  one  long  han- 
dle, one  short  handle,  one  wrench;  price,  $4.  Edger,  same  equip- 
ment, $4.  Sir-ft.  compasses,  $3.50. 


I 


CEMENT  TESTING  APPARATUS 


On  large  concrete  jobs  it  is  desirable  that  all  cement  shall 
be  tested.  The  usual  practice  is  to  engage  a  specialist,  who  sends 
a  representative  to  obtain  samples  from  the  job  for  testing  at  his 
own  laboratory.  This  is  undoubtedly  the  best  way,  but  where 
work  is  located  far  from  large  cities  testing  in  this  manner  is 
very  expensive.  The  way  this  difficulty  is  generally  overcome  is 
by  selecting  samples  from  the  cars  immediately  before  they  leave 
the  factory  and  then  sealing  the  cars.  On  work  where  these 
methods  cannot  be  used,  a  field  laboratory  can  be  installed. 

Such  a  laboratory,  exclusive  of  the  building,  water  supply,  and 
few  pieces  of  furniture  will  cost  as  follows: 

1  Cement  testing  machine $135.00 

Or  1  Improved  cement  testing  machine 185.00 

1  Percentage  scale  %   to  16  oz.;  0  to  100% .    5.40 

1  Even  balance  scale  with  brass  weights 6.75 

2  3-section  gang  molds  @  $10.80 21.60 

1  Ground  glass  plate.   24"x24" 8.10 

1  Galvanized  iron  pan,   24"x24"x3"  deep l.SO 

1  Set  Gilmore  needles 4.50 

116  oz.  measuring  glass -90 

1  Small  trowel JO 

1  Large    trowel    •  •  •  -90 

1  Set  cement  test  sieves,  50,  100  and  200,  with  lid  and  bot- 
tom, brass    13.50 

1  Set  sand  test  sieves,  20,  30,  with  lid  and  bottom,  brass..        7.00 

Total,   $256.15,  or $206.15 

Shipping  weight,  600  pounds,  or 500  Ibs. 

Where  any  considerable  amount  of  testing  is  to  be  done 
several  more  gang  molds  with  some  sort  of  damp  closet  are 
desirable,  costing  an  extra  $30  or  $40. 


127 


128  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


CHAIN  BELTS 

(See  Belting   for  Power  Purposes.) 


CHAINS 


Chains  possess  about  %  the  strength  of  single  bars  of  iron. 
They  should  be  very  carefully  tested,  as  one  weak  link  means 
that  the  whole  chain  is  weak.  The  diameter  of  sheaves  or 
drums  should  not  be  less  than  thirty  times  the  diameter  of 
the  chain  iron  used,  and  for  hoisting  purposes,  chains  should 
be  of  short  links  with  oval  sides.  The  life  of  a  chain  is  greatly 
increased '  by  frequent  lubricating  and  annealing. 

B.  B.  Crane  chain  is  of  refined  iron  having  a  tensile  strength 
of  48,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  and  is  for  ordinary  use.  B.  B.  B. 
Crane  chain  is  of  iron  of  50,000  pounds  per  square  inch  tensile 
strength. 

Special  Dredge  chain  is  of  iron  of  53,000  pounds  per  square  Inch 
tensile  .strength.  In  the  following  table  the  safe  load  should 
be  taken  as  %  the  "proof."  The  breaking  strength  is  about 
double  the  "proof." 


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129 


130 


HANDBOOK    OF    CONSTRUCTION    PLANT 


HAND  MADE,  HIGH  GRADE  CHAIN  COSTS    (APPROXIMATE) 
PER    POUND 


Size 


1%' 


Special  Dredge 

$0.10 

.08 

.07 

.062 


B.  B.  B.  Crane 

$0.09 
.07 
.058 
.053 


B.  B.  Crane 

$0.08 
.Of. 
.053 
.05 


PIPE  OR  STONE  CHAINS  WITH  HOOK  AND  RING  COST 


12  foot  length 
12  foot  length 
15  foot  length 
15  foot  length 


$2.90 
4.10 
5.25 
6.75 


Chains,   15'  long,   heavy,  short  link,  &"  swivel  in  center; 
weight,  30  IDS.;  price,  $3.25. 


TABLE   84 

STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  OF  CLOSE  LINK  CRANE  CHAINS, 
AND   SIZES  OF  EQUIVALENT   HEMP  CABLES    (UNWIN). 

Girth  of  Wt.  of  Rope 
Equivalent  in  Lbs.  per 
Rope  in  Ins.  Fathom 

2  1% 

2%  1% 

4  *  3% 

4%  5 

?*  ill 

7%  12 

8%  15t 

10  2  22  2 

12%  34% 

13%  41% 

15  49% 

TABLE   85 

STRENGTH  AND  WEIGHT  OF  STUDDED  LINK 
CABLE  (UNWIN). 

Diameter          Weight      Breaking      Testing      Girth  of  Wt.  of  Rope 
of  Iron  in  Lbs.        Strength      Load  in    Equivalent  in  Lbs.  per 

in  Inches     per  Fathom     in  Tons         Tons      Rope  in  Ins.     Fathom 

7.  6% 


Diameter 
of  Iron 

Weight 
in  Lbs. 

Breaking 
Strength 

Testini 
Load  ir 

in  Inches 

per  Fathom 

in  Tons 

Tons 

3.5 

1.9 

.75 

6.0 

3.0 

1.1 

8.5 

4.3 

1.6 

T\ 

11.0 

5.9 

2.3 

8 

14.0 

7.7 

.      3.0 

18.0 

9.7 

3.8 

% 

24. 

12.0 

4.6 

iL 

28. 

14.6 

5.6 

% 

31.5 

17.3 

6.8 

11 

37. 

20.4 

7.9 

% 

44. 

23.1 

9.1 

i! 

50. 

26.1 

10.5 

i 

56. 

29.3 

12. 

1V8 

71. 

36.3 

15.3 

1% 

87.5 

44.1 

18.8 

1% 

105.8 

52.8 

22.6 

1% 

126. 

62.3 

27. 

in  Lbs. 
per  Fathom 

24. 

28. 

£2. 

44. 

58. 

72. 

90. 
110. 
125. 
145. 
170. 
195. 
230.  ' 
256. 
285. 


9.5 

11.4 
13.5 
20.4 
24.3 
29.5 
38.5 
48.5 
59.5 
66.5 
74.1 
92.9 
99.5 
112.0 
126.0 


9% 
10% 
12 
13% 
15 
16 
17 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 


12 

14 

19% 

22% 

30% 

39% 

48% 

55 

62 

!!* 

104 
124 
145 


CHAIN  BLOCKS 


For  moving  loads  vertically  where  great  power  is  not  obtain- 
able and  speed  is  not  a  requisite,  chain  blocks  are  the  best  means. 
These  are  made  in  three  types,  triplex,  duplex  and  differential. 


Fig.  58. 

These  are  made  in  three  types,  triplex,  duplex  and  differential. 
82  pounds  and  overhauls  31  feet  of  chain,  with  the  duplex  he 
pulls  87  pounds  and  overhauls  59  feet  of  chain,  and  with  the  dif- 
ferential three  men  pull  216  pounds  and  overhaul  30  feet  of  chain. 

TRIPLEX  BLOCKS 


Extra 

Capacity 

Hoist 

Weight,  Lbs. 

Hoist 

in  Tons 

in  Feet 

(Net) 

Price 

per  Ft. 

% 

8 

53 

$   28.00 

$0.72 

1 

8 

80 

36.00 

.76 

li£ 

8 

124 

48.00 

.80 

2 

9 

188 

56.00 

.84 

3 

10 

200 

72.00 

1.20 

4 

10 

290 

88.00 

1.28 

5 

12 

380 

112.00 

1.72 

6 

12 

390 

132.00 

1.72 

8 

12 

470 

160.00 

2.16 

10 

12 

570 

192.00 

2.60 

12 

12 

800 

240.00 

3.44 

16 

12 

1,000 

288.00 

4.32 

20 

12 

1,375 

315.00 

5.20 

Sizes  3 

to  20  tons 

have  a  lower  as 

well  as  an 

upper  block. 

131 

132 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Capacity 
in  Tons 


I* 

3 
4 
5 
6 

10 


Hoist 
in  Feet 


8 
8 
9 

10 
10 
12 
12 
12 
12 


DUPLEX  BLOCKS 
TABLE   87 


Weight,  Lbs. 
(Net) 

43 

57 

76 
104 
200 
225 
340 
360 
390 
570 


Price 

F   21.25 

25.50 

34.00 

42.50 

63.75 

80,75 

119.00 

153.00 

178.50 

232.75 


Extra 
Hoist 
per  Ft. 

$1.00 
1.27 
1.50 
1.70 
1.85 
2.05 
2.55 
3.20 
3.40 
3.60 


DIFFERENTIAL  BLOCKS 


Capacity 
in  Tons 

Vs 


I* 
3 


Hoist 
in  Feet 

5 
6 

7 
8 

*• 


TABLE 


Weight,  Lbs. 
(Net) 

11 

22 

30 

51 

81 
122 
180 


Price 

%  9.00 
9.00 
10.50 
14.00 
18.00 
22.50 
30.00 


Extra 
Hoist 
per  Ft. 

$1.40 
1.40 
1.40 
1.50 
1.60 
1.70 
2.00 


Chain  blocks  kept  well  oiled  and  kept  under  cover  where  grit 
and  dirt  cannot  enter  the  gears  should  have  a  life  of  from  five 
to  twenty  years.  On  outside  work  where  sand  and  grit  is  allowed 
to  enter  the  gears  the  life  of  a  block  is  reduced  very  much,  and 
repairs  may  cost  as  much  as  50  per  cent  of  the  first  cost  annually. 


CHUTES 


Chutes  for  stone  or,  in  fact,  almost  any  material  must  be  lined 
with  sheet  iron  or  steel  to  prevent  excessive  wear.  Sooner  or 
later  a  hole  wears  in  these  sheets  and  it  is  then  necessary  to 
renew  the  entire  piece. 

Witherbee,  Sherman  &  Co.,  at  Mineville,  N.  Y.,  use  bar  steel  for 
lining  their  ore  chutes.  The  bars  are  %x6  inches  in  size,  and  when 
worn  are  replaced  by  a  new  piece.  In  this  way  no  steel  is  wasted 
and  the  time  spent  in  repairs  is  much  lessened. 

Dolese  &  Shepard,  in  their  new  stone-crushing  plant  in  Chi- 
cago, at  all  points  where  the  crushed  stone  drops,  have  made 
pockets  where  a  certain  amount  of  the  material  collects,  and 
saves  the  chutes  and  bins  from  excessive  wear  at  these  points. 

Angle  extension  wag-on  chutes  for  hard  and  soft  coal  may  be 
economically  used  in  construction  work  for  placing  concrete  and 
transporting  other  materials.  They  are  adapted  to  indefinite  ex- 
tension, but  each  section  is  in  itself  an  independent  chute.  The 
prices  of  chutes  18  ins.  wide  at  top  and  17  ins.  at  foot,  made  of 
No.  18  black  sheet  steel  with  heavy  end  bands,  weighing  about 
5y2  Ibs.  per  foot,  are  as  follows: 

5  ft.  lengths,   each $2.50       10  ft.   lengths,  each $5.00 

6  ft.   lengths,   each 3.00        12   ft.   lengths,   each 6.00 

8   ft.   lengths,   each 4.00 

CAR   CHUTE 

A  chute  constructed  of  sheet  steel  and  angle  iron  so  as  to 
hook  on  any  car  or  wagon  is  made  in  three  stock  sizes  and  in 
many  cases  effects  great  saving  in  the  cost  of  unloading  material 
from  cars.  (See  Fig.  59.) 


Fig.  59. 

Weight         Price 

%  yard  capacity  or     %   ton  of  coal 250  Ibs.          $40.00 

1       yard  capacity  or      %    ton  of  coal 275  Ibs.  50.00 

iy2  yard  capacity  or  1       ton  of  coal 325  Ibs.  60.00 

Rated  as  fourth  class  freight 

133 


134 


HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


Another  chute,  or  "Adjustable  Car-side  Hopper,"  is  so  arranged 
that  the  front  can  be  adjusted  to  any  convenient  height,  and  can 
be  emptied  gradually  or  the  discharge  cut  off  entirely.  (See 
Fig.  60.) 


Capacity 
Cu.  Ft. 

20 
30 
45 


Fig.  60. 

Weight, 
Lbs. 

60t> 
700 
9T5 


Price 

$45.00 
54.00 
67.50 


CLOTHING 


Rubber  coats,   $3  to  $6. 


OILED    CLOTHING 

PRICE  PER  DOZEN 
Yellow 


Slickers  .... 
Long  Coats  . 
Medium  long 

Jackets   

Pants    

Hats   


$16.00  to  $25.00 
.  20.00  to  24.00 
,  14.00  to 

8.50  to 
,      8.40  to 

2.50  to 


20.00 

12.00 

12.00 

3.50 


Black 

$17.00  to  $26.00 

21.00  to    26.00 

15. 00  to    22.00 

9.00  to     13.00 

9.00  to    13.00 

2.50  to      3.50 


CONVEYORS 


(See  Excavators) 

Belt  conveyors  were  first  used  in  1868  and  since  that  date  have 
attained  great  popularity  as  a  means  of  conveying  all  sorts  of 
solid  materials.  The  great  advantages  of  belt  conveyors  are  the 
small  horsepower  required  to  drive  them,  their  noiseless  operation 
and  large  capacity. 

Power  Required.  In  a  concrete  mixing  plant  in  New  York  City 
a  belt  conveyor  24  inches  wide,  traveling  at  a  speed  of  400  feet 
per  minute,  and  carrying  the  concrete  from  the  mixer  to  the 
forms,  required  but  1  horsepower  to  drive  it.  The  belt  which 


68       10      12       14 
Horse  -  Power. 

Fig.  61.      Diagram   Showing   Power  to 
Operate  Belt  Conveyors. 

carried  the  materials  to  the  mixer  was  20  inches  wide,  228  feet 
long  and  had  a  rise  of  34  feet.  It  traveled  at  a  speed  of  350 
feet  per  minute  and  required  but  6  horsepower  to  drive  it  with 
its  load  of  100  tons  per  hour.  In  the  Transvaal  a  belt  with  a 
horizontal  carry  of  200  feet  and  a  vertical  lift  of  48  *£  feet,  con- 


135 


136 


HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


veying  71.4  tons'  per  hour,  required  8.1  horsepower  to  drive  it. 
A  belt  with  a  horizontal  carry  of  500  feet  and  a  vertical  lift  of 
25%  feet  required  8.6  horsepower  to  convey  90  tons  per  hour,  and 
2.9  horsepower  to  drive  the  unloaded  belt. 

The   capacity   of  belt   conveyors    is   shown    In    two    diagrams 
(Figs.   61  and  62),  published  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Dull  in  the  Chemical 


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10      14       18     22     26      30     34     3S     41     44     48 

Width  of  Belts. 

Fig.   62.      Diagram    Showing    Capacity   of 
Belt  Conveyors. 


Engineer,  August,  1909.  These  are  based  on  good  feed- 
ing conditions  and  variations  as  great  as  50  per  cent  are  likely. 
Some  of  the  curves  are  stopped  off  at  certain  sized  belts,  as  with 
large  pieces  it  is  not  advisable  to  use  a  conveyor  any  narrower, 
regardless  of  what  capacity  is  required.  It  is  advantageous  to 
install  a  feeding  device  of  some  kind  if  the  feed  is  irregular. 
Materials  should  be  delivered  to  the  belt  in  the  direction  of  mo- 
tion of  the  belt  and  with  as  near  the  same  velocity  as  possible. 
Wear.  Small  belts  of  stitched  canvas  or  woven  cotton  are 
often  used  and  are  usually  well  oiled.  For  large,  permanent  con- 


CONVEYORS 


137 


veyors,  rubber  belts  composed  on  a  cotton  duck  foundation  are 
most  satisfactory.  Mr.  George  Frederick  Zimmer  in  Cassier's 
Magazine  for  August,  1909,  gives  the  following  table  showing  the 
wear  on  different  materials  subjected  to  a  uniform  sand  blast 
for  45  minutes: 

Rubber  belt   1.0 

Rolled  steel   1.5 

Cast  iron 3.5 

Balata  belt,  including  gum  cover 5.0 

"Woven  cotton  belt,  high  grade 6.5 

Stitched  duck,   high   grade 8.0 

Woven  cotton  belt,  low  grade 9.0 

The  rubber  covering  performs  two  offices,  that  of  resisting  wear 
and  that  of  preventing  moisture  from  reaching  the  body  of  the 
belt. 

The  number  of  plies  necessary  is  given  by  Mr.  C.  K.  Baldwin. 
Belts  12  to  14  inches  wide,  not  less  than  3-ply;  16  to  20  inches 
wide,  not  less  than  4-ply;  22  to  28  inches,  not  less  than  5-ply,  and 
30  to  36  inches,  not  less  than  6-ply.  The  tension  on  a  belt  must 
not  be  more  than  20  to  25  Ibs.  per  inch  per  ply  and  a  good  belt 
should  have  a  breaking  strain  of  400  Ibs.  per  inch  per  ply. 

Belts  are  usually  troughed  because  this  increases  the  capacity. 
A  sufficient  number  of  idlers  should  be  provided,  as  this  lessens 
the  chance  of  damage.  Idlers  should  be  kept  well  lubricated  with 
a  viscous  lubricant  as  oil  is  liable  to  spill  on  the  belt.  The 
best  method  of  joining  belts  is  with  a  butt-joint  held  together  by 
clamps. 

Costs.  For  contract  purposes  the  belt  conveyor  is  generally 
mounted  on  a  more  or  less  elaborate  wooden  framework,  housed 
or  otherwise,  the  cost  of  which  must  be  estimated  in  accordance 
with  the  special  conditions  and  design  of  the  outfit.  The  belt 
conveying  apparatus  proper  consists  of  a  driving  mechanism, 
which  is  often  belted  or  sometimes  directly  connected  to  electric 
motors;  the  idlers  and  belts;  and  the  troughing  rollers.  The  price 
will  vary  considerably,  approximate  ones  only  being  here  given 
for  purposes  of  rough  estimates. 


TABLE  89 

Maximum  Weight  per 

Width      Diam.  of  Ft.  for  Belt, 

of         Lumps  of  Return  Idlers 

Belt        Material  Speed            and  Troughing 

12"  2"  Up  to  200  ft.  14  Ibs. 

per  minute 
18"  4"  Up  to  200  ft.  30  Ibs. 

per  minute 
24"  6"  Up  to  200  ft.  46  Ibs. 

per  minute 
7"  7"  Up  to  200  ft.  62  Ibs. 

per  minute 
6"  9"  Up  to  200  ft.  100  Ibs. 

per  minute 

*Depends  upon  kind  of  belt. 


Approximate 

Cost  per 
Lineal  Ft.* 

$  2.50  to  $  4.00 

4.00  to      6.25 

5.75  to      8.75 

7.25  to    11.75 

10.50  to    14.25 


138  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

Note.  At  speed  of  300  ft.  per  minute  a  12"  belt  should  not 
carry  material  more  than  %"  in  diameter;  8"  belt,  material  not 
more  than  1%"  in  diameter;  24"  belt,  not  larger  than  3";  30"  belt, 
not  larger  than  4";  36"  belt,  not  larger  than  6"  in  diameter. 

When  speeds  up  to  600  ft.  per  minute  are  used  material  larger 
than  2"  size  is  not  likely  to  stay  upon  the  large  belts  and  for 
material  1"  and  larger  a  belt  no  smaller  than  18"  should  be  used. 

W,  R.  Ingalls  says  that  the  cost  of  a  12"  belt  plant  capable 
of  running  at  300  ft.  per  minute  would  be  about  $600  for  lengths 
of  100  ft.  each,  and  if  properly  installed  would  consume  about  3 
to  3%  horsepower.  He  says  that  the  cost  of  repairs  should  be 
about  12%  per  cent  per  annum  upon  the  cost  of  plant  if  given 
such  service  that  the  belt  will  last  about  five  years;  while  if  the 
belt  is  so  used  as  to  last  only  2l/2  years  the  repair  cost  must  run 
up  to  about  20  per  cent  per  annum.  In  one  actual  case  in  a  plant 
where  many  belt  conveyors  were  used  repairs  did  not  average 
more  than  12%  per  cent. 

Mr.  George  F.  Zimmer  is  an  English  authority  for  the  state- 
ment that  the  cost  of  repairs  for  100  ft.  of  traverse  varies  from 
%c  to  Ic  per  ton  per  100  ft.  for  coal,  to  2c  for  coke  and  8c  for 
sulphate  of  ammonia.  These  figures  are  given  also  in  the  table 
following. 


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139 


140  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

Mr.  Edwin  H.  Messiter  says  that  for  ordinary  mine  run  ore 
the  largest  lumps  of  which  do  not  contain  over  1  cubic  foot,  a 
30"  conveyor  is  suitable.  Sizes  of  lumps  which  may  be  carried 
by  the  several  sizes  of  conveyors  are: 


Lumps  Conveyor  "Tons  per  Hour 

i  I 


Speeds  up  to  400  ft.  per  minute  may  be  used  and  700  ft.  in 
special  cases. 

Inclination  should  be  limited  to  20°  from  horizontal,  but  26° 
may  be  used  with  steady  feed  and  fine  material.  Life  of  belts 
varies  with  tonnage.  If  correctly  designed  and  made  of  proper 
materials  on  large  conveyors,  belt  renewals  will  approximate  O.lc. 
per  ton  of  ore.  Cost  is  greater  on  small  conveyors  than  on  large 
ones.  Horsepower  required  will  average  about  0.00015  horse- 
power per  ton  per  foot  of  horizontal  distance  carried,  plus  0.001 
horsepower  ton  per  foot  of  height  elevated. 

Automatic  reversible  trippers  are  designed  to  distribute  mate- 
rial carried  by  belt  conveyors  on  long  piles  or  large  bins.  They 
travel  on  a  track  between  two  points,  automatically  reversing  and 
discharging  their  load  continuously.  They  can  be  so  regulated  as 
to  discharge  at  one  point.  Their  cost  is  about  as  follows: 

Width  of  Belt,  Width  of  Belt, 

Inches                                Price  Inches                                Price 

12   ..................  $320  20   ..................  $425 

14   ..................    345  24   ..................    475 

16   ..................    370  30   ..............    555 

18   ..................    345  36   ..................    635 

Hand  propelled  trippers  discharge  materials  at  fixed  points,  to 
which  they  are  moved  along  a  track  by  hand. 

Width  of  Belt,  Width  of  Belt, 

Inches                                Price  Inches                                Price 

12   ..................  $180  18   ..................  $2f5 

14   ..................    190  20   ..................    225 

16   ...........  !  .......    200  24   ..................    250 

*Last  column  is  capacity  for  ore  weighing  100  Ibs.  per  cubic 
foot  at  a  speed  of  400  feet  per  minute. 


\ 
CONVEYORS 


141 


TROUGHING  AND   RETURN  IDLERS. 


Fig.  63. 
DIMENSIONS    IN    INCHES 


Ef       F 
3       11% 

3        12  V2 


13% 

13% 

14y2 

16 

18% 


Pulleys  are  of  cast  iron  on  hollow  steel  shafts,  turning  in  cast 
iron  brackets  mounted  on  hard  pine  or  steel  base,  for  attaching 
to  stringers. 

Guide  idlers  are  of  cast  iron  and  consist  of  two  inclined  pulleys 
mounted  on  cast  iron  brackets. 

Width  of  Belt, 
Inches 
12  ....... 

14  ....... 

16  ....... 

18  ....... 

20  ....... 

24  ....... 

30  ....... 

36  ....... 


Troughing  Idlers 

$   3.25 

, 3.70 

, 4.25 

5.80 

, 6.40 

, 7.70 

9.60 

12.75 


Return  Idlers 
$3.10 
3.30 
4.25 
5.10 
5.50 
7.00 
7.30 
8.50 


Guide  Idlers 
$3.70 
3.70 
3.70 
4.60 
4.60 
4.60 
5.20 
5.75 


A  bucket  conveyor,  with  18"x24"  buckets  capable  of  running  at 
a  speed  of  10  ft.  per  minute,  should  cost  about  $3,600  per  100  ft. 
length,  which  includes  the  driving  mechanism  and  an  electric 
motor.  The  power  needed  to  operate,  about  1  horsepower;  re- 
pairs and  renewals  for  a  number  of  years  would  average  from  1 
to  2  per  cent  per  annum  on  the  first  cost.  This  of  course 
does  not  include  depreciation.  For  this  opinion  I  am  indebted 
to  W.  R.  Ingalls,  who  has  been  quoted  above. 

Mr.  F.  W.  Parsons  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  a  con- 
veyor 95  ft.  long  and  a  cross  conveyor  71  ft.  long  for  conveying 

*  Minimum    depth    of    stringer    allowable    with    Standard    Idler 

Boards. 
t  Maximum    width    of    stringer    allowable    with    Standard    Idler 

Boards. 


142 


HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


coal  into  a  boiler  house,  including  miter  gears,  countershaft,  self- 
oiling  pillow  block,  sprockets,  etc.,  should  cost  about  $475  f.  o.  b. 
factory.  For  driving  machinery  from  main  shaft  to  countershaft 
and  from  countershaft  to  lead  shaft  $75  ought  to  be  added  to 
this,  and  $175  for  lumber,  bolts  and  iron  for  chutes,  and  $200 
for  erection,  total  cost,  exclusive  of  freight,  being  $915. 

Belt  elevator.  The  life  of  belts  of  the  same  grade  varies  widely 
between  limits  according  to  tonnage  carried,  the  length  of  belts, 
and  the  economic  layoxit  of  the  whole  arrangement.  On.  large 
belts  of  course  the  cost  for  repairs  per  unit  of  material  delivered 
will  be  considerably  smaller  than  on  small  belts.  For  special 
work,  such  as  crusher  plants  and  outfits  of  similar  kind,  the 
operation  is  almost  automatic  and  with  the  exception  of  renew- 
als which  can  be  made  rapidly  there  is  practically  no  interrup- 
tion to  continuous  service. 


Fig.   64. 

At  the  Union  Stock  Yards  in  Chicago  a  belt  carrier  with  24"x24" 
buckets  and  a  vertical  lift  of  58  feet  with  a  38-ft.  horizontal 
run  had  been  in  operation  about  five  years  handling  an  average 
of  2,500  tons  of  coal  per  week,  with  no  cost  for  repairs,  and  in 
1908  was  not  likely  to  need  repairs  for  another  five  years. 

In  Pittston,  Pa.,  operating  on  a  25°  incline  and  conveying  coal 
355  feet  with  48"  wide  buckets,  a  belt  carrier  installed  in  1902 
handled  130,000  tons  a  month  and  after  four  years  was  in  excel- 
lent condition.  Cost  of  repairs  averaged:  material,  .04c  per  ton 
handled;  labor,  .06c  per  ton  handled,  these  repairs  being  the  re- 
newal of  the  carrier  rollers  and  the  driving  pinion  of  the  head 
gear. 

The  illustration   (Fig.   64)   shows  a  twenty-four  inch  conveyor 


CONVEYORS 


143 


one  hundred  feet  long-  supplied  Charles  F.  McCabe  by  the  Robins 
Conveying  Belt  Co.,  for  removing  10,000  cubic  yards  of  earth 
and  rock  at  181st  street  and  Jerome  avenue,  New  York.  The 
picture  shows  the  very  disadvantageous  circumstances  under 
which  such  a  belt  conveyor  will  work  to  advantage.  Earth 
was  shoveled  on  to  the  conveyor  by  hand  and  was  discharged 
from  the  head  end  to  wagons.  Pieces  larger  than  a  man's  head 
were  frequently  placed  on  the  conveyor,  and  were  carried  suc- 
cessfully, although  it  ran  at  times  at  an  upward  inclination  of 
over  23  degrees.  A  Mundy  engine,  located  in  a  pit  beneath  the 
tail  end,  drove  the  conveyor. 


Fig.   65. 

In  the  installation  illustrated  and  described  in  the  foregoing 
it  was  impossible  to  support  the  conveyor  by  any  other  than 
the  most  crude  supports.  This  fact,  however,  did  not  interfere 
with  the  successful  operation  of  the  conveyor,  nor  did  it  injure 
the  machinery  to  any  appreciable  extent.  The  belt  itself,  when 
the  work  was  completed,  showed  little  signs  of  wear. 

Figure  65  shows  a  Robins  Belt  Conveyor  used  by  Ryan  & 
Parker  in  excavating  for  the  foundation  of  the  power  house  of 
the  New  York  Gas  and  Electric  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Co.  The 
earth  was  delivered  to  the  conveyor  from  wheel  scrapers  through 


144  HAND-BOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

bridges,  and  the  excavating  was  done  by  practically  the  same 
means,  employed  more  recently  by  F.  M.  Stillman  &  Co.,  for  their 
work  at  East  12th  street,  New  York.  The  conveyor  was  driven 
at  its  head  end  by  a  small  horizontal  engine,  very  little  power 


Fig.  66. 

being-  required.  It  was  subjected  to  the  roughest  kind  of  usage; 
rocks  weighing  over  100  pounds  were  constantly  dumped  upon 
it,  but  never  caused  a  moment's  stoppage  during  the  entire 
work.  The  width  of  the  belt  was  30  inches,  and  the  actual 


Fig.    67.    Movable    Tripper. 

quantity  removed  exceeded  1,200  cubic  yards  per  day.  The 
work  was  all  done  during  very  cold  weather,  in  December  and 
January. 

The    conveyor    used    on    this    contract    was    also    employed    by 


CONVEYORS 


145 


Messrs.  Ryan  and  Parker  for  similar  work  in  a  great  number  of 
places,  its  length  being  increased  or  diminished  as  desired  by 
easily  made  changes  in  the  number  of  idlers  and  length  of  belt. 
The  illustration  (Fig.  66)  shows  the  conveyor  described  in  the 
foregoing,  carrying  the  cement  bags  up  the  incline  to  the  mixer 
house.  It  was  driven  by  a  Lambert  engine  placed  on  a  platform 


Fig.   68. 


in  the  mixer  house,  and  run  at  a  speed  of  325  feet  per  minute. 
This  engine  also  drove  a  24-inch  Robins  Belt  Conveyor  which 
carried  concrete  from  Smith  mixers  and  discharged  it  through  a 
long  chute  to  cars,  which  carried  the  concrete  to  all  points  where 
foundations  and  retaining  walls  were  being  constructed.  In  order 
to  prevent  the  material  from  adhering  to  the  belt,  a  Robins  high- 
speed rotary  cleaning  brush  was  attached  to  the  discharge  end  of 


146 


HANDBOOK    OF    CONSTRUCTION    PLANT 


the  conveyor.     This  brush  was  belt  driven  from  a  small  pulley  on 
the  shaft  of  the  end  pulley  of  the  conveyor. 

HtOlett-McMyler  Cantilever  Crane  or  Conveyor.  This  machine 
is  illustrated  in  Fig.  70  and  was  used  on  the  Chicago  Drainage 
Canal.  The  skip  is  Of  steel  and  has  a  capacity  of  3.7  cubic  yards 
water  measure,  or  1%  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock.  A  9xl2-inch 
engine  working  under  80  Ib.  pressure  and  with  200  revolutions 


Fig.  69. 

per  minute  does  the  hoisting.  The  total  weight^  of  the  crane  is 
110  Ibs.  and  its  cost  is  about  $9,000.  The  daily  (10  hours)  ex- 
pense of  operating  each  crane  was: 

1  engineer $  2.50 

1  fireman    1.50 

Machinist  service 1.00 

Superintendence    75 

1  Vt   tons  coal 2.50 

Oil  and  waste 25 

Repairs   (?)    50 

Track  maintenance    1.50 

Night   watchman    50 


Total    $11-00 


The  two  handled  168,470  cubic  yards  solid  rock  in  337   10-hour 
shifts,   250  cubic  yards  per  shift  per   machine. 


147 


148 


HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


Hullett-McMyler  Derrick.  Fig.  71  illustrates  this  machine, 
which  handles  a  skip  weighing  2,400  Ibs.,  making,  with  its  full 
load  of  1%  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock,  3%  tons  loaded.  It  weighs 
95  tons  and  costs  $15,000.  The  cost  of  operation  is  practically 
the  same  as  for  the  Hullett-McMyler  Conveyor.  Two  of  these 
machines  moved  279,300  cubic  yards  in  492  (10-hour)  shifts 
averaging  568  cubic  yards  per  shift  for  the  two  machines. 


Fig.   71.     Hulett-McMyler   Derrick. 


A  steel  incline  and  tipple  is  often  used  to  convey  earth  from 
a  steam  shovel  to  the  top  of  a  high  bank  where  it  is  dumped. 
Such  a  machine  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  72,  7 2 A.  The  steel  truss  of 
the  incline  weighs  8,500  Ibs.,  and  the  total  load  of  boilers,  with- 
out cars,  etc.,  is  100  tons.  The  engines  are  Il"xl8",  double  cylin- 
ders, and  their  cost  with  the  boiler  was  $2,700.  The  shovel  cut 
was  20  ft.  wide,  18  ft.  deep  and  the  best  month's  record  was  920 
cubic  yards  per  10-hour  shift.  The  whole  machine  cost  about 
$4,000. 


149 


150 


CONVEYORS  151 

The  Brown  Cantilever  Crane.  Eleven  of  these  machines  shown 
in  Fig.  73  were  used  on  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  and  after 
the  first  year  a  monthly  output  of  15,000  to  16,000  cubic  yards, 
600  cubic  yards  per  10-hour  shift  per  crane,  was  attained.  The 
trusses  have  a  slope  of  12^°,  a  carriage  or  trolley  travels  along 
the  track  on  the  lower  chord  of  the  truss,  the  hoisting  power 
being  a  10^"xl2"  engine  and  a  120-horsepower  boiler.  The  skip 
can  be  dumped  automatically  at  any  point.  It  has  a  capacity 
of  75  cubic  feet  water  measure  and  carries  1.5  to  1.7  cubic  yards 
of  solid  rock.  The  average  traveling  speed  is  350  ft.  per  min- 
ute. The  weight  of  the  entire  machine  is  150  tons  and  it  costs 
about  $28,000.  The  daily  cost  of  operating  each  crane  was  as 
follows : 

Engineman $  3.00 

Fireman    2  50 

Oiler     1.75 

Operator   2.75 

1%  tons  of  coal  at  $1.75 3.00 

Oil,  water  and  waste  (estimated) 50 

Laying    track     (estimated) 50 


Total $14.00 

MECHANICAL  CONVEYORS.* 

Mechanical  conveyors,  of  which  there  is  a  great  variety,  may 
be  classified  as  of  (1)  the  push  or  drag  type,  and  (2)  the  carry- 
ing type.  In  the  former  the  material  is  pushed  or  dragged  for- 
ward in  a  trough.  In  the  latter  type  it  is  continuously  carried 
forward  on  a  belt,  or  in  a  series  of  connected  pans  or  buckets, 
which  take  the  place  of  a  belt.  In  a  horizontal  conveyor  the 
only  mechanical  work  to  be  done  consists  in  the  overcoming  of 
friction.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that  a  well-mounted  belt  or 
series  of  buckets  can  be  moved  with  less  friction  and  therefore 
require  less  power  than  any  form  of  conveyor  in  which  the 
material  has  to  be  pushed  or  dragged  forward. 

All  of  these  conveyors  are  used  in  practice,  some  of  them 
extensively.  Some  of  them  are  extremely  efficient  machines; 
others  have  very  little  to  commend,  yet  are  useful  for  some 
special  purposes  because  of  limitations  in  the  application  of  bet- 
ter types.  The  special  form  of  conveyor  must  always  be  chosen 
with  view  to  the  work  that  is  to  be  done.  In  this  article  the 
writer  has  reference  only  to  the  use  of  conveyors  for  the  trans- 
portation of  ore  and  other  mineral  substances.  There  is  a  dearth 
of  practical  information  on  this  subject;  even  the  manufacturers 
appear  to  lack  a  good  deal  of  important  data,  and  it  will  be  useful 
if  readers  are  led  to  contribute  results  of  their  own  experience. 
It  is  obviously  a  subject  in  which  experiences  may;  differ  widely 
under  varying  conditions. 

*  This  article,  by  Mr.  Walter  Renton  Ingalls,  is  so  practical 
and  so  full  of  valuable  data  that  it  has  been  abstracted  almost  in 
full.  It  appeared  in  The  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal  in  1904. 


9        Q. 


CONVEYORS  153 

Push  or  Drag-  Conveyors. 

Among  the  conveyors  of  this  type  are  the  screw,  the  scraper, 
and  the  reciprocating-.  All  of  them  have  the  advantage  that  ma- 
terial can  be  discharged  without  complicated  machinery,  at  any 
desired  point,  which  makes  them  especially  useful  for  the  filling 
of  a  series  of  bins. 

Screw-Conveyor.  The  screw-conveyor  is  one  of  the  oldest  of 
conveying  devices.  Also  it  is  perhaps  one  of  the  most  inferior. 
The  screw-conveyor  consists  commonly  of  a  trough  of  iron  or 
steel,  with  semi-cylindrical  bottom,  in  which  is  turned  an  end- 
less screw,  composed  of  a  shaft,  solid  or  hollow,  and  a  spiral  of 
steel  or  cast  iron.  The  shaft  is  supported  in  boxes  at  each  end 
of  the  trough,  and  by  intermediate  hangers  in  long  conveyors, 
and  is  driven  by  pulley,  gear  or  sprocket  wheel.  The  shaft  is 
generally  made  in  sections,  which  may  be  united  in  any  suitable 
manner,  though  certain  devices  are  much  better  than  others.  The 
spiral  is  ordinarily  of  8-in.,  10-in.  or  12-in.  diameter.  In  trans- 
porting ore  it  is  inadvisable  to  turn  a  9-in.  or  10-in.  screw  at 
more  than  50  to  75  rev.  per  min.,  since  a  higher  speed  is  apt  to 
throw  material  out  of  the  trough  and  produce  too  much  dust. 
Obviously  the  speed  should  diminish  as  the  diameter  of  the 
screw  increases. 

The  capacity  of  a  screw-conveyor  depends  upon  the  diameter 
and  pitch  of  the  screw,  its  speed  of  revolution,  and  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  material  to  be  transported.  One  manufacturer 
gives  the  capacity  of  a  6-in.  screw,  run  at  100  rev.  per  min.,  at 
3  tons  per  hour;  of  a  9-in.  screw  at  70  rev.  per  min.,  8  tons  per 
hour;  and  of  a  12-in.  screw  at  50  rev.,  15  tons  per  hour.  It  is 
presumable  that  these  figures  for  capacity  refer  to  quartzose 
ore,  which  may  be  taken  as  weighing  100  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft.  An- 
other manufacturer  estimates  the  capacity  of  a  5% -in.  screw  at 
120  rev.,  42  cu.  ft.  per  hour;  77/8-m.  at  110  rev.,  71  cu.  ft.;  97/8-m. 
at  100  rev.,  141  cu.  ft.;  11% -in.  at  80  rev.,  247  cu.  ft.  It  is 
quite  right  to  state  these  data  in  cubic  feet  instead  of  by  weight, 
but  the  speeds  given  are  too  high  for  good  practice.  However, 
the  capacities  appear  to  be  stated  moderately,  notwithstanding. 
On  the  basis  of  material  weighing  100  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft.,  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  5% -in.  screw  would  be  2.1  tons  per  hour;  of  the 
7%-in.  screw,  3.55  tons;  of  the  9%-in.  screw,  7.05  tons;  and  of 
the  11% -in.  screw,  12.35  tons.  The  figures  of  either  of  these 
manufacturers  seem  to  be  on  the  safe  side  as  to  capacity,  since 
'a  9-in.  conveyor  run  at  70  rev.  per  min.  will  certainly  transport 
10  tons  per  hour  of  ore  weighing  150  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft.,  or  6%  tons 
of  ore  weighing  100  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft. 

Ideas  as  to  the  power  required  to  operate  a  screw-conveyor 
are  less  definite.  In  .the  transportation  of  any  substance  hori- 
zontally, friction  is  the  only  element  which  has  to  be  overcome, 
not  only  the  friction  of  the  material  itself  but  also  that  of  the 
mechanism.  It  is  evident,  therefore,  that  the  power  required  is 
a  function  of  the  weight  of  the  material,  the  distance  to  which 
it  is  carried  and  the  speed,  plus  the  similar  factors  for  the 


154  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

mechanism.  One  manufacturer  states  that  a  5% -in.  screw  run 
at  120  rev.  per  min.  requires  0.5  h.  p.  per  33  ft.  of  length;  a 
7%-in.  screw  at  110  rev.,  6.75  h.  p.;  and  a  9%-in.  screw  at  100 
rev.,  1  h.  p.  These  figures  are  rather  lower  than  practice  indi- 
cates, and  would  appear  to  correspond  more  closely  to  the  power 
required  to  drive  the  conveyor  empty  than  full.  Another  manu- 
facturer gives  the  formula,  H.  P.  =  WL  -r-  3  X33000,  in  which  W 
is  the  weight  in  pounds  of  the  material  to  be  carried  per  minute 
and  L  the  distance  in  feet  to  which  it  is  to  be  carried.  According 
to  this  the  power  required  to  carry  10  tons  of  ore  100  ft.  per 
hour  would  be  only  0.33  h.  p.,  which,  of  course,  is  absurd,  since 
it  would, require  far  more  power  than  that  to  run  the  conveyor 
empty.  A  9-in.  screw  conveying  that  quantity  of  material  would 
probably  require  4  to  5  h.  p.  The  formula  should  evidently  be 
expressed  as  H.  P.  =  [WL-r-  (3  X  33000)]  +  FL,  in  which  F  stands 
for  the  power  required  to  turn  the  screw  itself  at  a  specified 
speed.  The  screw  is  wasteful  of  power,  because  not  only  is  the 
ore  pushed  through  the  trough  as  in  the  scraper  conveyor,  but 
also  the  screw  presents  a  greatly  increased  frictional  surface, 
while  it  is  subject  to  all  the  frictional  resistance  of  a  poorly 
supported  and  carelessly  attended  line  of  shafting,  running  in 
grit  all  the  time. 

The  screw-conveyor  is  the  cheapest  of  all  conveyors  to  install. 
A  9-in.  screw,  100  ft.  long,  ought  to  be  put  up  for  about  $300. 
On  the  other  hand,  all  of  its  parts  are  subject  to  heavy  wear,  and 
repairs  and  renewals  may  easily  amount  to  100  per  cent  per 
annum,  this  depending  upon  the  work  required  of  it.  There  are 
some  cases  wherein  it  is  advantageous  to  use  a  screw,  notwith- 
standing its  serious  drawbacks.  They  are  at  their  best  when 
used  for  finely-crushed  and  dry  ore.  They  are  more  troublesome 
with  wet,  clayey  ores,  and  are  quite  unsuitable  for  coarse  ores. 
A  very  long  screw  is  apt  to  be  a  nuisance  anyway.  A  short 
screw  often  makes  a  good  feeding  device.  The  screw-conveyor 
with  externally  heated  trough  has  been  proposed  as  a  drying  and 
roasting  furnace.  It  has  been  used  occasionally  for  the  former 
purpose,  but  not  for  the  latter.  Neither  arrangement  commends 
itself. 

Rotary-Conveyor.  The  screw-conveyor  is  often  referred  to  as 
a  spiral  conveyor.  Another  form  of  spiral  conveyor  consists  of 
a  cylinder  with  an  interior  spiral,  the  cylinder  being  supported 
on  rollers  and  revolving  like  a  cylindrical  roasting  furnace.  Con- 
veyors of  this  form  are  seldom  used.  They  would  appear  to  be 
costly,  clumsy  and  difficult  to  repair,  while  material  can  only  . 
be  fed  at  one  end  and  discharged  at  the  other  end,  which  in 
adaptability  would  make  it  the  least  advantageous  of  all  con- 
veyors. If  the  cylinder  be  set  on  an  incline,  or  if  it  have  a  taper, 
of  course  no  interior  spiral  is  necessary.  The  cylindrical  dryer 
and  several  forms  of  roasting  furnaces  are'  really  forms  of  this 
type  of  conveyor,  just  as  other  mechanical  drying  and  roasting 
furnaces  embody  the  principle  of  the  scraper  conveyor.  Roast- 
ing cylinders  as  long  as  60  ft.  are  used  in  Europe,  and  cement 
kilns  as  long  as  120  ft.  are  used  in  the  United  States. 


CONVEYORS  155 

Scraper-Conveyor.  The  scraper-conveyor  consists  essentially 
of  a  trough  in  which  the  ore  is  dragged  forward  by  a  series  of 
transverse  push-plates,  called  nights.  The  method  of  connecting 
the  push-plates  is  subject  to  a  large  number  of  modifications. 
Thus  there  is  the  continuous  cable,  dragging  circular  nights 
through  a  V-shape  or  semi-cylindrical  trough,  and  the  monobar 
conveyor,  in  which  the  flights  are  carried  by  a  series  of  single 
linked  bars.  One  of  the  commonest  forms  of  this  type  of  con- 
veyor is,  however,  the  double  link-belt  chain,  supported  on  rollers, 
wheels  or  sliding  shoes,  which  run  on  rails  at  each  side  of  the 
trough,  carrying  the  flights  between  them.  This  is  known  as  the 
suspended-flight  conveyor.  The  chains  pass  over  sprockets  at 
each  end  of  the  conveyor  and  return  on  overhead  rails.  The 
sprockets  at  one  end  are  keyed  on  the  driving  shaft,  while  those 
at  the  other  end  are  carried  in  boxes  which  can  be  adjusted  to 
take  up  the  slack  in  the  chains.  The  monobar  conveyor  can  be 
constructed  so  as  to  make  a  bend  in  the  horizontal  plane,  or  even 
make  the  complete  return  circuit. 

The  scraper-conveyors  have  the  advantage  that  they  can  be 
arranged  to  be  fed  or  to  discharge  at  any  point.  They  have  the 
disadvantages  of  involving  a  good  many  wearing  parts  and  re- 
quiring considerable  power  to  drive.  The  Link-Belt  Engineering 
Company  gives  the  following  formula  for  power: 

H.  P.  =  (ATL  +  BWS)  ^-  1000, 

in  which  A  and  B  are  constants  depending  on  angle  of  inclination 
from  the  horizontal,  T  is  the  tons  per  hour  to  be  conveyed,  L,  the 
length  of  the  conveyor  in  feet,  center  to  center,  W  the  weight  in 
pounds  of  chains,  flights,  and  shoes,  and  S  the  speed  in  feet  per 
minute.  For  horizontal  runs,  A  =  0.343  and  B  =  0.01.  According 
to  this  formula,  the  power  required  to  move  10  tons  of  ore  per 
hour  the  distance  of  100  ft.  would  be  3.5  h.  p.,  but  we  should 
hesitate  to  reckon  so  low.  Anyway,  it  always  requires  more 
power  to  start  a  conveyor  than  to  operate  it  and  therefore  a 
larger  motor  should  be  provided.  Scraper-conveyors  are  usually 
operated  at  speeds  of  about  100  ft.  per  minute.  The  weight  of 
the  chains,  scrapers,  wheels  and  axles  or  rollers,  amounts  to 
about  30  to  35  Ibs.  per  foot,  center  to  center,  for  a  10-in.  or  12- 
in.  suspended  flight  conveyor,  which  at  100  ft.  travel  per  minute 
will  have  capacity  for  moving  about  10  tons  per  hour  of  ore 
weighing  150  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft.  The  cost  of  a  suspended  flight  con- 
veyor 100  ft.  long,  installed,  will  come  to  about  $450. 

The  capacity  of  a  scraper-conveyor  depends  upon  the  width  of 
the  trough,  the  speed  of  the  chain,  the  volume  of  the  ore,  and 
the  frequency  of  the  flights.  The  flights  are  commonly  set  16  in., 
18  in.  or  24  in.  apart.  Obviously  the  flights  will  not  push  the  ore 
ahead  in  an  even  sheet,  but  will  crowd  it  up  into  little  heaps,  a 
succession  of  which  will  be  moving  through  the  trough.  There- 
fore the  more  frequent  are  the  flights,  the  greater  the  capacity 
of  the  conveyor.  The  suspended-flight  conveyor  is  superior  to 
other  forms;  it  requires  about  20  per  cent  less  power  than  the 


156  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

simple  drag,  runs  more  smoothly  and  is  not  so  noisy.  The  point 
of  special  weakness  in  these  conveyors,  is  the  chains,  the  break- 
age of  which  is  likely  to  cause  costly  and  vexatious  delays.  The 
monobar  is  better  than  the  chains;  the  latter,  if  used,  should  be 
provided  of  greater  strength  than  is  frequently  the  case.  The 
scraper-conveyor  gives  the  best  results  with  fine  ore  and  mod- 
erate lengths.  Many  examples  of  large  and  long  installations 
for  the  handling  of  lump  ore,  coal  and  rock  are  to  be  seen.  They 
are  very  noisy  and  are  subject  to  frequent  breakdowns. 

Reciprocating1  Conveyor.  The  reciprocating  conveyor  is  a  new 
modification  of  the  scraper-conveyor,  which  is  finding  consider- 
able favor.  In  this  the  ore  is  pushed  forward  in  a  trough  by  a 
series  of  flights  which  are  hinged  at  regular  intervals  to  a  ladder- 
like  frame,  composed  of  a  pair  of  channel  beams  joined  by  suit- 
able cross-bars  and  mounted  on  rollers.  This  frame  is  given  a 
reciprocating  motion  by  a  crank  mechanism,  which  can  be  placed 
at  any  convenient  point.  In  another  form,  the  flights  are  fixed 
to  a  reciprocating  rod,  as  an  iron  pipe  of  suitable  strength,  which 
is  supported  by  wheels  and  axles.  In  either  case,  the  flights  are 
so  hinged  that  in  their  forward  motion  they  bear  against  stops, 
and  push  the  material  along,  while  in  the  backward  motion  they 
return  to  the  starting  point  by  dragging  back  over  the  top  of  the 
material.  In  this  way  the  ore  is  literally  shoveled  forward  stroke 
by  stroke. 

The  reciprocating  conveyor  has  these  advantages:  It  can  be 
fed  and  discharged  at  any  point;  it  occupies  less  height  than  the 
chain  scraper-conveyor;  and  all  of  its  wearing  parts,  which  any- 
way are  comparatively  few,  are  outside  of  the  grit,  save  the 
flights  themselves  and  the  trough.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  un- 
economical of  power,  owing  to  the  frequency  with  which  motion 
is  reversed.  At  every  stroke  the  inertia  of  the  entire  lot  of  ore 
in  the  trough  has  to  be  overcome  and  this  will  probably  limit 
the  usefulness  of  this  type  of  conveyor  to  a  comparatively  mod- 
erate length.  Moreover,  they  are  obviously  inapplicable  to  con- 
veying materials  containing  lumps.  They  are  considerably  more 
costly  than  the  ordinary  scraper-conveyor,  the  cost  varying  ac- 
cording to  the  details  of  manufacture.  Thus  to  install  a  recipro- 
cating conveyor  100  ft.  long,  capable  of  transporting  10  tons  per 
hour  of  ore  weighing  150  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft,  would  cost  from  $700 
to  $1,200  (actual  quotations,  with  an  allowance  for  cost  of  in- 
stallation). A  15-h.  p.  motor  should  be  provided  to  drive.  The 
capacity  of  this  form  of  conveyor  is  determined  by  substantially 
the  same  factors  as  in  the  case  of  the  scraper-conveyor. 

Another  form  of  reciprocating  conveyor  consists  of  a  light 
trough,  supported  or  suspended  in  a  suitable  manner,  to  which  a 
to-and-fro  movement  is  imparted  by  suitable  mechanism.  This 
form  of  conveyor  is  not  in  general  use,  but  the  writer  has  seen  it 
employed  with  good  success  for  transports  of  several  hundred 
feet,  the  entire  installation  being  of  the  simplest  construction. 
Obviously,  however,  it  is  suitable  only  for  fine,  dry  material, 
or  else  a  loose  pulp.  In  either  case,  the  forward  travel  of  the 


CONVEYORS  157 

material  will  depend  upon  the  slope  of  the  trough  and  the  length 
and  number  of  the  jerks.  The  Wilfley  conveyor,  which  is  of  this 
type,  is  used  for  the  transport  of  wet  concentrates,  the  motion 
of  the  trough  being  given  by  the  same  mechanism  that  is  used 
for  the  Wilfley  table.  A  patented  reciprocating  trough-conveyor 
has  the  bottom  of  the  trough  made  in  a  serrated  form,  so  that 
at  each  jerk  the  material  goes  over  a  ledge  and  therefore  attains 
a  positive  forward  movement. 

Carrying*  Conveyors. 

The  conveyors  of  this  type  consist  substantially  of  an  endless 
belt,  or  a  continuous  chain  of  pans  or  buckets.  There  are  numer- 
ous modifications  of  both  forms. 

Belt  Conveyor.  The  belt  conveyor  is  essentially  a  band  sup- 
ported on  idlers  and  running  over  pulleys  at  either  end,  by  one 
of  which  it  is  driven.  A  suitable  arrangement  at  the  other  end 
serves  to  take  up  slack  and  keep  the  belt  tight.  The  simplest 
conveyor  of  this  type  has  a  flat  belt,  which  has  to  be  quite  wide 
in  order  to  prevent  material  from  spilling  off.  To  obviate  this, 
the  belt  is  concaved,  and  to  reduce  the  wear  of  the  belt  by  being 
thus  flexed  it  is  manufactured  in  various  ways.  There  is  also 
a  great  variety  in  the  composition  of  rubber  employed  and  in 
the  design  of  the  supporting  rollers.  Rarely,  a  flat  belt  with 
side  rims  is  run  over  plain  rollers. 

Irrespective  of  these  modifications  in  design  and  construction, 
the  belt  conveyor  is  for  many  purposes  the  most  efficient  of  all 
conveyors.  It  requires  the  least  power  to  drive,  save  for  the 
highly  developed  forms  of  continuous  bucket  conveyors;  its  first 
cost  is  moderate,  and  the  expense  for  repairs  and  renewals  is 
less  than  for  any  other  form  of  approximately  equal  first  cost. 
It  is  adapted  to  a  great  variety  of  uses,  carrying  ore  up  consid- 
erable inclines  and  at  changes  of  angle,  and  has  great  capacity, 
but  it  has  the  drawback  of  inability  to  discharge  at  intervals, 
save  by  the  use  of  a  rather  awkward  and  expensive  tripper.  It 
is  possible,  however,  where  electric  power  is  available,  to  install 
a  movable  conveyor,  run  by  a  self-contained  motor,  and  to  cause 
the  belt  to  discharge  over  the  end  into  any  one  of  a  series  of 
bins,  by  moving  it  forward  or  back;  and  the  direction  of  the  belt 
travel  can  be  reversed.  Thus,  a  line  of  bins  200  ft.  long  can 
be  filled  by  a  conveyor  of  a  little  more  than  half  that  length, 
the  feed  being  received  midway  in  the  line  of  the  bins.  Sim- 
ilarly such  self-contained  conveyors  can  be  constructed  in  port- 
able form  and  used  for  work  about  the  yard,  such  as  the  loading 
of  railway  cars.  These  are  things  which  can  not  be  done  so 
conveniently  with  any  other  type  of  conveyor.  Moreover,  this 
can  be  used  as  a  sorting  belt  at  the  same  time  as  a  carrying 
belt,  and  in  taking  ore  to  breakers  and  rolls  a  magnet  can  be 
set  over  the  belt  to  pick  out  drill  points  and  other  undesirable 
pieces  of  steel  and  iron. 

The  rubber  belt  is  quite  durable  and  it  may  be  reinforced  on 
the  wearing  side  by  an  extra  layer  of  rubber,  like  elevator  belts. 


158  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

It  is,  however,  unsuitable  for  carrying-  ore  from  dryers,  etc., 
which  is  of  such  temperature  as  to  affect  the  rubber.  The  limit 
of  rubber  belting  in  this  respect  is  soon  reached  (it  would  be 
unsafe  to  attempt  to  carry  ore  so  hot  as  150°  C.)  but  in  such 
cases  the  Leviathan  or  Gandy  belts  may  be  substituted.  Such 
cotton-duck  belts  are,  however,  less  durable  against  abrasion 
than  the  rubber. 

The  capacity  of  a  belt  conveyor  depends  upon  the  width  and 
speed  of  the  belt  and  the  weight  of  the  material  to  be  carried. 
If  the  belt  is  troughed  it  is  safe  to  estimate  that  the  load  will 
cover  one-half  of  the  total  width  of  the  belt  and  that  the  depth 
in  the  center  will  be  one-quarter  of  its  own  width.  The  cross- 
sectional  area  of  the  load  (which  may  be  considered  as  an  in- 
verted triangle)  multiplied  by  12  will  give  the  number  of  cubic 
inches  of  material  per  running  foot  of  length,  and  from  the 
weight  of  the  material  and  speed  of  the  belt  the  capacity  may 
easily  be  calculated,  but  an  allowance  must  be  made  for  irregu- 
larity in  feeding.  A  flat  belt  will  carry  only  about  one-third  as 
much  as  a  troughed  one. 

A  belt  speed  of  about  300  ft.  per  min.  is  commonly  used,  but 
450  ft.  per  min.  is  not  excessive;  belts  have  been  observed  to. run 
smoothly  at  speed  as  high  as  900  ft.  per  min.,  but  the  wear  on 
both  the  belt  and  the  idlers  was  then  excessive. 

A  troughed  12-in.  belt,  run  at  100  ft.  per  min.,  is  able  to  carry 
187.5  cu.  ft.  per  hour,  or  14  tons  of  ore  weighing  150  Ibs.  per  cu. 
ft.,  but  to  perform  the  duty  that  we  have  assumed  for  other 
conveyors  in  this  article,  viz.,  the  transport  of  10  tons  per  hour, 
we  should  install  practically  a  12-in.  belt  and  run  it  at  about 
300  ft.  per  min.  The  cost  of  such  a  conveyor  installed  would  be 
about  $600  for  a  length  of  100  ft.  It  would  require  about  3  to 
3.5  h.  p.  to  drive,  assuming  it  to  be  properly  installed.  No  gen- 
eral rule  can  be  given  for  estimating  the  power  required  to  drive 
a  belt  conveyor,  which  depends  largely  on  the  arrangement  of 
the  idlers.  If  they  are  too  far  apart  the  belt  will  sag  down 
between  them,  increasing  the  load;  if  they  are  too  near  together 
the  frictional  resistance  is  increased.  The  greatest  item  of 
repairs  in  connection  with  a  belt  conveyor  is  the  replacement  of 
the  belt,  which  is  the  most  costly  single  piece  of  the  apparatus. 
If  the  belt  lasts  five  years  the  cost  of  repairs  will  come  to  about 
12.5  per  cent  per  annum;  a  belt  life  of  only  2.5  years  would 
mean  a  repair  cost  of  about  20  per  cent  per  annum.  In  a  cer- 
tain large  works  where  a  good  many  belt  conveyors  are  em- 
ployed the  actual  expense  for  repairs  is  not  much  more  than  12.5 
per  cent  per  annum. 

Continuous  Bucket  Conveyor.  The  pan  and  bucket  conveyors 
consist  essentially  of  an  endless  chain  of  overlapping  pans  and 
buckets,  which  may  be  arranged  in  a  great  variety  of  ways.  One 
of  the  simplest  is  the  endless  traveling  trough  conveyor  (re- 
ferred to  also  as  the  open  trough  conveyor  and  apron  conveyor), 
consisting  of  a  series  of  overlapping  sections  of  light  sheet  steel 
trough,  which  are  secured  on  the  under  side  of  a  heavy  link-belt 
chain  (or  to  a  pair  of  chains) ;  the  chain  passes  over  a  sprocket 


CONVEYORS  159 

at  each  end  of  the  conveyor  and  the  pans  are  supported  on  rollers 
attached  to  the  frame.  These  conveyors  are  considerably  more 
expensive  than  the  belt  conveyors.  The  first  cost  of  a  12-in. 
conveyor  of  this  type,  which  would  have  capacity  for  10  tons 
of  ore  per  hour,  would  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  $11  to  $12  per 
foot,  installed.  Ordinarily  they  have  the  disadvantage  of  being: 
able  to  discharge  only  at  the  end,  where  the  pans  pass  over  the 
tail  sprocket  (although  in  the  forms  wherein  the  pans  are  car- 
ried between  a  pair  of  chains,  they  can  be  arranged  to  dump  at 
intermediate  points  by  having  a  dip  in  the  rails)  and  in  this 
respect  are  of  more  limited  application  than  the  belt  conveyors; 
but  on  the  other  hand  they  are  suitable  for  conveying  hot  ma- 
terial or  substances  that  would  injure  a  belt.  Conveyors  of  this 
type,  of  heavy  construction,  are  used  at  various  places  for  the 
transportation  of  hot  slag  and  when  properly  installed  give  good 
service.  It  is  only  a  little  step  further  to  the  casting  and  con- 
veying machines  for  pig  iron  and  other  metals. 


160  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

CRUSHERS 


Machines  for  crushing  rock,  ore  and  similar  hard  materials  are 
in  two  usual  forms.  Jaw  crushers  and  gyratory  crushers.  Jaw 
crushers  are  usually  of  smaller  capacity  than  are  gyratory  crush- 
ers. The  jaw  crusher  operates  in  general  in  the  following 
manner: 

An  eccentric  shaft  in  revolving  imparts  a  backward  and  for- 
ward movement  to  a  lever  arm  whose  fulcrum  is  at  the  outside 
end.  At  a  point  between  the  power  end  of  this  arm  and  the 
fulcrum  is  a  "toggle"  to  which  is  imparted  a  forward  and  back- 
ward movement  by  the  arm  and  which  in  turn  imparts  the  same 
movement  to  the  lower  end  of  a  corrugated  steel  or  cast  iron 
crushing  plate  free  at  its  lower  and  hinged  at  its  upper  end. 
Opposite  this  plate  is  a  somewhat  smaller  fixed  plate  and  the 
two  together  form  the  "jaws."  By  changing  the  toggle  for  a 
larger  or  smaller,  the  "set"  or  size  of  the  opening  at  the  bottom 
of  the  jaws  is  regulated,  and  thereby  the  size  of  the  product.  The 
"jaw  opening"  is  the  width  by  the  length  of  the  opening  between 
the  upper  ends  of  the  crushing  plates  and  determines  the  great- 
est size  of  stone  that  can  be  introduced. 

The  jaw  crusher  is  of  limited  capacity,  its  product  is  not  uni- 
form, and  the  machine  itself  is  subject  to  frequent  breakages 
due  to  the  severe  shocks  it  has  to  sustain.  For  these  reasons 
the  gyratory  crusher  was  invented  and  is  used  wherever  a  uni- 
form product  of  great  quantity  is  essential.  The  principal  objec- 
tion to  it  is  its  non-portability.  In  this  type  of  crusher  a  per- 
pendicular shaft,  to  which  are  fastened  the  inner  crushing  plates, 
revolves  with  an  eccentric  motion,  inside  of  the  stationary  outer 
crushing  plates.  The  actions  of  the  inner  jaw  plates  are  both 
rolling  and  crushing.  The  horizontal  distance  apart  of  the  lower 
ends  of  the  concentric  jaws  determines  the  size  of  the  product 
and  is  regulated  by  raising  or  lowering  the  inner  jaw. 


JAW    CH,USHEKS 

CLIMAX   ROCK  CRUSHERS 

TABLE   91 

Opening  Capacity,  Tons         Weight,  Not  Mounted 

(Ins.)                          per  Hour                            (Lbs.)  Price 

7  x!3            Small             $  425 

8  x!5           10  to  15            5,000  465 

9  x36           12  to  18            7,000  570 
10  x20         .   15  to  25          •   9,250  780 
10%x22            15  to  30            15,500  860 
12  x28           25  to  40           27,000  1,300 
14  x28              50  1.430 


CRUSHERS  161 


CHAMPION   ROCK  CRUSHERS 
TABLE   92 
Jaw  Type 

Opening 

Capacity,  Tons         Weight,  Not  Mounted 

(Ins.) 

per  Hour 

(Lbs.) 

Price 

7x13 

8  to  12 

5,500 

$    425 

9x15 

12  to  18 

8,800 

465 

10x20 

16   to   24 

12,500 

780 

11x22 

1  % 

18   to   26 

15,000 

880 

11x26 

24   to  35 

20,000 

1.260 

14x26 

1,400 

11x26 

WPQW 

2,620 

The 

following 

are  prices  of 

crushers  made  in 

the  middle 

west: 

TABLE  93 

Capacity 

Approx. 

Jaw  Opening 

,     Per  Hour, 

Weight, 

H.  P. 

No. 

Inches 

Tons 

Lbs. 

Speed 

Req. 

Price 

8 

8x16 

10  to  15 

7,500 

300 

12 

$    520 

9 

9x18 

10   to   20 

8,500 

300 

15 

620 

10 

10x22 

16   to   25 

11,500 

280 

20 

865 

11 

11x26 

24   to  30 

13,500 

275 

25 

1,170 

Crusher  complete,  mounted  on  trucks  with  heavy  steel  axles, 
and  steel  or  wooden  wheels,  having  an  output  of  15  to  30  tons 
per  hour  when  the  jaw  (Il"xl8")  is  set  at  an  opening  of  two 
inches  (weight  10,100  Ibs.)  with  an  elevator  14  ft.  long  with 
folding  device  (weight  1,200  Ibs.)  and  a  screen,  of  the  chute 
type  of  steel  rods  or  perforated  metal,  costs  $1,120.  An  18 
horsepower  engine  is  necessary  to  operate  it. 

The  dimensions,  weights,  capacities,  required  power  and  prices 
of  some  of  the  smaller  sizes  of  rock  and  ore  breakers  are  here 
given: 

A  L*        fc  ^O'WCOKbD  «HI  «H  >,  14  >,  I  03 

^Jjjai       2  S*JO""eSfl  °w         °  ®  *"       ft*  •* 

B  i  fees   i«  £  f  * 

CvSof  o   ..£  ".MM     °^        H^       o  x 


£o 


es  ° 


U  .si    &' 


•^ja  c»w'>V)ocst.  ~XG     •iS     o  ^       <D  8- 

^          cjo-doooja^,  -^  £2     g  C «     >H       tQ'3 

<u  >^          p.<j  oKE-iPnEHo  cCMo^Q'-'oQ       0°*  'C 

^  O  02  Q  tf  W  PL( 

li  11    2    2i    3    31 

22,000   15   20   25   30   40    ..  \Vz  32x12  400  14  to  21  $1,180 

10x38   32,800    ..    30   40   50   60   70  1%  36x14  375  22  to  30  1,550 

12x44  48,000   ....   50  70  80  90  2  40x16  350  28  to  45  2,030 

Equipment  suitable  for  use  with  the  above  crushers  is  as  fol- 
lows: Screens:  One  32"xlO'  iron  frame  screen  complete.  Revo- 
lutions driving  pulley,  55;  size  driving  pulley,  42x8^;  approxi- 
mate horsepower,  6;  weight,  5,900  Ibs.;  price  $490;  one  40"xl4' 
iron  frame  screen  complete.  Revolutions  driving  pulley,  45;  size 
pulley,  54"xll^";  approximate  horsepower,  10;  weight,  9,250 
pounds;  price,  $590. 


162  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ELEVATORS 

, — Buckets — v  Weight, 
Size       Gauge     Lbs.    Price 

With   geared  head,   50'   centers 13x10     No.  14     4,650     $490 

With  geared  head,    50'   centers 16x11     No.  14     5,835       585 

"Back  Gear  Driving  Connection"  is  an  arrangement  for  driving 
the  elevator  and  screen,  particularly  used  with  the  smaller  sizes, 
and  takes  power  from  the  breaker. 


Fig.   74.     Geared    Elevator,    Left- Hand 
Driven. 

Countershaft.     The  cost  of  the  iron  work  for  one  of  these  is 
about  $50. 


CRUSHERS  163 

Breakers  suitable  for  general  contracting  use  have  the  follow- 
ing  capacities: 

rl  hn  I     I  /— \  I    £H  fi     *  +J  _2  'O-idhn  I  frt  GQ 

Wfl  ^  S  (»  O  <r>  .S  to  <B  _»       T3  ,Q  jj        I?  2  ^ 

«       sb*o««      '   £~     I  | 

a     °«S         W       t'^S^-gj      §     o      o 

K 

d 

•2 1 

1        <P  .C  £     'in-H  M  05*3        hn^i       rrt  03    c£        ..       M    _? 


2       82     §2**      "S"0      <„ 


j-> 


.0 


mix*    »a£       .,      So  —  a*     tf-       „  g£  . 

ccS.    c^os       *g      ^t^'wSJa        ^"S     c  S^         £ 

O-S^       oft  °          jx^oO      ^J       *j5  O  .2  3  O 

K^-H         W°rc!  **1*-*52iid  S         »^«^  w     "Sft  ^  ^ 

sa-s  B«S     |3l|^ISSsS|llif  tf*IfS      s 

_C(-i03         K.rt^S  QJ^x      ^liyO-<->t>5Hf-iC3C^'C 

55         ^    o  02       5 

6x21      6x42        8,400        6  to  12        1%        24          8      450        7  to  12      $600 
7x22      7x45      14,480      10  to  20        1%      *28        10      425      10  to  16      $800 

Equipment  for  above   costs   as   follows: 

One  32x14  iron  frame  screen $420 

One  No.  3  elevator,  50'  centers 445 

One  No.  3  back  gear  drive  (iron  work  only) 40 

Mounted  crushers  (small  size  only)   cost  about  $350  extra. 

A  portable  crushing-  and  screening-  plant  consisting  of  10x18 
crusher,  17  ft.  folding  elevator,  30  inch  by  9  ft.  revolving  screen 
and  a  15-ton  portable  bin  costs  $1,575  complete.  This  plant  with 
a  9x16  crusher  costs  $1,385  and  a  20  horsepower  traction  engine 
is  necessary  to  operate  it. 

The  following  is  the  estimated  cost  of  a  complete  portable 
crusher  and  plant  for  macadam  road  building. 

1  crusher,   9x15",  with  rotary  screen $1,000.00 

Portable  bins    200.00 

1   15-H.  P.  engine 200.00 

1  20-H.  P.  boiler 600.00 

12  wheel   scrapers    500.00 

12  drag  scrapers,  shovels  and  picks 100.00 

2  graders     . . 100.00 

2  steam  drills    500.00 

1   15-H.  P.  boiler  for  drills 400.00 

Water  and  steam  pipes,  quarry  tools,  etc 300.00 

1  sprinkling  wagon    . 500.00 

1  10-ton  steam   roller 2,500.00 

Total     $6.900.00 

ROTARY  CRUSHER 

lreight 


Approx. 

We 


ftM               CL           .  p  ^ 

GJ  «                           >  g  tJ 

o  Q,            re        <u  .2  >7 

rt*.  /-\  £-* 


o          irt          r '  <->                        •>-<         f->  in 

w<ft              ^o°              s-1           <D          *  oj          &0             ±!          bo  & 

dfto               ^F-i  ffifto>^-GjC                          '~  w 

ft                       ft           ft          5»               &              '£.          £  -Q 

!5    W             •<                <J«2fi(H5  j 

1  13x18   Ito  6  6  to  10  300  24x  8  6'7"  3'  2"  2'  4,000  4,700 

2  18x28   8  to  15  15  to  20  250  30x12   8'8"  3'10"  7'2J"  9,000  10,500 

3  26x35  15  to  35  25  to  30  250  36x16  lO'O"  5'  3"  10'5  "20,000  22,000 
Prices:  No.  1,  $360;  No.  2,  $810;  No.  3,  $1,810. 


164  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PL.ANT 

The  cost  of  moving  a  9x15  crusher  plant  with  non-portable  bin 
a  few  miles  and  setting  up  ready  for  crushing  is  about  $75 
under  average  conditions. 

Repairs.  In  crushing  224,203  tons  of  rock  in  1886-7  an  average 
of  eight  sets  of  crusher  apparatus  being  in  operation,  the  follow- 
ing new  parts  were  required. 

12  levers    @  $25.00  $300.00 

9  jaw     plates @  15.50  139.50 

12   jaw     plates @  12.00  144.00 

Toggles,  check  plates  and  sundries 247.80 

Total    $831.30 

or  an  average  of  about  $100  per  crusher.  This  does  not  include 
babbitting  the  bearing  or  labor  of  making  repairs. 

Repairs  for  Rolls. 

7  pairs  tires    @   $120          $  840.00 

Gear  wheels  and  pinions 335.00 

Total $1,175.00 

or  about  $147  for  each  pair  of  rolls.  The  tires  of  the  rolls 
used  for  coarse  crushing  are  not  turned  when  worn,  but  are  re- 
placed by  new  ones.  For  the  screens  21  sets  of  perforated  plates 
@  $60.75  =  $1,275.75  were  required,  or  an  average  of  2.6  sets  per 
year  per  screen.  The  average  life  of  the  wearing  parts  of  a  jaw 
crusher  is  therefore  about  eight  months;  a  set  of  screen  plates 
about  four  months. 

In  Camp's  "Notes  on  Track"  there  is  a  description  of  a  crush- 
ing plant  installed  by  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  for  the  cr'.ishing 
of  track  ballast.  It  consisted  of  a  gyratory  crusher  of  40  to  50 
cubic  yards  per  hour  capacity  and  a  smaller  auxiliary  crusher. 
The  stone  from  a  large  crusher  was  taken  by  a  belt  conveyor  to  a 
revolving  plate  screen  12  feet  long  by  4%  feet  in  diameter, 
divided  into  three  sections  having  one-inch,  two-inch,  three-inch 
holes.  On  the  outside  of  the  one-inch  hole  screen  was  an  auxili- 
ary screen  of  %-inch  mesh.  The  rejected  material  was  led 
through  a  chute  to  the  smaller  crusher  whence  it  was  again 
conveyed  to  the  screens.  After  the  stone  had  been  screened  it 
dropped  into  four  bins.  The  products  of  the  stone  were  17 
per  cent  screenings,  8  per  cent  %-inch  stone,  33  per  cent  1%- 
inch  stone,  42  per  cent  2 %-inch  stone.  From  the  bins  the  mate- 
rial was  chuted  directly  into  cars.  This  plant  was  operated  by 
a  150-horsepower  engine.  The  labor  necessary  consisted  of  one 
fireman,  one  oiler  and  four  laborers  whose  total  wages  per  hour 
were  $1.19%.  The  repairs  and  renewal  of  broken  parts  cost  $500 
for  four  hundred  working  hours. 

The  Dolese  &  Shepard  Company  of  Chicago  have  estimated  the 
life  of  their  new  stone  crushing  plant  at  twenty  years  with 
5  per  cent  annual  depreciation.  They  have  found  from  experience 
that  repairs  to  crushers  cost  5  per  cent  annually,  repairs  to 
screens  and  conveyors  15  per  cent.  The  large  size  stone  wears 


CRUSHERS 


165 


the  screens  and  conveyors  much  more  rapidly  than  the  small  size 
stone.  For  example,  the  screen  for  No.  9  crushers  had  to  be  re- 
newed in  nine  months,  whereas  the  other  screens  had  been  in 
service  eight  months  and  showed  no  wear. 

The  Illinois  Stone  Company,  at  Lemont,  111.,  has  a  stone-crush- 
ing plant  with  a  capacity  of  700  cu.  yds.  in  10  hours.  The  plant 
is  a  timber  structure  and  cars  are  hauled  up  a  short  incline  to  the 
main  crusher  where  they  are  dumped  automatically.  The  stone 
passes  through  a  No.  7%  and  two  No.  4y2  gyratory  crushers,  and 
3-ft.  cylindrical  screens  of  sizes  from  %  in.  to  y2  in.  The 
original  cost  of  the  machinery,  the  three  crushers,  screen,  belts, 
etc.,  was  $23,000.  The  cost  of  repairs  given  below  is  for  new 
parts  and  does1  not  include  the  labor  of  making  repairs. 

First   Year $1,900.00 

Second    Year    600.00 

Third,  Fourth  and  Fifth  Years 1,400.00 


Total  for  Five  Years    .$3,900.00 

Average    per    Year $780.00 

The  %  in.  steel  plates  have  been  replaced  about  twice  a  year. 

DISC  CRUSHER 

A  third  type  of  crusher  is  of  the  disc  pattern  (see  Fig.  75). 
This  was  not  employed  in  ordinary  hard  rock  work  until  1909, 
but  is  now  coming  into  use.  It  is  especially  useful  for  crush- 


Fig.  75.       Symons  Disc  Crusher. 

ing  the  tailings  of  gyratory  crushers  and  for  breaking  gravel  or 
boulders.  It  can  be  quickly  adjusted  to  crush  any  size  of  product 
between  T55  in.  and  3  in. 

The  crushing  is  done  by  the  two  discs  of  manganese  steel, 
which  are  dish-shaped  and  are  set  with  their  hollow  sides  facing 
each  other,  and  at  an  inclination  towards  each  other.  Both  discs 
rotate  in  the  same  direction  at  the  same  speed.  When  the  stone 


166  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

is  fed  through  a  central  feed  opening  it  is  thrown  by  centrifugal 
force  into  that  part  of  the  hollow  where  the  discs  are  wide  apart. 
It  is  then  carried  around  with  them  to  where  they  are  close 
together  and  is  thereby  crushed.  The  small  pieces  fly  out  from 
between  the  discs  while  the  large  particles  are  caught  again  and 
the  operation  repeated. 

TABLE  OF  SIZES  AND  WEIGHTS 

Approx.  Min.  Exit 

Size                 Shipping  Wt.  Opening  for 

of  Crusher                 Lbs.  H.  P.  Required        Best  Results  Price 

48"                       30,000  50  to  65  1     "  $3,000 

36"                       19,000  30  to  40  %"  2,150 

24"                          8,500  18  to  25  %"  1,250 

18"                          5,600  12  to  18  %"  950 

13"                         3,000  10  to  15  &"  600 

LISTED  CAPACITY  IN  TONS  PER  HOUR 

Size  Crusher  Size  Ring  Tons  per  Hour  Size  Crusher    Size  Ring  Tons  per  Hour 

48"  1  45  to    70  24"  1%  25  to  30 

48"  2%  85  to  100  18"  %  5  to      8 

36"  %  25  to    30  18"  1  12  to  15 

36"  2  50  to    60  13"  %  4  to      5 

24"  V2  12  to    15  13"  %  8  to  10 

ESTIMATED  COST  OF  QUARRY  PLANT,  GABBRO 
The  following  estimated  cost  of  constructing  and  operating  a 
quarry  plant  suitable  for  manufacturing  ballast  for  railroads,  is 
obtained    from    the   Proceedings    of   the    American    Railway    En- 
gineering and  Maintenance  of  Way  Association,  1909. 

Cost  of  Plant.  From  published  figures,  the  cost  of  building  a 
plant  of  1,000  tons  daily  capacity,  and  its  cost  of  operation  to 
quarry,  is  as  follows: 

Capacity,   1,000  tons  daily 300,000  tons  annually 

900  cu.  yds.  trap  per  10  hour  day 270,000  cu.  yds.  annually 

Crushers,  4,  250-ton  Farrell,  at  $1,250 $  5,000 

Engines,  4,  60  H.  P.,  14x12  at  $500 2,000 

Foundations , 100 

Belting,  13",  200  ft.  at  $2.75 550 

Boilers,  2,  200  H.  P.  and  setting 7,500 

Steam  fittings 4,000 

Boiler  house   2,500 

Engine  house    1,500 

Stack   2,000 

Scales,  60  ft.,  including  foundations  and  timber 1,225 

Bins    . . 600 

Elevators  with  platforms,  4  at  $1,500  (for  tailings) 6,000 

Pump  for  water  supply,  5,500  gallons  per  hour 

Tank,  50,000  gallons 1.200 

Steam  drills  with  tripods  connecting  hose,  20  at  $245 4,900 

Screens,  rotary,  54",  4  at  $950 3,800 

Small  tools,  forges,  bars,  wedges,  hammers  etc 1,200 

Derrick,  small  stiff  leg 150 


$   47,978 

Land,  50  acres  at  $150  per  acre 7,500 

Cable  railway  and  dump  cars  for  haul  to  crusher, 
this  being  a  varying  item  as  quarry  is  worked 


CRUSHERS  167 

COST  OF  OPERATION  OF  QUARRY  PLANT,  GABBRO 

18  drillers  at  $3  per  day,  300  days .  .$  16,200 

18  helpers  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days 9,450 

3  blacksmiths  at  $3  per  day,  300  days 2,700 

50  bar-sledgers  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days 26,250 

60  coal  loaders  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days Cl.EOO 

8  crusher  men  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days 4,200 

1  quarry  boss  at  $5  per  day,  300  days 1,500 

1  fireman  at  $2.50  per  day,  300  days 750 

1  engineer  at  $3  per  day,  300  days 900 

4  bin  men  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days 2400 

1  scale  man  at  $2  per  day,  300  days 600 

1  carpenter  at  $3  per  day,   300  days 900 

10  laborers  at  $1.75  per  day,  300  days 5,250 

1  clerk  at   $7T,0  per  year 750 

Fuel,  2,700  tons  of  coal  at  $2.70 7,290 

011  waste,  etc 500 

Dynamite,  7  Ibs.  per  cu.  yd.;  270,000  cu.  yds. — 189,000  Ibs. 

at    15c    28,350 

Drill  repairs,  1   machinist  at  $4 .  1,200 

1  helper  at  $2.50 750 

Supplies  at  $1.25  per  month  per  drill 270 

Blacksmiths   included  above ... 

Total    $141,410 

4  per  cent  on  first  cost  of  plant $2,418 

10  per    cent    depreciation    on    machinery,     except 

crushers    2,160 

16%  per  cent  depreciation  on  crushers 833  5,411 

$146,821 

Contingencies,  8  per  cent 11,750 

$158,571 
This  shows  a  cost  per  yard  of  59  cents. 


168  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Outputs  of  Stone  Crushers.  Very  little  has  appeared  in  print 
regarding  the  outputs  of  stone  crushers,  and  accordingly  the 
accompanying  table  showing  the  actual  output  of  a  number  of 
stone  crushers  may  be  of  interest: 

(1)  (2)          (3)        (4) 

I  a          1  w 

13          cl         « 

1  ,:  t     1!    «   I 

3  05      .  "=>  O  CO 

W  .  O  .»7 


Size  of  crusher  .....................  7% 

Size  of  broken   stone,  inches  ........  2%    2^,1^,1^   2^        2f 

and  screenings 
Number  of  men-  feeding  crusher.  ...      2  1  22 

Output   in   cu.    yds.    per    100    hours..  300  600  360  80  to  120 

Aver,   output  in   cu.   yds.   per   10   hrs.300  600  450* 

Best  output  in  cu.  yds.  per  10  hours.  450  750  500* 

*  Tons,     t  Nothing  larger  than  will  pass  a  2  in.  screen. 

(1)  Information  furnished  by  the  Breckenridge  Stone  Co., 
Breckenridge,  Minn.  The  rock  was  a  limestone.  In  addition  to 
the  two  men  feeding  the  crusher,  about  45  others  were  employed 
by  the  company  on  other  work  about  the  crusher  and  quarry. 
(2)  Information  furnished  by  the  Lake  Shore  Stone  Co.,  of  Bel- 
gium, Wis.  The  rock  was  a  very  hard  dolomite  limestone.  The 
"one  man"  referred  to  in  the  table  keeps  the  stone  from  "bridg- 
ing" and  keeps  the  hopper  free.  In  addition,  44  men  were  em- 
ployed loading  stone  into  cars  going  to  the  crushers.  (3)  In- 
formation furnished  by  the  Elk  Cement  &  Lime  Co.,  Petoskey, 
Mich.  The  crushers  were  side  by  side,  the  Gates  being  used  for 
rejections.  The  rock  was  a  hard  limestone.  The  size  of  broken 
stone  from  the  crusher  ran  up  to  2%  in.  (4)  Information  fur- 
nished by  Holmes  &  Kunneke,  Columbus,  O.  The  rock  was  a  hard 
limestone. 

COST  OF  OPERATING  A  STONE  CRUSHING  PLANT  BY  CITY 

EMPLOYEES  FOR  THREE  AND  ONE-HALF 

MONTHS,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

The  Boston  Finance  Commission,  in  1908,  made  a  statement 
to  the  effect  that  in  12  years  the  city  of  Boston  had  wasted 
$1,000,000  by  operating  its  own  stone  crushing  plants  instead  of 
buying  crushed  stone  from  contractors  for  street  work.  Upon 
the  request  of  certain  city  employees  who  professed  confidence 
in  their  ability  to  turn  this  tide  of  extravagance,  the  mayor 
promised  that  for  a  limited  time  one  crushing  plant  would  be 
placed  at  their  disposal  to  demonstrate  their  claims.  The  em- 
ployees chose  for  the  experiment  the  Church  Hill  Ave.  plant  and 
the  Boston  Finance  Commission  placed  the  work  of  recording 
the  results  in  the  hands  of  its  engineers,  Metcalf  &  Eddy,  of 
Boston.  The  full  report  of  the  engineers  is  given  in  Vol.  III.  of 


CRUSHERS  169 

Finance    Commission's    report    recently    made    public    and    from 
this  I  take  the  following  data: 

The  crusher  plant  occupies  an  area  of  570,000  sq.  ft.,  pur- 
chased in  1882  for  $30,000  and  having  an  assessed  value  in  1907 
of  $79,800.  The  tract  is  used  in  part  for  other  than  quarrying 
and  crushing  purposes.  The  plant  consists  mainly  of  a  30xl3-in. 
Farrel  crusher,  a  72xl6-in.  Atlas  engine,  a  66-in.  x  17-ft.  tubular 
boiler,  the  usual  elevators,  bins,  extra  parts  and  tools,  and  of 
three  large  and  one  baby  steam  drills.  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
plant  was  $16,653;  interest  was  calculated  at  4  per  cent  and  de- 
preciation at  6.75  per  cent  annually,  which  gives  an  amount  of 
$1,791  which  in  the  costs  following  was  applied  on  a  monthly 
basis.  The  charge  for  steam  drills  is  based  on  a  rental  of  50 
cts.  per  working  day. 

Torce  Employed.     The  force  employed,  with  wages,  was  in  gen- 
eral as  follows: 
Labor  at  Ledge:  Per  Day 

•    1   sub-foreman   at   $3.50 $      3.50 

1  blacksmith   at   $3 300 

1  blacksmith's  helper  at  $2.25 2.25 

3   steam  drillers  at  $2.25 6.75 

3   steam  drillers'   helpers   at    $2.25 ' 6.75 

10   stone    breakers    at    $2.25 2250 

5   hand   drillers    at   $2.25 11.25 

1   powderman   at    $2.25 225 

9  loaders   at   $2.25 20.25 


Total    $  78.50 

Labor  at  Crusher: 

1  engineer  at  $3.50 $  3.50 

1   fireman  at  $3.25 3  25 

1  weigher  at  $3.50 3.50 

1   oiler  at  $2.25 2  25 

3   feeders   at  $2.25 6.75 

1   pitman  at  $2.25 2.25 


Total    $  21.50 

Teaming: 

6  single  teams  at  $3.50 $   21.00 


Total $121.00 

The  force  consisted  largely  of  men  who  were  in  some  degree 
skilled  in  rock  work.  The  majority  of  the  men  were  young  and 
all  were  vigorous  and  skilled  to  such  an  extent  that  the  force  as 
a  whole  was  skillful  and  efficient.  There  was  a  marked  lack  of 
interest  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  employees,  which  undoubt- 
edly had  its  effect  in  reducing  the  amount  of  work  done  con- 
siderably below  the  amount  which  would  be  done  under  contract 
conditions;  on  the  other  hand,  it  should  be  stated  that  some  of  the 
men  took  a  lively  interest  in  the  work  and  did  their  full  duty. 
Preparatory  Work.  To  put  the  plant  in  condition  for  the  test 
there  were  expended  the  following  amounts: 

Items  Cost 

Labor   $207.51 

Teaming    7.50 

Materials    .  38.34 


Total    $253.35 


170  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

This  made  a  charge  of  $0.028  per  ton  of  output  during  the  test 
run.  There  were  also  $68.44  expended  on  repairs  to  scales  which, 
being  permanent  repairs,  were  not  charged  to  the  test;  they 
am'ount  to  a  charge  of  $0.0076  or  about  %  ct.  per  ton  of  output. 
To  house  and  prepare  plant  and  tools  for  the  winter  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  test  run  cost  $18  or  $0.002  per  ton  of  output. 

Method  of  Operation.  The  quarry  was  first  stripped  of  the 
earth  overlying  the  ledge,  after  which  holes  were  drilled  in  the 
rock  by  means  of  steam  drills.  These  holes  were  loaded  with 
djrnamite  and  exploded,  thus  throwing  out  great  quantities  of 
stone.  Much  of  the  stone  thus  thrown  out  was  in  large  blocks, 
which  required  breaking  before  they  could  be  put  into  the  crusher. 
In  some  cases  this  could  be  done  by  sledging  and  in  other  cases 
holes  were  drilled  in  them  by  means  of  a  baby  steam  drill  and 
hand  drills,  and  the  blocks  cracked  by  use  of  dynamite.  The 
stone  thus  prepared  for  the  crusher  was  hauled  to  the  loading 
platform,  where  it  was  dumped  into  the  crusher  and  upon  the 
platform.  Men  were  stationed  on  the  platform  to  feed  the  rock 
into  the  crusher.  After  passing  through  the  crusher  the  broken 
stone  was  delivered  by  elevator  to  a  revolving  screen  where  it  was 
separated  into  two  grades;  the  very  fine,  or  dust,  being  conveyed 
to  one  set  of  bins  and  the  cracked  stone  to  another  set.  These 
bins  hold  approximately  400  tons;  and  when  the  demand  for  stone 
for  use  upon  the  streets  was  not  equal  to  the  output  of  the 
crusher,  and  the  bins  were  full,  it  became  necessary  to  haul  the 
balance  of  the  output  to  a  pile  in  the  yard — about  2,259  tons 
of  broken  stone  and  194  tons  of  dust  being  stored  in  the  yard 
for  this  reason. 

There  was  a  misunderstanding  with  regard  to  hauling  of  stone 
from  the  bins  to  the  pile  in  the  yard,  which  caused  a  slight 
delay  on  July  1,  2  and  3,  during  a  portion  of  which  time  the 
crusher  was  shut  down.  This  delay  amounted  in  the  aggregate  to 
not  over  two  days  of  crusher  service,  during  which  time  the 
quarrying  was  proceeding  as  usual.  After  July  3  there  was  no 
appreciable  delay  on  account  of  causes  beyond  the  control  of  the 
foreman,  except  such  occasional  delays  as  are  inevitable  upon 
such  work  due  to  temporary  disablement  of  the  plant. 

In  this  connection  it  should  be  noted  that  the  capacity  of  the 
bins  being  only  about  400  tons,  they  were  sufficient  only  for 
about  2l/2  days  output  of  the  crusher  as  it  was  operated.  The 
normal  capacity  of  the  crusher  is  claimed  by  the  manufacturers 
to  be  about  250  tons  per  day,  while  the  maximum  output  for  any 
one  day  during  this  test  was  225  tons. 

During  three  weeks  in  July,  three  drills  were  operated,  but  this 
was  found  to  be  inadvisable  because  the  force  of  laborers  was 
unable  to  handle  the  rock  as  fast  as  it  was  blown  out. 

Periods  of  Operation.  The  results  of  this  test  have  been  di- 
vided into  three  periods,  so  that  the  comparative  progress  from 
time  to  time  can  be  noted,  as  well  as  any  improvement  in  the 
cost  of  operation.  The  dates  of  closing  these  periods  were  so 
selected  that  the  amount  of  uncrushed  stone  which  had  been 


CRUSHERS  171 

quarried   was    comparatively   small,   being   in   no   case   in   excess 
of  200  tons.  i 

First  Period — The  first  period  was  from  May  28  to  July  13, 
inclusive,  but  included  only  that  drilling  and  blacksmithing  done 
up  to  July  6,  inclusive,  which  corresponded  to  the  output  of  the 
first  period.  The  work  and  expense  of  this  period  may  be  sum- 
marized as  follows: 

'Work  Done: 

Stripping    removed    174  tons 

Holes  drilled  (2%-in.  diameter)  by  steam  drills 1,069.5  ft. 

Unbroken  stone  on  hand  at  expiration  of  period   (esti- 
mated)      200  tons 

Broken  stone  ready  for  crusher  at  end  of  period none 

Total  output  of  crushed  stone  during  this  period 1,651  tons 

Cost: 

Labor  and  teaming  per  ton  of  output $1.21 

Materials   used  per   ton   of  output 0.11 


Total  cost  per  ton  of  output $1.32 

In  this  summary,  as  in  the  summaries  of  the  other  periods,  no 
account  is  taken  of  interest,  depreciation  or  rental  of  plant,  and 
certain  general  items  of  expense,  or  a  few  incidental  supplies. 
The  final  summary  covering  the  entire  period,  however,  includes 
all  of  these  expenses. 

It  should  be  noted,  in  the  consideration  of  the  first  period,  that 
the  cost  per  ton  of  output  includes  all  of  the  preliminary  work, 
which  amounted  to  approximately  $0.15  per  ton  of  the  output  of 
this  period.  Deducting  the  cost  of  the  preliminary  work  from  the 
cost  per  ton  of  output,  $1.32,  for  the  first  period  leaves  the  net 
cost  for  this  period  $1.17  per  ton,  which  cost  can  be  compared 
with  similar  costs  for  the  second  and  third  periods. 

Second  Period — The  second  period  extended  from  July  14  to 
11  a.  m.  of  July  21,  inclusive,  and  includes  the  drilling  and 
blacksmithing  applicable  to  this  period.  The  work  and  expense 
of  the  second  period  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Work  Done: 

Stripping  removed    85  tons 

Holes  drilled   (2%-in.  diameter)   by  steam  drills 402.7  ft. 

Unbroken  stone  on  hand  at  expiration  of  period   (esti- 
mated)      50  tons 

Broken  stone  ready  for  crusher  at  expiration  of  period  none 

Total  output  of  crushed  stone  during  this  period 906  tons 

Cost: 

Labor  and  teaming  per  ton  of  output $0.80 

Materials  used    0.08 


Total  cost  per  ton  of  output... $0.88 

Third  Period — The  third  period  extended  from  11  a.  m.  of 
July  21  to  September  10,  inclusive,  and  final  date  of  the  test.  The 
work  and  expense  of  the  third  period  may  be  summarized  as 
follows: 


172  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Work  Done: 

Stripping    removed     125  tons 

Holes  drilled   (2%-in.   diameter)    by   steam   drills 2,087.9  ft. 

Unbroken  stone  on  hand  at  expiration  of  period   (esti- 
mated)           200   tons 

Broken  stone  ready  for  crusher  at  expiration  of  period  none 

Total  output  of  crushed  stone  during  this   period 6,397  tons 

Cost: 

Labor  and  teaming  per  ton  of  output $0.76 

Materials  used   0.08 


Total  cost  per  ton  of  output $0.84 

It  should  be  noted  that  the  cost  per  ton  of  output  during  the 
third  period  was  very  close  to  that  of  the  second  period.  The 
reduction  in  cost  of  stone  crushed  during  the  second  and  third 
periods  below  that  of  the  first  period,  after  deducting  the  cost 
of  preparatory  work,  shows  the  result  of  the  experience  acquired 
by  the  force  and  improvement  in  organization.  • 

Results  of  Entire  Test.  As  already  stated,  the  duration  of  this 
test  was  from  May  28  to  September  10,  inclusive.  The  details  of 
the  cost  of  this  test  are  given  in  Table  B.  The  work  accom- 
plished during  the  test  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Work  Done: 

Stripping  removed    (a  large  part   Of  the  stripping  had 
been  done  prior  to  the  beginning  of  this  test  and  is 

not   included   herein) 384  tons 

Holes  drilled   (2%-in.   diameter)    by   steam   drill 4,160.1   ft. 

Unbroken   stone  on   hand   at  beginning  of  test none 

Unbroken    stone   on    hand    at    expiration    of    test    (esti- 
mated)      200  tons 

Broken   stone  ready   for  crusher   at   expiration   of   test.  none 

Broken  stone  on  hand  at  expiration  of  test none 

Total  output  of  crushed  stone  during  test: 

Dust    1,970  tons   (22  per  cent) 

Stone    6,983   tons    (78  per  cent) 

Total     8,953   tons 

The  cost  to  the  city  of  producing  the  8,953  tons  of  crushed 
stone,  exclusive  of  $68.44  paid  for  permanent  repairs  to  the 
scales,  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

Cost:  Per  Ton 

Labor  and  teaming ^-82i 

Material  used 0.106 

Interest,  depreciation  and  rental  of  tools  and  machinery..    0.069 
Estimated  equivalent  cost  of  stripping  done  prior  to  begin- 

ning  of  test 0-025 

Total  cost    $1.081 

Less  cost  of  quarrying  200  tons  of  unbroken  stone  remain- 
ing at  expiration   of  test •    0-°0 

Net  cost  of  crushed  stone  produced $1.075 

The  major  items  of  the  foregoing  summary  may  be  subdivided 
into  a  comparatively  small  number  of  items  which  will  show 
the  cost  of  the  various  parts  of  the  process  of  preparing  crushed 
stone.  (See  Table*  A.) 


CRUSHERS 


173 


TABLE  A— SUMMARY  SHOWING  APPROXIMATE  DISTRIBU- 
TION OF  EXPENSES  AT  CHESTNUT  HILL 
AVENUE    CRUSHER 


0>  fj  bD 

ft-Oj,          gf-^ 

W  W  3  ft  J-IQ  p, 

5          6        & 

Quarrying  and  breaking  ($50  having 
been  deducted  on  account  of  un- 
broken rock  remaining  at  the  end  of 

test)     $4,263.27        $0.476          44.3 

Stripping 244.54  .027  2.5 

Stripping  done  prior  to  test   (estimated)       223.83  .025  2.3 

Loading  and  delivery  to  crusher 1,980.99  .221          20.5 

Crushing: 

Operation   (including  feeding  crusher)  . .    1,255.89  .140          13.0 

Interest  and  depreciation  on  plant  (3 

months  at  $149.25  per  month) 447.75  .050  4.7 

Special  expenses: 

Weighing    stone    ,.       181.57  .020  1.9 

Weighing  stripping    19.67  .002  0.2 

Hauling  bins  to  pile  (2,453  tons) 281.15  .032  3.0 

Holidays     705.75  .079  7.3 

Absent    with   pay 27.58  .003  0.3 

Total    charged    to    output $9,631.99       $1.075        100.0 

Permanent  repairs  to  scales 68.44 

Total   cost   of  test $9,700.43 

*  Output   equals   8,953   tons   of  crushed   stone    (including  dust). 
These  units  may  be  grouped  as   follows: 

Quarrying  and  breaking $0.749 

Crushing    0.244 

Holidays  and  absent  with  pay 0.082 

Total    $1.075 

Distribution  of  Cost  of  Foreman,  Engineer,  Fireman  and  Coal. 

The  foreman  devoted  his  time  almost  wholly  to  the  work  of  quar- 
rying and  breaking  the  rock  for  the  crusher,  and  only  a  small 
portion  to  the  operation  of  the  crusher.  We  have,  therefore, 
charged  30  per  cent  of  his  time  to  the  quarrying,  60  per  cent  to 
the  breaking  and  10  per  cent  to  the  crushing. 

The  steam  for  running  the  steam  drills  was  furnished  from  the 
boiler,  which  constituted  a  part  of  the  crusher  plant.  This  boiler 
was  under  the  general  direction  of  the  engineer  and  was  cared 
for  by  a  fireman.  We  have  not  charged  any  portion  of  the  time 
of  the  engineer  to  quarrying,  but  have  charged  one-half  of  the 
time  of  the  fireman  as  well  as  one-half  the  cost  of  the  coal  used. 

Stripping-.  In  certain  places  the  ledge  was  covered  with  a 
layer  of  earth,  which  it  was  necessary  either  to  remove  before 
blasting  or  separate  from  the  stones  after  blasting.  A  portion 
of  this  material  had  been  removed  from  the  ledge  prior  to  the 
beginning  of  this  test.  The  quantity  of  stripping  removed  dur- 


174  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ing  the  experimental  run  was  384  tons,  and  our  estimate  of  the 
amount  which  was  moved  prior  to  the  beginning  of  the  run  (the 
cost  of  which  should  be  charged  against  this  experiment)  would 
be  350  tons,  or  an  amount  nearly  equal  to  that  removed  during 
the  test.  The  cost  of  stripping  done  during  the  test  was  $0.637 
per  ton  of  soil  stripped  from  the  surface  of  the  ledge.  At  this 
rate,  the  stripping  done  prior  to  the  test  would  have  cost  $222.95 
had  it  been  done  by  the  same  force  as  a  part  of  the  experiment. 
This  estimated  cost  of  preliminary  stripping  amounts  to  $0.025 
per  ton  of  output. 

Allowance  for  Bock  Quarried  but  Not  Blasted.  As  already 
stated  there  was  no  quarried  rock  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of 
the  test,  but  there  was  a  quantity  of  about  200  tons  remaining 
at  its  close.  This  should,  of  course,  be  credited  to  the  experi- 
ment, which  has  been  done  by  deducting  the  cost  of  quarrying 
it  from  the  entire  cost  of  the  experiment.  The  cost  of  quarry- 
ing, including  stripping,  was  about  $0.25  per  ton  of  rock  quar- 
ried (8,953  tons  of  output  -f  200  tons  unbroken  rock  =  9, 153  tons 
quarried).  The  cost  of  quarrying  200  tons  was  therefore  $50, 
which  amounts  to  $0.005  per  ton  of  output,  which  has  been  de- 
ducted from  the  total  cost  of  output. 

Resume  of  Results  of  Test.  This  test  has  covered  a  period  of 
time  sufficiently  great  to  demonstrate  with  accuracy  the  cost  of 
producing  crushed  stone  at  the  Chestnut  Hill  avenue  crusher  by 
day  labor,  under  the  conditions  of  the  test.  The  force  apparently 
consisted  of  men  skillful  and  competent  as  could  be  selected  from 
the  entire  organization  of  the  division,  and  certainly  gave  evi- 
dence of  being  reasonably  skillful  and  able-bodied.  So  far  as 
could  be  seen  the  foreman  in  charge  of  the  work  was  given  an 
absolutely  free  hand  to  organize  his  force  as  he  deemed  best, 
and  to  adopt  such  methods  of  handling  the  work  as  he  might 
desire.  With  very  slight  and  unimportant  exceptions  he  was  fur- 
nished with  tools  and  supplies  promptly,  so  that  there  is  no  rea- 
son to  think  that  the  output  could  have  been  increased  by  the 
improvement  of  conditions  depending  upon  the  co-operation  of  his 
superior  officers  in  the  Street  Department.  The  net  result  of 
this  test  appears  to  be  that  the  crushed  stone  was  produced  at  a 
cost  to  the  city  of  $1.075  per  ton.  These  figures  make  no  allow- 
ance for  the  cost  of  the  quarry  to  the  city,  or  the  cost  of  ad- 
ministration and  clerical  services  at  the  office,  the  latter  of 
which  is  estimated  at  $0.05  per  ton  of  output. 

This  experiment  has  been  carried  out  under  the  very  best  of 
conditions.  The  quarry  and  crusher  selected  was  the  most  favor- 
able of  any  which  the  city  has  worked  in  the  past,  and  pro- 
duced crushed  stone  in  1905  more  cheaply  than  any  other  crusher. 
During  that  year  each  of  five  crushers  produced  more  than 
30,000  tons  of  broken  stone — the  Bleiler,  Centre  Street,  Chestnut 
Hill  Avenue,  Codman  Street  and  Columbia  Road  crushers.  Of 
these  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher  yielded  the  smallest  out- 
put, although  the  cost  per  ton  of  crushed  stone,  $1.148  was  lower 
than  that  of -any  of  the  others.  The  cost  of  producing  crushed 
stone  during  the  test  was  therefore  reduced  less  than  $0.08  below 


CRUSHERS  175 

the  cost  of  producing  crushed  stone  at  this  crusher  during  the 
year  1905. 

We  have  already  called  attention  to  the  marked  increase  in 
efficiency  of  the  force  employed  at  the  crusher  during  the  second 
and  third  periods  of  the  experiment.  It  is  reasonable  to  inquire 
what  the  cost  of  the  output  would  have  been  had  all  the  work 
been  done  with  the  same  efficiency.  Such  an  estimate  may  be 
obtained  by  adding  the  cost  of  interest  and  depreciation,  rental 
of  machinery  and  tools,  temporary  repairs,  and  the  stripping  done 
before  the  beginning  of  the  test,  to  the  cost  of  any  particular 
period,  or  an  assumed  cost.  These  items  amount  to  over  $0.10 
per  ton  of  output,  so  that  it  is  .reasonable  to  estimate  the  cost 
of  operating  the  crusher  at  $0.95  to  $1  per  ton  of  output,  based 
upon  the  efficiency  attained  during  the  second  and  third  periods. 
This  estimate,  as  in  all  other  cases,  does  not  include  any  charge 
on  account  of  administration  or  office  expense,  nor  does  it  include 
any  charge  for  the  cost  of  owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry. 

Comparison  with  Market  Prices  of  Crushed  Stone.  According 
to  the  report  upon  stone  crushers  already  cited,  the  market  price 
of  crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  cars  at  the  crusher  is  50  cts.  per  net 
ton.  While  it  is  not  possible  to  determine  accurately  the  market 
price  of  crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  cars  Boston,  under  a  contract  simi- 
lar to  one  which  the  city  might  negotiate,  an  estimate  was  given 
in  the  report,  from  which  we  have  just  quoted,  amounting  to 
$1  per  ton  f.  o.  b.  cars,  or  $1.10  loaded  upon  wagons  ready  for 
hauling  to  the  streets.  It  thus  appears  that  the  cost  of  crushed 
stone  produced  during  this  test  was  more  than  twice  that  of 
crushed  stone  f.  o.  b.  cars  at  the  crusher  of  a  private  corporation, 
or  more  than  twice  the  price  for  which  it  could  be  produced  at 
the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher  by  a  contractor,  and  that  the 
cost  was  about  $0.025  less  than  the  estimated  contract  price  of 
crushed  stone  purchased  in  the  local  market  and  loaded  upon 
wagons  in  Boston.  These  figures  include  no  part  of  administra- 
tion or  office  expenses,  and  no  portion  of  the  cost  to  the  city  of 
owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry.  The  administration  and  of- 
fice expense  would  doubtless  amount  to  as  much  as  $0.05  per  ton 
of  output,  but  we  are  not  in  position  to  make  any  estimate  of 
the  cost  to  the  city  of  owning  and  maintaining  the  quarry. 

We  made  the  statement  that  the  cost  of  crushed  stone  produced 
during  the  test  was  more  than  twice  the  price  for  which  it 
could  be  produced  at  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher  by  con- 
tract, upon  the  assumption  that  conditions  could  be  the  same  at 
this  crusher  as  at  the  large  commercial  crushers  in  use. 

As  we  understand  the  law,  a  contractor  producing  stone  at  this 
crusher  for  the  use  of  the  city  woujd  be  obliged  to  confine  the 
hours  of  labor  to  an  eight-hour  day,  which  would  materially 
increase  the  cost  of  his  work.  It  is  also  probable  that  the  city 
would  find  it  impracticable  to  take  the  maximum  output  of  the 
crusher  at  all  times,  which  would  also  be  an  important  factor  in 
the  cost  of  operating  this  plant. 

As  stated  in  our  report,  the  companies  furnishing  crushed  stone 
within  reasonable  railroad  distances  of  Boston  appear  to  be  very 


176  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

willing  to  dispose  of  their  product  at  50  cents  per  ton  f.  o.  b. 
cars  at  crusher.  We  have  one  instance  where  crushed  stone  of 
one  size  (not  the  run  of  the  crusher)  was  furnished  at  a  cost 
of  55  cents  per  yard,  or  about  44  cents  per  ton  delivered  in  place, 
including  more  or  less  freight  expense.  Obviously  this  stone  was 
sold  at  a  price  at  least  as  low  as  40  cents  per  ton  at  crusher.  It 
should  be  borne  in  mind,  however,  that  these  plants  are  very 
large  ones,  much  larger  than  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue  crusher. 
We  have  obtained  the  following  data  relating  to  the  cost  of 
operating  a  small  temporary  crushing  plant  on  a  trap  rock  quarry 
from  April  to  October,  1906.  The  crusher  was  a  10^  by  18 
inch  Acme — a  smaller  outfit  than  that  in  use  at  Chestnut  Hill 
Avenue.  The  cost  of  producing  the  stone  is  given  in  detail  in 
the  following  table: 

Cost 
Cost         per  Ton 

Picking  or  drilling $1,165.08        $0.0628 

Breaking 1,937.23  .1042 

Loading 1,843.99  .0994 

Hauling    800.00  .0432 

Crushing 1,229.73  .0662 

Superintendence    437.10  0235 

Coal,  oil,   etc 520.00  .0280 

Dynamite  and  exploders 416.00  .0224 

Total    $8,349.13        $0.4497 

Plant  rental    ($210  per  mo.)... .0792 


$0.5289 

It  appears  from  the  foregoing  table  that  the  total  amount  of 
stone,  18,559  tons,  was  quarried  and  crushed  for  45  cts.  per  ton, 
not  including  rental  of  plant.  The  rental  of  plant — actually  a 
rented  plant — was  $0.0792,  which  added  to  45  cents  would  make 
a  total  cost  of  53  cents -per  ton. 

It  is  important  to  note  that  during  the  test  run  of  the  Chest- 
nut Hill  Avenue  crusher,  the  average  output  was  120  tons  per 
day  for  three  months  (75  days)  of  actual  operation  of  crusher. 
The  nominal  capacity  of  the  crusher  being  240  tons,  it  appears 
that  the  output  was  just  one-half  of  the  capacity.  Under  good 
management  there  should  be  no  difficulty  in  turning  out  240  tons 
of  stone  per  day,  and  this  could  have  been  turned  out  during  the 
test  run  without  materially  increasing  the  expense  of  the  output, 
except  for  the  cost  of  quarrying  and  breaking.  These  items 
would  have  been  materially  increased  if  the  methods,  discipline 
and  character  of  labor  remained  the  same. 

In  considering  this  subject,  it*  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
there  is  not  sufficient  rock  available  at  this  location  to  warrant 
the  establishment  of  a  very  large  crushing  plant.  There  is 
probably  stone  enough  to  supply  the  present  crushing  plant  for  a 
period  of  three  or  four  years.  (This  is  only  a  rough  guess  be- 
cause no  measurements  have  been  taken  upon  which  to  base 
an  opinion.) 

From  a  further  consideration  of  the  statement  in  our  report, 
which  we  have  quoted  above,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  a  con- 
tractor might  produce  crushed  stone  at  the  Chestnut  Hill  Avenue 


CRUSHERS  177 

crusher  for  about  one-half  of  the  cost  of  crushing  stone  during 
the  test  run.  This,  however,  would  probably  not  include  the 
contractor's  profit,  and  would  necessitate  his  having  an  abundant 
market  which  would  enable  him  to  work  the  plant  to  its  maxi- 
mum capacity.  It  is  not  probable  that  the  city  could  let  this  work 
to  a  contractor  for  a  sum  as  low  as  one-half  the  cost,  of  the 
output  during  the  test  run  for  the  reasons  already  given. 

Cost  of  Hauling-  Crushed  Stone  to  the  Streets.  An  examina- 
tion of  the  teaming  checks  co-vering  a  period  of  about  three 
weeks,  a  portion  of  which  was  during  and  a  portion  after  this 
test,  showed  that  the  cost  of  delivering  stone  amounted  to  about 
$0.40  per  ton  for  the  first  mile,  and  about  $0.10  per  ton  for  each 
additional  mile.  Thus,  with  stone  costing  $1.075  per  ton  in  the 
bin,  the  total  cost  to  the  city  of  such  stone  delivered  to  the 
street,  at  a  distance  of  one  mile  from  the  crusher,  would  be 
$1.475  per  ton,  or  at  a  point  two  miles  from  the  crusher,  $1.575 
per  ion.  For  comparison  with  contract  prices,  this  figure  should 
be  increased  by  the  amount  of  the  cost  of  purchasing  and  main- 
taining the  quarry  and  the  proportionate  cost  of  administration 
and  office  forces,  not  only  on  account  of  the  quarrying  and  crush- 
ing, but  also  on  account  of  teaming. 

TABLE  B— DATA  ON  COST  OF  OPERATING  STONE  CRUSHER 

AT   CHESTNUT    HILL   AVENUE   LEDGE,    BRIGHTON, 

MASS.,  FROM  MAY  28   TO   SEPTEMBER 

10,   1908,   INCLUSIVE 

Cost  per 
ton  figured 

Item  Total  cost  on  output 

Labor: 
Supervision   (foreman): 

Quarrying  and  breaking  90  per  cent $    253.58  $0.028 

Crushing,  10  per  cent 28.17  0.003 

Buildings   93.36  0.010 

Installing  drilling  plant 77.21  0.009 

18.00  0.002 

453.95  0.051 

114.16  0.013 

100.66  0.011 

382.57  0.043 

Blasting  and  care  of  explosives 182.29  0.020 

Breaking  stone    1,362.42  0.152 

Hand  drilling  (block  holes) 515.55  0.058 

Loading  stone 1,010.87  0.113 

Removing  and  loading  stripping 124.00  0.014 

Weighing  stone 181.57  0.020 

Weighing  stripping 19.67  0.002 

Feeding  crusher    331.61  0.037 

Crusher  operation  (engineer,  fireman,  oiler  and 

pitman)    539.74  0.060 

Crusher   repairs  . . 55.54  0.006 

Absent  with   pay    27.58  0.003 

Holidays    : 705.75  0.079 

Teaming: 

Buildings     4.50  0.001 

Drilling  plant 3.00  0.000 

Hauling  stone  to  crusher 929.28  0.104 

Hauling  stripping 111.47  0.012 

Hauling  product  to  pile 281.15  0.031 


Removing  and  storing  drilling  plant 

Operating  drills    

Furnishing  steam  for  operating  steam  drills. 
Cleaning  rock  for  drills  and  moving  same.. 
Blacksmith  on  ledge  tools  and  pipe  fittings. 


Total $7,907.65  $0.882 


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180  HANDBOOK   OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

A  COMPARISON  OP  GYRATORY  AND  JAW  CRUSHERS;   THE 
FIELD    IN   WHICH   EACH   IS    SUPERIOR 

Jaw  and  gyratory  crushers  are  the  two  distinct  types  of  crush- 
ers extensively  used  for  the  preliminary  reduction  of  rock  and 
ore.  The  well  known  Dodge  and  Blake  crushers  are  the  best 
examples  of  the  jaw  type  and  have  been  widely  used  for  many 
years.  Aside  from  some  modifications  in  the  method  of  apply- 
ing the  thrust  and  in  the  construction  of  the  frame,  these  ma- 
chines as  built  today  are  similar  to  the  early  designs.  The  gyra- 
tory type  of  rock  breaker  was  introduced  about  1885.  Its  large 
capacity  was  its  most  attractive  feature  and  led  to  its  rapid 
introduction.  The  early  designs  were  faulty  in  many  features. 
There  is  an  improved  design  which  has  become  more  or  less 
standard  with  the  several  manufacturers.  This  is  the  suspended- 
shaft,  two-arm  spider,  drop-bottom  type,  with  cut-steel  bevel 
gears,  forced  oil  circulation,  manganese-steel  crushing  head  and 
concaves. 

Since  it  is  possible  to  purchase  either  type  of  crusher  in  almost 
any  size  and  with  the  assurance  that  the  design  and  construction 
are  adequate  for  the  work  intended,  the  choice  of  type  can  be 
made  strictly  on  the  basis  of  suitability  and  economy.  There 
are  fads  in  machinery  as  well  as  in  millinery.  The  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  gyratory  crusher,  and  its  success  in  meeting 
severe  requirements  have  led  many  to  advocate  the  complete 
retirement  of  the  jaw  type.  Each  type  has  a  field  in  which  it 
is  superior,  and  it  is  easy  to  define  the  limits  of  each.  There 
are  certain  ad-vantages  and  disadvantages  that  are  inherent  in 
each  type  of  machine,  irrespective  of  size  or  service,  and  these 
are  generally  fairly  well  recognized.  Of  greater  importance  and 
less  generally  appreciated,  are  the  characteristics  of  each  machine 
for  a  particular  size  and  service. 

Table  I  has  been  prepared  to  show  at  a  glance  the  compara- 
tive features  of  the  two  types  over  a  wide  range  of  sizes  and 
services.  All  the  machines  quoted  in  the  table,  except  the  two 
largest  sizes  of  gyratory  crushers,  are  standard  sizes.  The 
weights,  capacities,  required  power,  etc.,  are  those  guaranteed  by 
the  manufacturers  for  average  conditions  with  hard,  friable 
rock.  The  machines  quoted  in  the  table  to  deliver  a  certain 
sized  product  are  the  medium  sizes  adapted  to  that  product,  as 
both  larger  and  smaller  machines,  within  small  limits,  could 
be  adjusted  to  produce  a  certain  size  of  material.  The  par- 
ticulars of  the  36x282-in.  and  the  42x345-in.  gyratory  crushers 
are  only  approximate,  as  the  largest  standard  size  manufac- 
tured is  24x198  ins.  Gyratory  crushers  larger  than  24x198  ins. 
have  been  built  to  special  design. 

Size  of  Feed.  Inspection  of  the  compiled  and  calculated  data 
in  Table  I  reveals  the  following  interesting  comparisons:  It 
develops  that  in  each  case  the  gyratory  is  a  machine  of  greater 
weight,  capacity  and  horsepower  than  the  Blake  crusher  for  the 
same  size  feed  and  product.  The  feed  opening  of  the  Blake 
type  is  rectangular,  that  of  the  gyratory  is  necessarily  the  seg- 

I 


CRUSHERS  181 

ment  of  a  ring.  From  this  fact  it  follows  that  the  weight  and 
capacity  of  a  gyratory  crusher  will  increase  more  rapidly  with 
an  increase  in  the  width  of  the  receiving  opening  than  will  the 
Blake  type.  In  other  words,  we  may  vary  the  width  or  the  length 
of  the  feed  opening  in  the  Blake  type  independently  of  each 
other,  while  in  the  gyratory  type  the  width  of  the  feed  opening 
controls  the  entire  design,  and  the  whole  machine  must  be  pro- 
portioned accordingly.  This  is  an  important  characteristic  and 
has  great  influence  in  defining  the  field  of  each  type. 

Weig-ht,  Capacity  and  Horsepower.  Table  II,  which  is  com- 
puted from  the  data  given  in  Table  I,  indicates  a  notable 
superiority  of  the  gyratory  type  as  regards  efficiency  of  power 
consumption  and  capacity  per  ton  weight  of  crusher.  In  all 
cases  tabulated,  except  the  first  (crushing  from  7  to  iy2  ins.), 
the  relative  capacity  of  the  gyratory  is  greater  than  either  the 
relative  weight  or  required  power.  Referring  to  the  third  col- 
umn of  Table  II,  it  appears  that  in  this  case  the  weight  of  the 
gyratory  is  1.6  times  that  of  the  Blake  crusher  for  the  same 
size  feed  and  product,  but  the  capacity  of  the  gyratory  is  2.8 
times  that  of  the  Blake,  and  the  relative  power  required  is  only 
1.66.  This  comparison  between  the  two  types  is  also  emphasized 
by  the  values  of  capacity  per  installed  horsepower  which  were 
computed  for  Table  I.  The  gyratory  is  shown  to  vary  from 
0.58  ton  per  hour  installed  horsepower,  in  the  smallest  size  tabu- 
lated, to  4.80  for  the  largest  size,  while  the  Blake  has  the  values 
0.50  to  2  for  the  same  conditions.  The  greater  duty  per  installed 
horsepower  in  the  gyratory  type  is  due  to  several  reasons.  A  jaw 
crusher  must  break  a  rock  by  simple  compressive  force,  high 
stresses  being  obtained  by  impact.  The  gyratory  has  the  advan- 
tage of  breaking  a  large  number  of  pieces  by  beam  action  be- 
cause of  the  concave  shape  of  the  shell  and  the  convex  shape  of 
the  crushing  head.  This  action  introduces  both  compressive  and 
tensile  stresses  in  the  piece  of  rock,  causing  it  to  break  with  less 
exertion  of  force  because  the  tensile  strength  of  rock  or  ore  is 
only  a  fraction  of  its  compressive  strength. 

The  gyratory  is  more  economical  of  power  owing  to  its  con- 
tinuous action.  A  jaw  breaker  consumes  a  large  amount  of 
energy  in  overcoming'  the  inertia  of  the  heavy  and  rapidly  re- 
ciprocating parts.  Another  feature  which  helps  to  account  for 
the  relatively  large  amount  of  power  that  is  installed  for  Blake 
crushers  is  the  intermittent  character  of  the  work.  The  demand 
is  irregular,  and  may  temporarily  far  exceed  the  average,  so  a 
crusher  of  the  jaw  type  must  be  liberally  equipped  with  power. 

Comparison  of  Operating-  Advantages.  Reference  to  Table"  I 
shows  the  marked  advantage  of  the  Blake  over  the  gyratory 
type  as  regards  the  height  of  crusher.  This  is  an  important 
item,  as  it  controls  the  height  of  buildings.  In  addition  to  the 
greater  actual  height  of  the  gyratory  it  requires  much  clear 
headroom  both  above  and  below  the  machine  for  the  necessary 
raising  and  lowering  of  the  parts.  The  floor  space  occupied  is 
about  the  same  for  either  machine  for  a  certain  size  feed  and 
product. 


182  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  concave  shape  of  the  rigid  shell  of  the  gyratory,  resulting 
in  breaking  some  of  the  rock  by  beam  action,  causes  the  mate- 
rial to  be  more  cubical  in  form  than  the  product  of  a  jaw 
crusher.  For  this  reason  the  gyratory  usually  gives  the  most 
uniform  product  from  a  given  ore  or  rock. 

Other  conditions  being  equal,  there  is  less  actual  wear  on  the 
liners  of  a  jaw  crusher,  because  the  tendency  toward  a  certain 
grinding  action  cannot  be  entirely  eliminated  from  the  gyratory 
type.  Owing  to  the  conical  shape  of  the  concave  liners  of  a 
gyratory  they  cannot  be  reversed  when  worn  at  the  bottom. 
The  plates  for  a  jaw  crusher  can  be  arranged  to  be  turned  end 
for  end  when  the  lower  part  becomes  badly  worn.  For  these  rea- 
sons the  renewals  for  the  gyratory  type  are  a  greater  expense 
than  in  the  jaw  type. 

Provided  the  feed  is  previously  reduced  to  proper  size,  attend- 
ance is  the  same  for  one  machine  of  either  type,  which  gives 
an  important  advantage  to  the  gyratory  in  those  cases  where 
its  larger  capacity  enables  it  to  replace  two  or  more  jaw  crushers. 

Repairs.  Repairs  are  more  difficult  to  make,  and  possibly  more 
frequent,  with  the  gyratory  type.  The  critical  mechanical  fea- 
ture of  the  gyratory  is  the  eccentric  drive  on  the  lower  end  of 
the  main  shaft.  With  hard  rock  and  heavy  feeding  it  requires 
efficient  lubrication  to  keep  the  bearings  cool.  A  well  designed 
Blake  crusher  is  easier  to  keep  in  order.  The  introduction  of 
steel  castings  for  the  main  frame  of  the  jaw  crushers  has 
increased  the  strength  and  lessened  the  weight  of  that  im- 
portant part.  As  regards  vibration  during  operation  the  gyratory 
is  superior,  as  it  runs  very  steadily. 

The  consideration  of  relative  merits  for  a  specified  capacity, 
and  the  comparisons  drawn  therefrom  are  all  on  the  basis  of  a 
given  size  of  feed  and  product.  It  would  be  desirable  to  compare 
the  two  types  on  the  basis  of  given  capacity  as  well  as  size  of 
feed  and  product,  but  this  is  not  possible.  When  we  designate 
the  feed  and  product,  the  size  and  capacity  of  the  appropriate 
crusher  of  each  type  is  determined  thereby,  and  these  vary  widely 
for  the  two  types.  The  bearing  that  the  required  capacity  has 
upon  the  comparison  of  merits,  although  left  for  the  last,  is 
all-important,  as  will  be  shown. 

Consider  the  case  in  the  first  column  of  Tables  I  and  II.  This 
is  the  only  case  of  those  tabulated  in  which  the  gyratory  does 
not  excel  in  capacity  per  ton  weight  of  machine.  If,  however, 
a  particular  installation  required  the  capacity  afforded  by  the 
7x56-in.  gyratory  (seven  tons  per  hour),  it  might  be  selected 
in  place  of  two  10x7-in.  Blake  crushers,  because  of  the  economy 
of  one  machine,  one  foundation,  and  one  attendant.  If,  however, 
advantages  are  to  be  gained,  as  in  small  stamp  mills,  by  dividing 
the  work  between  several  small  crushers  so  as  to  avoid  conveying 
the  crushed  material  and  to  gain  bin  storage  without  additional 
height,  two  small  Blake  crushers  might  be  selected  in  preference 
to  one  gyratory.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  relative  weight 
of  the  two  types  is  not  an  exact  index  of  the  relative  first  cost, 


CRUSHERS  183 

because  the  gyratory  crushers  are  sold  at  a  higher  price  per 
pound  than  the  Blake  type.  There  are  other  factors  affecting 
first  cost  besides  the  price  of  the  machine  at  the  manufacturer's 
works. 

Rock  Breakers  vs.  Bulldozing-.  Referring  to  the  last  columns 
of  the  tables,  there  is  a  most  interesting  case  which  is  not 
generally  well  understood.  We  are  dealing  with  large  receiving 
openings  and  coarse  crushing.  During  the  last  few  years  a 
demand  has  arisen  for  crushers  of  this  magnitude  in  order  to 
introduce  economies  in  the  mining  and  milling  of  ores.  It  has 
long1  been  recognized  that  rock  breaking  is  cheaper  than  stamp 
milling  down  to  a  size  of  about  1  in.,  and  now  it  is  beginning 
to  be  understood  that  rock  breaking  is  cheaper  than  bulldozing 
and  sledging  pieces  several  feet  in  each  dimension.  This,  of 
course,  applies  only  to  large-scale  operations  where  the  amount 
to  be  handled  and  the  transportation  equipment  render  such  an 
installation  feasible.  To  show  the  economies  possible  in  this 
direction  it  may  be  noted  that  at  the  Treadwell  mines  in  1903* 
the  amount  of  powder  used  in  stoping  was  0.34  Ib.  per  ton  of 
ore  mined,  while  it  required  0.85  Ib.  per  ton  mined  to  bulldoze 
this  rock  after  it  was  stoped.  It  required  one  man  breaking  rock 
for  each  machine  drill.  Much  labor  was  necessary  on  the  feed 
floor  of  the  crusher.  The  gyratory  crushers  in  use  did  not  receive 
large  pieces.  It  is  understood  that  improvements  in  this  direc- 
tion are  now  planned. 

Returning  to  the  tabulated  features  of  the  crushers  with  large 
feed  opening,  one  is  impressed  at  once  with  the  enormous  capac- 
ity and  colossal  size  of  the  gyratory  machines  for  this  class 
of  work.  While  the  calculations  show  that  the  gyratory  crushers 
in  these  sizes  have  marked  advantages  in  efficiency,  their  tre- 
mendous size  and  cost  are  prohibitive  unless  their  large  capac- 
ities can  be  utilized.  The  36x28 2-in.  gyratory  is  estimated  to 
have  a  capacity  of  900  tons  per  hour  to  a  12-in.  product,  and  the 
42x345-in.  1,200  tons  per  hour  to  16-ins.  It  would  be  a  re- 
markable mining  or  quarrying  operation  that  would  furnish 
large  material  at  such  a  rate,  and  that  is  why  we  do  not  hear  of 
gyratory  crushers  of  such  dimensions.  Some  machines  have  been 
built  larger  than  24xl98-in.,  but  they  are  not  likely  to  come  into 
general  use.  On  the  other  hand  the  large  Blake  crushers  are 
commonly  built  and  successfully  installed.  Their  capacity  is 
usually  in  excess  of  the  requirement  but,  as  is  evident  from  Table 
I,  not  to  the  prohibitive  extent  that  is  true  of  the  gyratory  type. 

Crushing*  Plant  for  200-Stamp  Mill.  As  an  illustration  of  the 
application  of  the  preceding  data  and  conclusions,  the  design  of  a 
crushing  plant  for  a  200-stamp  mill  will  be  considered.  Assume 
a  wide  body  of  hard  ore,  which  can  be  mined  cheaply  if  the  ore 
does  not  have  to  be  blasted  beyond  what  is  necessary  to  break 
it  from  the  solid,  and  adequate  transportation  facilities  are  pro- 
vided to  convey  the  large  material  to  the  crushing  house.  I 
further  assume  that  a  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  vein 

*  The  Treadwell  Group  of  Mines,  Douglas  Id.,  Alaska,  by  R.  A. 
Kinzie,  Trans.  A.  I.  M.  E.,  1904. 


184 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


and  the  general  conditions  of  mining  are  such  that  it  will  be 
desirable  to  provide  for  receiving  pieces  up  to  36x42  ins.  Assume 
that  the  stamps  have  a  capacity  of  5  tons  per  day,  then  for  the 
200-stamp  mill  1,000  tons  per  day  crushed  to  pass  a  1%-in.  ring 
(equivalent  to  1%-in.  cube)  must  be  delivered  by  the  proposed 


40  50 

Percentages 


Fig.   75a.     Diagram    Showing    Proportions    of    Rock    Crushed 
to   Various   Degrees   of   Fineness. 


crushing  plant.  It  is  apparent  that  the  ore  must  be  crushed 
in  stages.  Since  the  initial  crushers  of  large  receiving  opening 
will  of  necessity  have  a  large  capacity,  it  will  be  best  to  con- 
centrate the  crushing  into  one  8-hour  shift,  thus  introducing 


CRUSHERS  185 

economies   in   operation.      This   calls   for   a   crushing   capacity   of 
125   tons  per  hour. 

In  Table  III  the  distribution  of  sizes  in  run-of-mine  ore  is 
obtained  from  experience.  The  percentages  of  the  different 
sized  particles  in  the  product  delivered  by  any  particular  crusher 
may  be  found  by  consulting  the  diagram  shown  in  Fig.  75a.  For 
example,  when  crushing  to  pass  a  6-in.  ring,  81  per  cent  will  pass 
a  5-in.,  and  about  20  per  cent  will  go  through  a  iy2-m.  ring. 
This  diagram  was  constructed  by  the  Power  and  Mining  Ma- 
chinery Co.,  and  is  stated  to  be  the  result  of  the  compilation  of 
a  large  amount  of  experimental  data.  The  results  obtained  are 
stated  to  have  been  uniform,  and  the  diagram  is  recommended 
to  be  used  to  determine  the  percentages  of  certain  sized  products 
from  any  crusher,  roll,  or  screen.  The  diagram  is  approximately 
correct  for  hard  friable  ore,  and  proper  allowance  must  be  made 
if  the  rock  has  any  inherent  tendency  to  break  in  a  certain  way. 

Taking  the  required  capacities  and  duties  as  arrived  at  in 
Table  III  and  referring  to  Table  I,  it  is  apparent  that  we  would 
select  the  42x36-in.  Blake  crusher  for  the  initial  breaker.  This 
machine  has  excess  capacity  over  what  is  required,  but  not  such 
enormous  excess  cost  and  capacity  as  a  gyratory  for  the  same 
work.  For  the  secondary  crushing  one  12x88-in.  gyratory  is 
strikingly  superior,  as  it  would  require  three  24xl2-in.,  or  two 
40xl2-in.,  or  two  36xl8-in.  Blake  crushers  for  the  same  capacity. 
For  the  final  crushing  two  10x80-in.  gyratory  crushers  would  be 
indicated. 

If  the  ore  foundation  and  conditions  of  mining  and  transporta- 
tion were  such  that  an  initial  crusher  to  receive  pieces  2 4x3 6-in. 
was  sufficiently  large,  it  would  be  found,  upon  making  a  size" 
analysis  similar  to  that  shown  in  Table  III  for  36x42-in.  that  one 
36x24-in.  Blake  machine  crushing  to  4-in.,  followed  by  two 
10x80-in.  gyratory  crushers  each  giving  a  product  to  pass  a 
1%-in.  ring,  would  meet  the  conditions. 

In  an  installation  of  the  size  considered  above,  the  crushing 
plant  would  be  separated  from  the  mill,  the  crushed  product 
being  delivered  to  the  ore  bins  by  conveyers.  The  large  initial 
crusher  must  have  a  solid  foundation,  preferably  resting  directly 
on  the  ground.  The  large  pieces  to  be  handled  make  it  imperative 
that  the  ore  be  dumped  into  a  receiving  hopper  that  feeds  directly 
to  the  large  crusher.  If  a  gravity-plant  site  is  not  available  or 
desirable,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  elevating  the  product  of  the 
initial  crusher  for  further  reduction. 

The  conclusions  reached  above  are  in  accordance  with  the  most 
advanced  practice.  The  economy  of  breaking  by  crusher  over 
bulldozing  and  sledging  is  beginning  to  be  appreciated.  Recent 
installations  in  South  Africa  employ  large  Blake  crushers  for 
initial  breakers,  followed  by  gyratory  machines  preliminary  to 
stamp  milling.  A  notable  installation  in  the  United  States  is 
that  of  a  60x42-in.  Farrell-Bacon  jaw  crusher  capable  of  breaking 
down  to  16-in.  the  largest  pieces  of  hard  iron  ore  that  can  be 
handled  by  a  70-ton  steam  shovel.  Other  plants  where  economies 


186  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

have  been  secured  by  introducing  large  initial  crushers  of  the 
Farrel-Bacon  jaw  type  are  the  Granby  mines,  Phoenix,  B.  C.,  the 
British  Columbia  Copper  Company  and  the  Natomas  Consolidated 
of  California. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  while  each  type  has  a  field 
in  which  it  is  superior,  no  sharp  lines  can  be  drawn  because  of 
the  many  factors  involved.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  with 
the  aid  of  the  data  here  presented  an  investigation  along  the  lines 
indicated  will  quickly  disclose  the  most  desirable  machine  for 
any  particular  service. 

Note  particularly  that  the  capacity  in  tons  per  hour  of  a 
crusher  is  a  very  uncertain  quantity.  The  data  in  these  tables 
have  been  gathered  from  various  sources  and  are  believed  to  be 
fairly  accurate,  but  the  author  disclaims  responsibility  for  what 
any  one  crusher  may  do  on  any  particular  job  or  on  any  particu- 
lar kind  of  rock.  The  only  safe  course  is  to  leave  a  liberal 
margin  for  contingencies.  The  guaranteed  capacity  of  a  manu- 
facturer, even  if  accompanied  by  specifications  and  a  contract 
may  mean  only  the  guaranteed  capacity  for  a  run  of  an  hour,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  hour  the  machinery  may  need  to  stand  still 
for  another  hour  to  cool  off.  Crushers  have  been  sold  on  such 
a  basis  more  than  once  to  the  sad  discomfiture  of  the  contractor. 


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188  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TABLE    III.— SIZE    ANALYSIS. 

Crushing  Plant  Designed  for  125  Tons  per  Hour. 
Tons  per  Hour  Between 
36  and       12  and       Sand  1  %  in 

12  in.         Sin.       1%  in.     and  under 

Run  in   mine    ,. 55              40  15  15 

Feed  to  first  crusher 55 

Product  of  first  crusher   . 30  15  10 

Feed  to  second  crusher 70 

Product  of  second  crusher . .  30  40 

Feed   to   third  crusher .'.  60 

Product  of  third  crusher ..  ..  60 

In  asking  for  estimates  on  crusher  plants,  the  following  in- 
formation should  be  given  the  manufacturer: 

The  nature  of  the  material  to  be  crushed. 
Tons  or  cubic  yards  to  be  crushed  per  day  of  ten  hours. 
Sizes  into  which  the  material  is  to  be  screened. 
The  different  sizes  to  be  obtained. 
Storage  capacity   for   crushed   stone   desired. 

(This  information  will  enable  the  determination  of  the  proper 
length   of  elevator  if  one   is   needed.) 
Whether   power  plant   is    wanted. 

(If  so,  kind  of  power  preferred,  steam  or  electrical.  If  elec- 
trical, advise  whether  direct  or  alternating  current,  and  voltage, 
phase  and  cycle.) 

System  of  delivering  rock  to  the  crusher  best  fitted  to  local 
conditions: 

A — Incline  and  automatic  dump  cars. 

B — Level  with  end  dump  cars  and  tipple. 

C — Level  with  side  dump  cars. 

D — Incline  chute. 

E — Incline  track. 

F — Dump  cars  on  tramway. 

G — Horse  and  cart. 

Give  an  idea  as  to  the  character  of  the  ground  in  the  proposed 
location;  whether  level  or  on  a  hillside.  If  on  a  hillside,  give 
approximately  the  grade  with  a  rough  sketch  of  the  site,  if  pos- 
sible, showing  the  position  of  the  quarry  relative  to  the  plant 
and  the  position  of  railroad  tracks. 

Answers  to  the  above  questions,  together  with  such  other  sug- 
gestions and  directions  as  may  be  offered  by  a  prospective  cus- 
tomer, will  facilitate  very  much  the  preparation  of  plans  and  the 
selection  of  appropriate  machinery  for  the  plant. 


DERRICKS 


LIGHT  DITCH  DERRICK 

3"x4"  spruce,  12'  high,  with  drum,  gear  and  cranks $50.00 

4"    square    spruce,    14'   high 60.00 

3   leg  tripods,   12'  high,  no  gear 16.00 

3  leg  tripods,   14'  high,  no  gear 18.00 

All  ironed  and  painted.     No  rope  or  block. 


Fig.  76. 


TRIPOD   DERRICK  OF  PIPE  AND  DROP  FORGED   FITTINGS 


No. 


Size  of 
pipe  legs 

1     "x  7 

1      "x  8V2 


1V2"X12 
2  "x!2 
2  "x!4 


Weight 

38  Ibs. 

45  Ibs. 

88  Ibs. 
100  Ibs. 
145  Ibs. 
165  Ibs. 


Safe  capacity 
1000  Ibs  . 

Price 

$  3  75 

1000  Ibs 

4  10 

2000  Ibs  

6  75 

2000  Ibs 

7  50 

3000  Ibs.  . 

.  10.50 

3000  Ibs 11.50 


Sulky  derrick  about  15'  high.  One  man,  one  ton,  with  brake, 
blocks  and  50'  of  y2"  steel  wire  rope  or  100'  of  1"  manila  rope. 
Weight,  3,500  Ibs.  Price,  $60.00.  See  Fig.  76. 

189 


190 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


LIGHT    DERRICKS    WITH    WINCHES    OPERATED    BY    HAND 

POWER 

Fig.  78.  These  can  also  be  operated  by  an  engine  and  can  be 
set  upon  a  small  car. 

Fitted  with  manilla  rope  for  light  work.  Sheaves  arranged 
for  three  lines  in  the  boom  tackle  and  two  lines  in  the  hoisting 
tackle. 


Fig.  77.    Plant  for  Loading    Earth. 


1  Derrick,  1500  Ibs.  capacity  with  18'  mast  and  18'  boom.. $46. 50 
100'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  boom  line,  at 

4c  ft 4.00 

150'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  fall  line,  at 

4c  ft 6.00 

300'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  4  guy  lines  at 

5c  ft 15.00 

3  7"  single  wood  blocks  for  hoist  and  boom  line,  at  75c....  2,25 

1  boom  winch,  used  for  operating  the  boom 12.00 


Total    $85.75 

Same  outfit  with  16'  mast  and  16'  boom $85.25 

Same  outfit  with  14'  mast  and   14'  boom 84.75 

Same  outfit  with   12'  mast  and  12'  boom 84.25 

1  light  car,  4'x6',  with  flat  wheels,  complete 25.00 

1  No.  1  light  car,  4'x6',  with  flanged  wheels,  complete 28.00 

All  derrick  irons  for  derrick   (no  rope,  blocks,  boom  winch 

or  timbers,  but  with  drawings  for  mast  and  boom) 31.50 


DERRICKS  191 

FITTED     WITH     STEEL     HOISTING     CABLES     FOB     HEAVY 

WORK 

Sheaves  arranged  for  three  lines  in  the  boom  tackle  and  three 
lines  in  the  hoisting  tackle. 


Fig.  78.     Parker  Derrick  No.  4 — Hand  Power. 

1  Derrick,  capacity  1500  Ibs.,  with  18'  mast  and  18'  boom.  .  $  46.50 
100'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  boom  line 

at  7c  ft 7.00 

200'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  fall  line 

at  7c  ft 14.00 

300'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  4  guy  lines 

at   5c    15.00 

3  8"  single  steel  blocks  for  %"  cable,  with  plain  hooks,  at 

$4.50    13.50 

1  8"  single  steel  block  for   %"  cable,  with  swivel  hook...        9.00 

4  % "  Crosby  clips,  at   20c .80 

2  %"  galvanized  thimbles,  at  lOc 20 

1  No.  1  boom  winch,  used  for  operating  the  boom 12.00 

Total    $118.00 

Same  outfit  with  16'  mast  and  16'  boom $118.00 

Same  outfit  with  14'  mast  and  14'  boom 117.50 

Same  outfit  with  12'  mast  and  12'  boom 116.50 

1  Light  car,   4'x6',  with  flat  wheels,  complete 25.00 

1  Light  car,  4'x6',  with  flanged  wheels,  complete 28.00 


192  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

All  derrick  irons  for  derrick  (no  rope,  block,  boom  winch 

or  timbers,  but  with  drawings  for  mast  and  boom) $;  31.50 

Price  of  two  wooden  stiff  legs  (complete)  to  take  the  place 

of  4  guy  lines 15.00 

Price  of  two  wooden  stiff  legs  (irons  only)  to  take  the 

place  of  4  guy  lines 10.00 

2  single  sheave  brackets  for  steam  power 5.00 

In  building-  1,000  ft.  of  15"  pipe  sewer  at  Big  Rapids,  Mich., 
a  trench  4'  wide  and  about  15.5'  deep  was  dug  in  gravel  and 
boulders.  About  8  cords  of  stone,  many  of  them  large  size 
and  near  the  bottom  of  the  trench,  were  removed.  A  fuller 
description  of  this  work  is  in  Gillette's  "Cost  Data,"  p.  817. 

The  first  5'  were  taken  out  with  a  scraper  and  a  team  and 
driver.  The  remainder  was  removed  in  buckets  with  a  derrick 
of  the  above  type.  About  50'  of  sewer  were  completed  per  day 
at  the  following  cost: 

Per  Day 

1  foreman  at  $2.00 $  2.00 

1  scraper  team  and  driver  at  $3.  <  5 3.75 

1  man  holding  scraper  at  $1.50 1.50 

1  man  dumping  scraper  at  $1.50 1.50 

2  men  pulling  sheeting  and  carrying  it  at  $1.50 3.00 

1  man  pulling  sheeting  and  carrying  it  at  $1.50 1.50 

1  horse  and  driver  on  haul  line  at  $2.50 2.50 

4  men  filling  two  1-6  cubic  yard  buckets  at  $1.50 6.00 

1  man  laying  pipe  and  $2.00 , .- 2.00 

1  pipe  layer's  helper  at  $1.50 1.50 

Total    ,  .• $25.25 

This  gives  a  cost  of  50.5  cents  per  lin.  ft.  of  sewer.  The 
actual  cost  of  excavation  was  20  cents  per  yd.  for  scraper  and 
12.6  cents  for  derrick  work.  The  derrick  was  moved  two  or 
three  times  a  day,  which  took  about  seven  minutes  each  time. 

Fitted  with  Steel  Cable  for  Heavy  Work.  Sheaves  arranged 
for  three  lines  in  the  boom  tackle  and  three  lines  in  the  hoisting 
tackle. 

1  Derrick,  capacity  4000  Ibs.,  with  20'  mast  and  30'  boom.  .$  76.00 
150'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  boom 

line,  at  7c  ft 10.50 

300'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  hoisting 

line,  at  7c  ft 21.00 

300'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  4  guy  lines,  at 

5c  ft 15.00 

3  8"  single  steel  blocks,   with  plain  hooks,  for   %"  cable, 

at  $4.50 13.50 

1  8"  single  steel  block,  with  swivel  hook,  for  %"  cable....        9.00 

4  %"  Crosby  clips,  at  20c 80 

2  %"  galvanized  thimbles  at  lOc .20 

1  boom  winch,  used  for  operating  the  boom 14.00 

Total    $160.00 

Same  outfit  with  20'  mast  and  24'  boom 157.25 

Same  outfit  with  18'  mast  and  18'  boom 154.50 

1  Light  car,  6'x8',  with  flat  or  flanged  wheels,  complete...      30.00 
All   derrick   iron   for   above    (no   ropes,    blocks,   timbers   or 

boom  winch,  but  with  drawings  for  mast  and  boom) ....  53.50 
Price  of  2  wooden  stiff  legs  (complete)  to  take  the  place 

of  4  guy  lines 20.00 

Price  of  2  wooden  stiff  legs  (irons  only)  to  take  the 

place  of  4  guy  lines 12.00 

2  Single  sheave  brackets  for  steam  power 6.00 


DERRICKS  193 

Special  Outfit  Designed  for  Lumber  Yards.  Fitted  with  steel 
hoisting  cable.  Sheaves  arranged  for  three  lines  in  the  boom 
tackle  and  three  Jines  in  the  hoisting  tackle. 

1  Derrick,  capacity  4000  Ibs.,  with  20'  mast  and  30'  boom.'.  $76.00 
150'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  boom 

line,  at  7c  ft 10.50 

300'  of  %"  best  flexible  steel  cable,  estimated  for  fall  line, 

at  7c  ft 21.00 

300'  of  %"  pure  manilla  rope,  estimated  for  4  guy  lines, 

at  5c  ft 15.00 

3  8"  single  steel  blocks,  with  plain  hooks,  for  %"  cable,  at 

$4.50 13.50 

1  8"  single  steel  block,  with  swivel  hook,  for  %"  cable...        9.00 

4  % "  Crosby  clips  at  20c 80 

2  %"  galvanized  thimbles  at  lOc .20 

1  No.  4  boom  winch,  used  for  operating  the  boom 14.00 

Total    $160.00 

Same  outfit  with  20'  mast  arid  24'  boom „ 157.25 

Same  outfit  with  18'  mast  and  18'  boom 154.50 

1  extra  heavy  lumber  yard  car,  6'x8',  with  flat  or  flanged 

wheels,  complete  50.00 

1  8"  snatch  block  for  %"  cable,  with  chain,  for  horsepower 

use  5.00 

1  pair  skidding  tongs,  open  up  to  10" 2.25 

1  pair  skidding  tongs,  open  up  to  14" 3.00 

1  pair  skidding  tongs,  open  up  to  20" 5.00 

Shipping  weights  vary  from  300  Ibs.  to  2,500  Ibs.,  according  to 
size. 

All   irons   for  1,500-lb.   derrick  weigh   approximately   300  Ibs. 
All  irons  for  4,000-lb.   derrick  weigh  approximately   550   Ibs. 

HAND  POWER  BREAST  OB  BUILDERS'  DERRICKS. 

Length   of  timbers    (feet) 16  24  40 

Size  of  timbers  (inches) 4x6  6x8  8x8 

Diameter  of  drum    (inches). 6  6 

Length   of   drum    (inches) 42  60  72 

Price  complete  without  timbers 

or  rope    $36.00  $45.00  $58.50 

Price  complete  without  rope 56.70  67.50  100.00 

Derricks  for  operation  by  steam  engine  cost: 

5  ton  stiff-leg  derrick  with  bull  wheel  and  30'  boom $350.00 

10  ton  guy  derrick  with  50'  boom 550.00 

15  ton  guy  derrick  with  65'  boom 650.00 

Mr.  Saunders  gives  the  following  detailed  cost  of  a  large 
quarry  derrick  with  a  capacity  on  a  single  line  of  20  tons. 

Timber  for  mast  24"x24"x75' $  45.00 

Timber  for  boom   65' J 28.00 

Expense- of  delivering  timber 16.50 

Carpenter  work  on  mast  and  boom  at  $12.50  a  day 25.00 

Derrick  irons,  sheaves 219.00 

2,400'  of  best  galvanized  1"  iron  rope  for  8  guy 237.00 

Thimbles,  clamps,  etc 25.00 

500'  steel  hoisting  rope,  1%" 240.00 

Labor  on  dead  men,  4  men,  2  days  at  $1.40 11.20 

Labor  raising  derrick,  8  men,  2  days  at  $1.40 22.40 

Labor  fixing  guys,  8  men,  2  days  at  $1.40 22.40 

Total    .  $891.50 


194 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Stiff-leg  derrick  complete  capable  of  operating  %-yard  clam- 
shell bucket  on  a  50'  boom.  Equipped  with  8'  bull  wheel,  guide 
sheaves,  framed  complete  with  all  irons.  Boom  12"  x  12"  x  50'; 
mast  10"  x  10"  x  32';  stiff  legs  10"  x  10",  framed  10  horizontal 
to  12  vertical;  sills  10"  x  10".  Price,  $415.00  f.  o.  b.  N.  Y. 

RIGGING   FOR   STIFF-LEG    DERRICK 

1  14"  single  block  with  shackles $10.50 

1   14"  double  block  with  shackles 15.50 

310'  of  4  part  topping  line 

115'  of  4  part  bull-wheel  line  with  clip.3 26.00 

*o*>  of  %"  C.  C.  S.  wire  rope 

of  3"  holding  and  closing  line 26.00 

Total    .  $78.00 


425 
300 


Fig.  79. 

Derrick  fittings  bought  for  second-hand  derrick  of  similar 
description  as  above  for  use  with  3  drum  hoist  and  a  clam  shell 
bucket  cost  as  follows: 

1400  lineal  feet  %"x6x!9  crucible  steel  W.  R.  cable $102.33 

3   14'  double  bronzed  bushed  blocks  at  $13.75. 41.25 

1  14'  single  bronzed  bushed  blocks 9.35 

2  12"  sheaves  bronzed  bushed  blocks  at  $1.75 3.50 

12  guy  clamps  and  bolts  for  %"  rope  at  24c 2.88 

1  12"  snatch  block  bronze  bushed 11.55 

Total    $170.86 

A  car  provided  with  an  A  frame,  a  hoisting  engine  and  light 
jack  arms,  capable  of  lifting  5-ton  boulders,  etc.,  costs  from 
$1,500  to  $2,000  new.  See  Fig.  79. 


DERRICKS  195 

IRONS      FOR      POWER-OPERATED      STIFF-LEG      DERRICKS 


The  following  list,  to  accompany  Fig.  80,  enumerates  the  most 
important  metal  parts  of  stiff-leg  derricks  to  be  operated  by 
power.  It  does  not  include  guide  sheaves,  blocks,  or  other 
running  gear. 


Fig.    80. 


Iron    Work    Complete    for    Power    Stiff- Leg     Derrick — As 
Regularly  Furnished. 


A.  1  Mast  Top  with  straps  and 

gudgeon  pin. 

B.  1  Mast  Bottom  complete  with 

step,    double    sheaves    and 
strap  for  boom. 

C.  1    Flat    Bolted    Boom   Band 

with  2  links. 


D. 


F. 
H. 


1  Single  Boom  Sheave  with 

boxes,  for  center  of  mast. 
1  Double    Sheave   Mast 

Bracket. 

1  Top  Stiff  Leg  Iron. 
Lower  Stiff  Leg  Irons  (two 

of    these    furnished),    and 

all  necessary  bolts. 


196  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Prices  of  derrick   (not  including  timber,  engine,   bull  wheel  or 
guide   sheaves,   blocks,    hoisting   rope,    clamps   or   thimbles)    are: 


Size  of  mast  timber  (inches)  .... 
Length  of  mast  (feet)  .  . 

8x8 
24 

14  x  14 

40 

18  x   18 
36 

Size  of  boom   (inches)  

6x6 

12  x  12 

16  x   16 

Length  of  boom  (feet)    

32 

54 

54 

Size  of  stiff  legs  and  sills   (in.). 
Capacitv  in  tons 

6x6 

1  to  2 

12  x  12 

10  to  1  2 

16  x  16 

20  to  25 

Shipping  weight   (Ibs  )  

750 

2100 

7000 

Price  with  self-lub.  sheaves.. 

$80.00 

$150.00 

$375.00 

On  railroad  work  in  Newark  it  took  six  men  and  a  foreman 
one  day  to  move  a  stiff-leg  derrick  with  a  50'  boom  150  feet  and 
one  day  to  set  it  up,  at  a  total  cost  of  $24.00.  This  includes 
moving  the  engine  and  the  stone  used  to  weight  the  stiff  legs. 
Two  guy  derricks  with  70'  masts  and  80'  booms  were  used  for 
two  years  in  building  a  concrete  filter.  During  that  period  they 
were  erected  once,  moved  five  times,  and  finally  removed  once 
at  a  cost  of  $1,400,  an  average  of  $100  per  move.  As  a  rule, 
however,  a  guy  derrick  can  be  shifted  more  easily  than  a  stiff- 
leg  derrick,  as  there  are  no  stones  to  be  handled. 

Derricks  should  be  provided  with  a  bull  wheel  where  possible, 
ae  the  wages  of  two  tagmen  will  soon  pay  for  it. 

Sizes  and  prices  of  steel  bull  wheels  complete  with  braces: 

Diameter,  For  booms,  Weight 

feet  length  in  feet  complete  Price 

8  40                                1600  $   85.00 

12  60                               2000  110.00 

14  70                                3000  215.00 

16  80                                3700  280.00 

Guide  sheaves  and  rollers  in  frame  for  leading  rope  from 
bull  wheel  to  swinging  drum  of  engine: 


-Price- 


Diameter  of  large  Self-lubricat- 

sheaves  (inches)  Common  sheave  ing  sheave 

10                                       $  4.50  $  5.25 

14                                             6.75  9.25 

18                                           11.00  14.75 

A  derrick  formerly  known  as  the  Kearns  derrick  was  used  in 
the  construction  of  a  14'  concrete  sewer  at  Louisville,  Ky.  The 
sewer  was  4,230  ft.  long  and  had  an  average  depth  of  39.3'; 
the  average  number  of  yards  per  ft.  was  26.5.  The  derrick 
excavated  to  within  14'  of  the  bottom,  and  a  Potter  machine 
excavated  the  remainder  and  carried  it  to  the  rear  for  backfill. 
The  derrick  operated  a  %-yd.  clamshell  bucket,  which  loaded 
into  wagons  for  spoiling  or  into  Koppel  cars  for  backfill.  The 
output  was  about  1,500  cu.  yds.  per  week. 

The  machine  consisted  of  a  stiff-leg  derrick  mounted  on  a 
turn-table.  The  power  plant  was  a  7  x  10  in.  engine  with  three 
drums,  and  a  30  H.  P.  boiler.  The  entire  outfit  cost  about  $6,500. 


DERRICKS  197 

FLOATING    DERRICKS. 
(See  also  Boats.) 

A  floating-  derrick  was  purchased  by  the  city  of  Chicago  in 
1905  at  a  cost  of  $5,287.26.  It  was  used  on  the  hydraulic  filling 
of  the  Lincoln  Park  extension  in  1910  for  various  purposes. 
It  was  in  commission  ten  hours  per  day  and  was  operated  by  a 
crew  consisting  of  an  engineer,  fireman  and  a  varying  number 
of  deck  hands,  usually  four.  The  cost  of  operation  during  1910 
was  as  follows: 

Hours  in  commission 1,783.50 

Labor   of   operation $1,871.29 

Fuel    and   supplies 599.07 

Insurance    100.00 

Labor    repairs 268.70 

Towing     17.62 


Total    $2,856.68 

Total   cost   of  repairs 286.32 

Total  cost  of  operation 2,570.36 

Total  cost  per  hour 1.60 

Total  cost  per  day 16.00 

During  1911  the  derrick  was  in  commission  for  440  hours 
with  a  crew  of  two  men,  and  for  1,254  hours  with  a  crew  of  six 
men.  The  cost  of  operation  and  repairs  for  the  1,694  hours  in 
service  is  given  as  follows: 

COST   OF  DERRICK  OPERATION   AND   REPAIRS. 
Operation  Per  hour 

Labor,    watching $    178.67 

Fuel    237.68 

Supplies     244.63 

Insurance    96.50 


$  757.48          $0.45 
Repairs 

Labor    $  188.70 

Material    140.75 

Teams    14.00 


$    343.45          $0.20 

Total  operation  and  repairs,  excepting  operating 

labor     $1,100.93          $0.65 

April  1  to  Aug.  1,  440  hrs. 

Operating  labor $    568.55          $1.29 

Fuel,  supplies   and   repairs 0.65 

Cost  per  hour,  440  hours $1.94 

After  Aug.  1,  1,254  hours. 

Operating  labor    $3,155.95          $2.52 

Fuel,  supplies  and  repairs 

Cost  per  hour,  1,254  hours $3.17 

Total  cost  for  year $4,825.43 


198  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

DIVING  OUTFITS 


A  diver's  outfit  consists  of  a  metal  helmet  or  head  covering, 
a  breast  plate,  an  air-tight  diving  suit,  and  shoes  with  weights. 
Weights  are  also  attached  to  his  waist  to  overcome  buoyancy. 
The  helmet  always  has  one  window  in  front,  usually  one  on 
each  side,  and  sometimes  one  near  the  top.  The  air  hose  runs 
from  the  pump  to  a  valve  either  in  the  helmet  or  breast  plate. 
Besides  this  one,  a  safety  and  a  regulating  valve  for  controlling 
the  pressure  are  provided.  The  diver  is  raised  or  lowered  by  a 
rope  attached  to  his  waist  called  the  safety  line. 

The  air  pump  is  always  operated  by  hand  power,  may  have 
from  one  to  three  cylinders,  may  be  single  or  double  acting,  and 
of  either  the  lever  or  fly-wheel  type. 

The  prices  of  diving  apparatus  are  as  follows: 

Helmets,  $100;  suits,  $30  to  $60;  other  equipment,  $100  to 
$150;  air  pumps,  $100  to  $400.  The  cost  of  a  complete  outfit 
varies  with  the  depth  of  water  where  it  is  to  be  used.  For 
shallow  water  an  outfit  costs  from  $300  to  $450;  for  moderate 
depth,  $450  to  $700;  and  for  deep  sea  diving,  $700  to  $800. 

The  net  weight  of  helmets  varies  from  37  to  74  pounds.;  gross 
weight,  77  to  144;  shipping  space,  5  to  9  cu.  ft. 

The  net  weight  of  air  pumps  varies  from  30  to  1,400  Ibs.,  and 
shipping  space  from  3  to  40  cu.  ft. 

Diving  dresses  weigh  (net)  16  to  32  Ibs.,  and  occupy  1%  to  4 
cu.  ft. 

Diving  shoes  weigh  (net)  36  Ibs.,  and  occupy  1  cu.  ft.  of  space. 

Air  hose  weighs  about  22  Ibs.  per  length  of  50  ft.  and  occupies 
2  cu.  ft.  of  space. 

Below  are  given  itemized  lists  of  two  complete  outfits: 

DIVING  OUTFIT  No.   1. 

Complete  in  all  respects   for  one  or  two  divers  as  supplied  for 
general  use  of  contractors,  divers,  etc. 

1  Air  pump,  No.  1.  Two  cylinders,  double  action  with  two 
patent  indicating  gauges  to  denote  the  air  pressure  and 
depth  of  each  diver;  with  water  cistern,  two  fly-wheels 
in  ash'  chest,  with  iron  rings  for  lashing $500.00 

These  pumps  have  removable  tills  fitted  into  the  pump  cases, 
in  which  are  furnished  and  packed  the  following  small  parts  : 

1  union  joint,  double  male. 
1  union  joint,  double  female. 
1  nut  for  securing  pump  handles   (spare). 
1  oil  can. 
1  overflow  nozzle. 
12  washers  for  air  hose  (spare). 
1  socket  wrench. 


DIVING  OUTFITS  199 

1   screwdriver. 

3  double-ended  spanners. 

1  10-inch  monkey  wrench. 

Spare  valves,   inlet  and  outlet. 

1  Improved   diving  helmet,    3   lights,   sectional   screw,    to 
receive  air  in  the  head-piece,  or  one  to  receive  air  in  the 
breast-plate;    either   style,    including   safety    valve,    ad- 
justable regulating  valve  and  recessed  gasket  seat....$  100.00 

2  rubber  diving  dresses;   Size  No.    2,   at  $50.00 100.00 

150  feet  standard  white  air  hose  (3  pieces)  with  couplings, 

at   40c    60.00 

1  set  diving  weights,  belt  pattern 22.00 

1  pair  diving  shoes,  with  lead  or  iron  soles 15.00 

2  pairs  rubber  diving  mittens,  at  $5.00 10.00 

1  pair   rings    and   clamps 5.00 

1  life  or  signal  line  (150  feet) 2.50 

1  pair   cuff    expanders 5.00 

1  knife,'  belt  and  air-hose  holder 10.00 

6  feet  snap  tubing,  at  60c 3.60 

1  pair  chafing  pants 4.00 

1  helmet  cushion 3.00 

2  pairs  diver's  stockings,  at  $1.25 2.50 

2  woolen  shirts   and  drawers,  at   $1.50 6.00 

2  pairs  woolen  mittens,  at  $1.25 2.50 

1  woolen  cap 1.25 

1  basket  for  helmet,  dresses,  hose,  etc 18.00 

6  extra  bolts  and  nuts  for  helmet  (spare),  at  25c 3.00 

1  set   extra   couplings    (spare) 2.00 

1  yard  rubber  cloth  for  repairs 2.50 

1  can  rubber  cement  for  repairs  (1  Ib.) .75 

1   cutting    punch .75 


Complete  outfit  for  one  diver $879.35 

Complete  outfit  for  2  divers  will  include  duplicate  of  each 

of  the  above  items  except  the  pump 1258.70 

For  one  diver:  Net  weight,  950  Ibs.;  gross  weight,  1,100  Ibs.; 
shipping  measurements,  56  cu.  ft. 

For  two  divers:  Net  weight,  1,260  Ibs.;  gross  weight,  1,500 
Ibs.;  shipping  'measurements,  80  cu.  ft. 

DIVING  OUTFIT   No.    2. 
Complete  in  all  respects  for  one  diver. 

1  air  pump,  No.  4,  single  cylinder,  double  action,  ash  chest, 
iron  brake,  made  in  sections,  for  packing  inside  pump 

chest,   strong  brass  handles  for  lashing $125.00 

The  equipment  furnished  and  packed  in  this  pump  is  as 
follows: 

1  oil  can. 

1    10-inch  monkey  wrench. 

1  improved  diving  helmet,  3  lights,  sectional  screw  to  re- 
ceive air  in  the  head-piece,  or  one  to  receive  air  in  the 
breast-plate,  either  style,  with  safety  valve,  adjustable 

regulating   valve   and    recessed    gasket    seat 100.00 

1   rubber  diving  dress,   No.   2   size 50.00 

100  feet  standard  white  air  hose  (two  pieces)  with  coup- 
lings, at  40c 40.00 

1  set    diving    weights,    belt    pattern 22.00 

1   pair  shoes,  with  lead  or  iron  soles 15.00 

I  pair   rubber   diving   mittens 5.00 

1  pair  rings  and  clamps 5.00 

1  life  or  signal  line   (125   feet) 2.25 


200  HANDBOOK   OF   CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

1  pair   cuff    expanders $  5.00 

1  diver's  knife,  belt  and  air  hose  holder 10.00 

2  feet  snap  tubing,  at  60c 1.20 

1  pair  chafing  pants 4.00 

:    pair  diver's    stockings 1.25 

woolen  shirt  and  drawers,   at   $1.50 3.00 

pair  woolen  mittens 1.25 

:    woolen    cap 1.25 

basket  for  helmet,  dress,  hose,  etc 18.00 

helmet  cushion 3.00 

3  bolts  and  nuts  for  helmet  (spare),  at  25c 1.50 

%   yard   rubber  cloth   for  repairs 1.25 

1  can  rubber  cement  for  repairs   (1  Ib.) .75 

1  cutting  punch .75 

$416.45 

Net  weight,  360  Ibs. ;  gross  weight,  475  Ibs. ;  shipping  measure- 
ments, 27  cu.  ft. 

SELECTION  OF  DIVING  APPARATUS. 

In  the  selection  of  an  outfit  the  following  points  should  be 
given  careful  consideration: 

1.  Duration  of  the  work. 

2.  Whether  it  is  to  be  conducted  with   long  or  short  spaces 
of  time  intervening. 

3.  Depth  of  water. 

4.  Whether  the  outfit  is  to  be  used  on  rocky  or  sandy  Dottom. 

5.  Character  of  the  work. 

6.  Selection  of  the  pump. 

The  selection  of  the  pump  is  the  most  important  point,  and 
in  view  of  recent  experiments  and  tests  of  the  work  that  can  be 
accomplished  by  a  diver  at  different  depths,  buyers  are  apt 
to  order  pumps  of  too  small  capacity.  A  volume  of  air  equal 
to  that  ordinarily  breathed  at  the  surface  (about  iy2  cubic  feet 
per  minute)  should  be  introduced  into  the  helmet.  The  volume 
of  free  air  that  must  be  taken  in  by  the  pump  at  the  surface 
to  deliver  1%  cubic  feet  per  minute  at  5  fathoms  is  about  3 
cubic  feet;  at  16  fathoms,  about  6  cubic  feet;  at  27  fathoms, 
about  9  cubic  feet,  etc. 

The  following  table  gives  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch 
at  a  given  depth  of  water: 

30  feet,  12%  pounds. 

60  feet,  26%   pounds. 

90  feet,  39       pounds. 

120  feet,  52%  pounds. 

150  feet,  65%   pounds   (usual  limit). 

'   180  feet,  78       pounds. 

210  feet,  91%   pounds. 

240  feet,  104       pounds. 


DRAWING  BOARDS 


Drawing  boards  of  thoroughly  seasoned,  selected  narrow  strips 
of  white  pine,  and  either  finished  natural  or  with  a  light  coat 
of  shellac,  cost  as  follows: 

One  face  for  drawing 12x17"  $0.55 

One  face  for  drawing 16x21"  .80 

One  face  for  drawing 20x26"  1.05 

Both  faces  for  drawing 12  x  17"  .55 

Both  faces  for  drawing 16x21"  .88 

Both  faces  for  drawing 20x26"  1.05 

Both  faces  for  drawing 23x31"  1.45 

Both  faces  for  drawing 27  x  34"  2.40 

Both  faces  for  drawing 31x42"  3.20 

Drawing  boards  of  white  pine,  with  hardwood  ledges  attached 
by  screws,  arranged  to  allow  for  contraction  and  expansion: 

One  face  for  drawing 16  x  21"  $1.20 

One   face   for  drawing 20x26"  1.75 

One  face  for  drawing 23x31"  2.60 

One  face  for  drawing 31  x  42''  4.20 

One   face   for  drawing 33  x  55"  6.80 

One  face  for  drawing 36  x  60"  8.00 

Extra  large  drawing  boards  cf  pine: 

36x72"    $12.80 

36x84" 14.40 

42x60"    12.00 

42x72"    14.40 

42x84"    16.80 

42x96"    i 20.80 

48x72"    19.20 

48x96" 26.40 

48  x  120"    35.20 

54x96"    32.80 

54x120"    40.00 

60x96"    37.50 

60  x  120"    46.50 

Trestles  and  horses  for  drawing  boards.  Wooden  horses,  light 
construction,  37"  high,  35"  long,  per  pair,  $2.60. 

Ditto,  fine  quality,  37"  high,  35"  long,  per  pair,  $4.40. 

Ditto,  fine  quality,  with  removable  sloping  ledges,  37"  high,  35" 
long,  per  pair,  $4.80. 

Adjustable  wooden  horses,  best  workmanship,  36"  long,  adjust- 
able for  height  from  37"  to  47"  on  level  or  slope,  per  pair  $6.00. 

Folding  hardwood  trestle,  37"  high,  with  drawing  board, 
31  x  42",  each,  $12.80. 

Ditto,  33x55",  each,  $16.00. 

Adjustable  drawing  table  with  iron  supports: 

Board,  31  x  42"  each. .  $21.00 

Board,  33x55"  each 23.00 

Board,  36  x  60"  each 24.50 

Board,  42  x  72"  each 28.50 


201 


202  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

DREDGES 


There  are  four  types  of  dredges:  (1)  The  dipper  dredge;  (2) 
the  grapple  dredge;  (3)  the  bucket  elevator  dredge;  (4)  the 
hydraulic  dredge.  For  harbor  work  or  where  the  water  is 
rough  the  scow  containing  the  machinery  also  has  pockets  for 
the  material,  which  it  conveys  to  sea  or  some  other  dumping 
place.  This  is  called  a  hopper  dredge. 

DIFFER  DREDGES 

A  dipper  dredge  is  really  a  long-handled  steam  shovel  mounted 
on  a  scow.  The  dippers  range  in  size  from  %  to  15  cu.  yds. 
This  type  of  dredge  is  adapted  to  work  in  all  kinds  of  materials. 

Mr.  Gillette,  in  Earthwork,  describes  a  home-made  dipper 
dredge,  the  cost  of  which  was  as  follows: 

1  Hoisting  engine  and  boiler  (single  drum,  dbl.  cvl., 

8  H.  P.,  4  %  x  6  ins. ;   weight  3V500  Ibs) ." . .  $    500.00 

2  Scows,   3,200    ft.   B.   M.    (6x34    ft.) 150.00 

10  Sheaves,   6    in 20.00 

120  Ft.  &  in.  hoisting  chain,  250  Ibs.,   @   8c 20.00 

160  Ft.   %    in.  iron,  250  Ibs.,   @   4c '       10.00 

1  Dipper   %   yd.,   400  Ibs.,    @    lOc 40.00 

40  Ft.  cast'iron  rack,  200  Ibs.,   @   lOc 20.00 

1  Turntable  plate  and  rim,  100  Ibs.,   @    lOc 10.00 

100  Bolts,  %  x  12  ins.,  200  Ibs.,  @   5c 10.00 

1,000  Ft.  B.  M.   yellow  pine 30.00 

Labor   and   sundries 190.00 


$1,000.00 

This  dredge  can  be  loaded  on  two  flat  cars  or  four  ordinary 
wagons.  The  crew  consists  of  three  men  and  the  total  cost  of 
operation  is  about  $8.00  per  day.  In  digging  a  trench  18  ft. 
wide  by  12  ft.  deep  the  average  capacity  in  10  hours  is  60  yards 
of  hardpan  or  175  yards  of  river  gravel. 

In  Engineering  News  of  October  30,  1902,  is  described  a  dipper 
dredge  with  a  21/&  cu.  yd.  bucket  which  excavated  in  clay  20  ft. 
below  the  water,  depositing  the  material  in  two  scov/s,  each 
having  a  drop  pocket  of  140  cu.  yds.  A  tug  boat  towed  the 
scow  containing  material  to  the  dumping  ground.  The  total 
cost  of  the  outfit  was  $43,000.  Six  per  cent  interest  plus  6  per 
cent  depreciation  over  100  working  days  gives  a  cost  of  $51.60 
per  day.  The  usual  rental  of  such  a  plant  is  $100.00  per  day. 
The  daily  wages  and  coal  bill  average  about  $30.00.  The  average 
output  in  10  hours  was  745  cu.  yds.  at  a  total  cost  of  "lie 
per  cu.  yd. 

COST   OF   BUILDING   A   2V2    CU.   YD.   DIPPER   DREDGE   AND 
ITS    FIRST    SEASON'S    WORK. 

The  following  notes  on  the  cost  of  dredging  were  abstracted 
from  a  report  by  B.  F.  Powell,  engineer  for  the  Fort  Lyon  Coal 
Co.  at  Las  Animas,  Colo.,  and  appeared  in  Engineering  and  Con- 
tracting for  May  29,  1912.  The  company,  previous  to  1911,  had 


DREDGES  203 

let  all  its  excavation  work  by  contract,  but  after  an  investi- 
gation it  decided  to  purchase  a  dredge  and  do  its  own  excavating. 
Accordingly  a  contract  was  let  to  the  Marion  Steam  Shovel  Co. 
for  a  2y2  cu.  yd.  dipper  dredge,  with  an  80-ft.  boom.  It  was 
estimated  that  the  probable  cost  of  the  dredge,  with  boat,  etc., 
equipped  and  ready  for  operation,  would  be  $26,000.  It  was  esti- 
mated that  the  work  could  be  done  at  a  cost  of  operation  not 
exceeding  4  cents  per  cubic  yard,  while  the  low  bid  received 
for  the  work  was  8%,  cents  per  cubic  yard.  The  difference  on 
1,000,000  cubic  yards  to  be  excavated  would  thus  be  a  saving 
of  $47,000.  Out  of  this  the  dredge  would  be  paid  for  and  leave 
a  balance  of  $20,000,  and  the  machine  would  be  had  for  future 
work. 

The  dredge  was  built  under  the  supervision  of  the  Marion 
Steam  Shovel  Co.  Work  on  it  was  commenced  April  3  and  the 
hull  was  completed  and  launched  on  May  26,  1911.  The  boilers 
were  steamed  up  on  June  5  and  used  from  that  time  on  to 
furnish  power  for  erecting  the  balance  of  the  machinery.  The 
fifteen-day  test  was  begun  on  July  1,  when  it  was  demonstrated 
that  the  dredge  would  excavate  its  estimated  yardage. 

The  hull  of  the  dredge  is  100x41x8  ft.  and  required  135,000 
ft.  B.  M.  of  lumber.  It  has  two  120  H.  P.  boilers,  one  double 
10  x  12-in.  hoisting  engine,  a  double  8  x  10-in.  swinging  engine, 
an  80-ft.  boom  and  a  2y2  cu.  yd.  bucket.  The  amount  of  work 
accomplished  by  the  dredge  *in  the  soft  material  in  which  it 
worked  is  given  below: 

Cu.  Yds. 

July    74,000 

August  and  September 130,000 

October    71,750 


Total    275,750 

The  cost  of  operation  as  given  for  the  month  of  October  was 
$0.0315  per  cubic  yard. 

The  dimensions  of  the  irrigating  and  storage  canal  now  being 
completed  are  120  feet  on  top  and  100  feet  on  the  bottom  for 
the  first  two  miles  from  the  head  gate;  for  the  next  mile  the 
width  is  20  feet  less,  and  after  the  third  mile  the  width  is 
again  reduced  20  feet,  making  the  bottom  width  60  feet,  with 
1  :1  slopes.  The  depth  is  10  feet. 

The   actual   cost  of   the  dredge   follows: 

COST    OF    DREDGE. 
Materials : 

Dredge  equipment    $14,932.00 

Extra  boiler   1,600.00 

Electric  light  plant 500.00 

Freight    413.96 

Tools    250.00 

Extra  machinery    571.17 

Boiler  flues    . 236.80 

Oakum    4.50 

Steel  and  castings    427.70 

Wire   rope    510.75 

Oil    .  317.27 


204  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

COST  OF  DREDGE— Continued 

Coal   and  hauling $  2,896.68 

Hardware    '. 1,880.22 

Groceries  and  camp  supplies 1,611.45 

Lumber     5,033.27 


Total    $31,185.77 

Labor: 

Constructor    $  584.70 

Foreman    984.92 

Cook    155.00 

Dredge  runner 722.83 

Labor    1,717.03 

Carpenters     1,232.05 

Hauling    404.45 

Sundry  expenses,  materials,  teams,  labor 2,818.33 


Total $     8,619.33 


Total,  labor  and  material $39,804.08 

The  above  table  shows  the  cost  of  the  dredge,  its  construction 
and  its  operation  until  the  end  of  the  season,  November  11,  1911, 
as  shown  by  the  company's  books.  If  we  multiply  the  yardage 
excavated  by  about  4  cents  (the  cost  of  operation)  and  deduct 
this  amount,  $11,030,  from  the  total  shown  in  the  table,  the 
result  should  give  the  cost  of  the  dredge  ready  for  operation. 
This  is  $28,774. 

The  following  data  were  abstracted  from  an  article  by  Mr. 
C.  W.  Durham  in  Professional  Memoirs,  and  reprinted  in  Engi- 
neering and  Contracting,  July  17,  1912: 

The  equipment  includes  three  dipper  dredges,  Ajax,  Vulcan 
and  Phoenix,  and  two  pipe-line  dredges,  Geyser  and  Hecla.  As 
will  be  noted,  the  care  and  upkeep  of  dredges  are  very  expensive, 
and  in  the  case  of  suction  dredges  the  pontoons  and  catamarans 
also  require  much  repair. 

The  Ajax  has  hull  dimensions  70x26x6  feet;  she  was  rebuilt 
in  1894  and,  with  large  annual  miscellaneous  repairs,  has  been 
kept  in  good  condition. 

The  Vulcan,  oak  hull,  80x30x8  feet;  nominal  repairs  to  1890; 
hull  rebuilt  in  1892-1893  and  1898-1909;  condition  now  good, 
although  annual  repairs  have  been  large  for  the  past  eight 
years. 

The  Phoenix,  oak  hull,  80x8  feet;  nominal  repairs  to  1890; 
hull  rebuilt  in  1895-1896;  burned  and  entirely  rebuilt,  using  a 
portion  of  the  old  machinery,  in  1908-1909,  at  a  cost  of  $19,581.29; 
now  in  good  condition. 

The  Geyser,  with  eleven  pontoons,  was  built  by  the  United 
States  at  small  cost,  using  an  old  boiler  and  pump;  hull  pine, 
100x20x4  feet;  pump,  12-in.  suction;  large  expenditures  each 
year  for  pump,  pipe  pontoons,  etc.,  in  addition  to  hull  repairs; 
condition  bad.  /. 

The  Hecla,  15-in.  suction  dredge,  with  eleven  pontoons;  built 
by  United  States;  large  repairs  every  year;  hull  fir  and  oak, 
120x26x5  feet;  rebuilt  1909-1910;  good  condition. 


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205 


206 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


SOME  COSTS  OF  DREDGEWORK  ON  THE  LOS  ANGELES 
AQUEDUCT. 

The  following  costs  of  dredging-  are  taken  from  the  monthly 
report  for  February,  1911,  on  a  section  of  the  Los  Angeles 
aqueduct  through  the  Owens  Valley.  The  dredge  consists  of 
a  scow  on  which  is  mounted  a  No.  60  Marion  electric  shovel 
with  a  1%  cu.  yd.  dipper.  The  cost  of  the  dredge  was  $19,897, 
and  it  was  built  according  to  the  specifications  of  the  aqueduct 
engineers.  The  yardage  is  based  upon  the  theoretical  section 
of  the  aqueduct,  or  14.81  cu.  yds.  per  lineal  foot.  This  is 
exceeded  to  a  small  extent  by  excess  cutting.  The  following 
are  the  data  for  February: 


Teams  and 

men. 

Men,  No.  of  days.  .  .          10 
Live    stock,    No.    of 

days    

Lineal  feet   .  . 

Cubic  yards 

Labor  costs    $34.29 

Live  stock  costs 

Cost    materials    and 

supplies 

Power  cost 

Freight  cost 


Renewals 
Operation,    and  rep. 


205 

56 

2,625 

38,876 

727.39 

50.40 

1.76 

408.51 
.35 


241 

12 


Misc. 
3 


Totals. 
459 


838.81 
10.80 

120.32 

9.79 

24.06 


$17.85 


$1,618.34 
61.20 

122.07 

418.30 

24.41 


Total  costs $34.29      $1,188.40      $1,003.78      $17.85      $2,244.32 

$0.0565 


Unit   cost   per 

cubic  yard $0.0001   $0.0306         $0.0258 


The  unit  cost  per  cubic  yard  for  the  month  figures  5.65  cents, 
but  the  unit  cost  given  for  the  work  of  the  dredge  to  date  is 
6.7  cents. 


GRAPPLE    DREDGE. 

Grapple  or  grab  bucket  dredges  are  also  known  as  clamshell 
or  orange  peel  dredges,  according  to  the  type  of  bucket  used 
in  excavating.  They  are  adapted  to  work  in  very  deep  water 
or  in  confined  places,  such  as  caissons. 

In  Engineering  News,  February  2,  1899,  an  Osgood  10  cu.  yd. 
clamshell  dredge  is  described.  The  crew  consisted  of  ten  men, 
and  five  tons  of  coal  were  consumed  in  ten  hours.  The  machine 
had  a  capacitj'-  of  one  bucket  load  per  minute  and  averaged 
about  400  cu.  yds.  per  day. 

The  table  on  page  216  has  been  compiled  from  the  report  of 
Gen.  Bixby,  Chief  of  Engineers  of  U.  S.  A.,  for  the  fiscal  year 
of  the  U.  S.  Government  ending  June  30,  1911,  and  contains 
some  important  data.  The  column  headed  "Total  Cost  of 
Dredging"  is  understood  to  include  cost  of  repairs,  but  not 
interest  and  depreciation.  The  oldest  of  these  dredges  seems 
to  have  been  built  in  1869,  which  would  make  its  age  at  the 
time  of  the  report  42  years.  It  is  hardly  safe,  however,  to 


DREDGES  .  207 

consider  this  the  standard  age  for  computing  depreciation.  At 
the  age  of  30  a  dredge  is  either  so  antiquated  as  to  make  repairs 
very  heavy,  or  so  out  of  date  as  to  make  it  uneconomical  to 
operate.  Therefore,  fixing  30  years  as  the  life,  which  is  more 
than  that  of  the  average  locomotive  in  the  United  States,  and 
allowing  interest  at  6  per  cent,  the  annual  interest  and  depre- 
ciation on  the  total  cost  of  the  dredges  would  be  $82,061,  or 
about  2c  per  cu.  yd.  in  addition  to  the  average  figure  of  13. 6c 
given  in  the  table. 

A  clam  shell  dredge,  Delta  (Fig.  81),  was  used  by  the  Cali- 
fornia Development  Co.  from  November,  1906,  to  the  present  time 
(1912)  in  places  where  it  was  necessary  to  build  up  levees  to 
greater  heights  than  could  be  reached  by  the  dipper  dredges. 
The  following  description  is  compiled  from  a  paper  by  Mr.  H. 
T.  Corry,  Trans.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  November,  1912: 

The  dredge  had  a  hull  120  ft.  long,  54  ft.  wide,  and  11  ft. 
deep,  and  was  equipped  with  a  clamshell  bucket  mounted  on 
a  150  ft.  boom.  The  machinery  comprised  a  150  H.  P.  internally 
fired,  circular,  fire-tube  boiler,  and  a  20  x  24-in.  engine  on  each 
side.  Work  on  the  hull  was  started  May  1,  the  hull  launched 
August  15,  and  the  machinery  in  place  at  the  end  of  October. 
The  total  cost  of  the  dredge  was  $80,000,  including  $34,000  for 
machinery  f.  o.  b.  San  Francisco.  The  weight  of  the  craft  was 
850  tons. 

Operatives: 

1  captain  at  $125  to  $150  per  month  and  board. 
3  levermen  at  $85  per  month  and  board. 

2  firemen  at  $60  per  month  and  board. 

2  deckhands  at  $50  per  month  and  board. 

1  cook  at  $50  per  month  and  board. 

1  blacksmith  at  $90  per  month  and  board. 

1  roustabout  at  $40  per  month  and  board. 

Three  shifts  were  worked,  making  a  total  of  22  hours  actual 
work  per  day.  The  average  time  in  operation  was  28  days  per 
month.  In  good  ground,  with  side  swings  averaging  70  degrees 
on  each  side,  the  time  per  bucketful  was  40  seconds.  The 
quantity  handled  varied  with  the  kind  of  material  from  3  to  8 
cu.  yds.  extremes.  On  the  Sacramento  River,  under  good  con- 
ditions, 150,000  cu.  yds.  per  month  were  handled. 

Monthly  expenses: 

Maintenance  and  operation $2,500.00 

Interest  on  investment  at  6  per  cent 400.00 

Taxes  and  insurance 200.00 

Deterioration    700.00 


I  $3,800.00 

The  foregoing  "monthly  expense"  is  a  minimum;  ordinarily, 
in  Mexico,  the  monthly  expense  was  $5,000.  The  average  cost  in 
Mexico  was  4  to  6  cents  per  cubic  yard. 


208 


DREDGES  209 

LADDER  DREDGE. 

Bucket  elevator  dredges  are  known  as  bucket  ladder  dredges, 
chain  bucket  dredges  or  endless  bucket  dredges.  They  are  used 
principally  abroad,  and  in  the  United  States  mainly  on  canal 
work.  They  are  very  good  where  the  cutting  is  light  and  also 
in  finished  work,  for  they  leave  a  smooth  bottom. 

In  Trans.  A.  S.  of  M.  E.,  1886-7,  Mr.  A.  M.  R6binson  says  that 
1  H.  P.  on  an  elevator  dredge  will  excavate  5  to  9  cu.  yds. 
whereas  in  a  dipper  dredge  1  H.  P.  will  excavate  about  3% 
cu.  yds.  in  32  ft.  of  water. 

In  Engineering  News,  August  4,  1892,  a  Bucyrus  bucket  ele- 
vator dredge  is  described.  The  average  daily  output  was  1,180 
yards  in  10  hours  in  soft  sponge  material.  The  crew  consisted 
of  six  men  and  the  cost  of  excavation,  per  cu.  yd.  was  about  3c. 

In  a  paper  read  before  the  Institute  of  Mining  and  Metallurgy 
of  Great  Britain  on  April  19,  1906,  Mr.  E.  Seaborn  Marks  and 
Mr.  Gerald  N.  Marks  gave  descriptions  of  bucket  dredges  used 
for  dredging  gold  in  Australia.  A  total  of  50,000  to  70,000 
sup.  ft.  of  timber  are  used  in  building  a  pontoon  which  will 
measure  from  70  to  90  ft.  or  more  in  length,  about  30  ft.  in 
width  and  6  ft.  6  in.  in  depth.  These  dimensions  vary  with 
the  weight  of  machinery  and  the  general  arrangement  and 
design  of  the  plant.  Australian  hard  woods  are  excellent 
material,  on  account  of  their  strength  and  durability,  but  their 
weight  is  an  objection  should  a  shallow  draft  be  required.  In 
this  case  Oregon  pine  would  be  preferable  for  planking,  with 
hard  wood  framing.  If  hard  wood  is  not  procurable,  pitch  pine 
should  be  used  for  framing-,  as  Oregon  does  not  hold  spikes 
securely.  All  pontoons  are  coated  with  tar  to  preserve  the 
timber,  after  the  seams  have  been  calked,  and  are  plated  with 
%-in.  steel  plate  for  6  ft.  at  either  end  as  a  protection  from 
sunken  logs.  In  countries  where  transportation  is  difficult  and 
skilled  labor  scarce,  pontoons  are  constructed  of  steel  plates 
and  girders.  These  are  built  in  the  works  and  afterwards  taken 
to  pieces  and  shipped  in  sections.  The  cost  of  building  three 
plants  and  pontoons  is  given  below,  but  these  prices  will 
necessarily  vary  with  the  cost  of  transporting,  labor  and  such 
items: 

(1)  A  pontoon   of  hard   wood   with   an   inner   skin   of   Oregon 
pine  cost  $5,760.     The  complete  plant  cost  $32,500.     This  machine 
is  a  screen  dredge  with  a  discharge  into  a  sluice  run.     A  similar 
plant  with  a  tailings   elevator    (in  which  case  the  screen   would 
be  lowered  to  within  a  few  feet  of  the  deck  and  power  thereby 
saved   in   pumping   up    the   water   for   washing  purposes)    would 
cost    approximately    $5,000    more. 

(2)  The    pontoon    constructed    of    Oregon    planking    spiked    to 
hardwood    framing    of    cheap    and    effective    design    cost    $4,140. 
The  complete  plant  cost  $27,500.     The  frame  has  diagonal  struts 
forward,   on   the   lower   one   of   which   the   frame   is   pivoted   and 
can  be  moved  up  and  down  to  alter  the  dredging  depth. 


210  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

(3)  A  pontoon,  built  on  somewhat  different  lines  with  diagonal 
and  cross  braces,  is  constructed  of  Oregon  planking  with  hard 
wood  frames  and  is  suitable  for  working  light,  shallow  grounds. 
The  gantry  from  which  the  ladder  is  swung  is  constructed  of 
steel  in  the  first  two  pontoons  but  in  this  case  it  is  of  Oregon 
pine.  This  dredge  has  a  combination  of  sluice  box,  screen  and  ele- 
vator and  can  be  lengthened  so  as  to  do  the  combined  work  of  a 
screen  and  tailings  elevator.  The  cost  of  the  plant  complete 
was  130,000.  The  buckets  in  general  use  were  of  4%  cu.  ft. 
capacity  of  5-16  to  ~%  in.  steel.  They  varied,  however,  from 
3  to  12  cu.  ft.  capacity.  The  boiler  generally  used  is  of  the 
return  tube  marine  type  with  internal  flue  working  up  to  120 
Ibs.  per  sq.  in.  It  is  usually  6  ft.  6  in.  in  diameter  and  8  ft. 
long  (12  ft.  over  all  with  combustion  chamber  and  smoke  box), 
fitted  with  48  tubes  and  will  give  75  I.  H.  P.  The  engine  is 
from  16  to  25  H.  P.,  making  125  revolutions  per  minute.  The 
16  H.  P.  one  has  compound  cylinders  8x14%  and  14x14%  ins. 
A  belt  from  the  fly  wheel  connects  with  the  first  motion  shaft, 
and  the  pulley  works  a  12  in.  centrifugal  pump. 

The  following  table  is  the  result  of  two  dredges  used  in 
dredging  gold. 

No.   1  Dredge.        No.   2  Dredge. 
Full  working  time  for  a  year..  52  wks.  or  7,488  hrs.  in  each  case. 

Actual  time  worked 6,161  hrs.  5,572  hrs. 

Percentage  of  lost  time 17.70%  25.6% 

Gross  capacity  of  dredge 130  cu.  yds.  112.5  cu  yds. 

Material  actually  treated 325,e8r96.3'  cu.  SOS.YeO^u.  yds. 

*Percentage  of  material  treated  yds. 

relatively    to    gross    capacity 

for  time  worked 40.6%  48% 

Gold  recovered 1,198   oz.   12  1,393  oz.  17 

dwt.  dwt.   22  gr. 

Net  value £4,815  19s  2d  £5,103  18s  Id 

Total  working  expense £3,321  18s  8d  £4,149  16s  7d 

Net  profit   £1,494     Os  6d  £1,954  Is    6d 

Value   per   cu.    yd.    of   material 

treated    1.76  gr.  or  3.5d  2.2  gr.   or  4d 

Cost  of  treatment  per  cu.  yd.  ..  2.4d  2.4d 

•"Calculated  in  each  case  with  4%  cu.  ft.  buckets,  but  in  the 
first  13  buckets  and  in  the  second  11.25  buckets  per  minute  were 
delivered. 

The  following  table  gives  the  expenditures  during  the  week 
ending  Aug.  17,  1905: 

No.  1  Dredge.  No.  2  Dredge. 

£.  s         d.  £.     »s.        d. 

Wages     30  17       1.2  30     15  11.2 

Repairs    and    renewals...    10  15       4.4  6     10  1.7 

Fuel     8  17  7.4  5      15  11.9 

General   expenses    015       2.5  1       5  10.5 

Traveling  expenses    0  3       3.8  0       2  3.5 

Rent  on  leases 0  10       8  9  3     19  9.7 

Freight    and   cartage 1  0       7.2  11  2.0 

Insurance    0  11       7.5  0     15  2.3 

Dredge  supplies    0  16        1.8  0     14  4.2 

Office   and   management..      9  9  10.5  9     10  8.7 

63      17        7.2  60      11        5.7 


DREDGES  211 

A  bucket  ladder  dredge  and  special  conveyor  were  built  at 
Adams  Basin  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal  during  the  summer 
of  1909. 

The  dredge  itself  is  floated  on  two  steel  pontoons  which  are 
parallel  to  each  other  and  .are  braced  together  by  a  rigid  frame- 
work. A  gantry  projects  in  front  of  and  between  the  pontoons 
and  supports  the  ladder,  which  extends  to  the  bottom  of  the 
canal.  The  buckets  each  have  a  capacity  of  5  cu.  ft.  From  a 
hopper  at  the  top  of  the  ladder  the  material  is  discharged 
upon  a  belt  which  in  turn  discharges  into  a  second  hopper  and 
a  second  belt  at  the  rear  of  the  dredge.  A  third  belt  is  carried 
on  a  separate  pontoon,  along  a  steel  cantilever  frame  which 
carries  the  belt  40  or  50  ft.  to  the  bank.  Each  belt  is  operated 
by  a  separate  motor  receiving  power  from  the  dredge.  The 
plant  cost  $70,000. 

The  cost  of  the  work  for  the  first  three  months  was  as 
follows: 

August,    1909;    18,638    cu.    yds.   excavated: 

Coal    and   oil 1  .  .  .$1,984.50 

Fifteen  tons  coal  for  hoisting  engine,   at  $2.85 42.75 

Miscellaneous  supplies  for  hoisting  engine 5.25 

Miscellaneous  supplies  for  hoisting  engine  and  derrick..  6.48 

Hauling   supplies    54.00 

Crew    of    dredge 2,296.68 


Total    cost    $4,389.66 

Cost  per  cu.  yd.,  23.6  cents. 

Interest  and  depreciation,  etc.,  were  not  to  be  included,  on 
account  of  commencing  work  in  this  month. 

Drains  and  scrapers  supplemented  the  dredge,  moving  6.244 
yds.  for  a  total  of  $1,280.50,  or  20.5  cts.  per  cu.  yd.  The  cost 
of  wooden  forms  and  of  spreading  and  compacting  amounted  to 
$1,193.25  for  10,015  cu.  yds.  of  embankment,  or  11.9  cts.  per  cu.  yd. 

September,   1909;  32,000  cu.   yds.  excavated: 

Interest,  dep.   and  repairs $2,205.00 

180  tons  coal,  at   (2  tons  per  shift) 513.00 

150  gals,  gasoline  at  12  cts 18.00 

Oil  (80  gals,  at  19  cts.;  60  gals,  at  35  cts) 36.20 

1,200  Ibs.  grease  at  8  cts 96.00 

200  Ibs.  waste  at  8  cts 16.00 

Teams 245.00 

Labor 2,827.00 


Total  cost $5,956.20 

Cost  per  cubic  yard,  18.6  cents. 

A  total  of  90  eight-hour  shifts  were  worked.     The  cost  of  the 
embankment  was  as   follows: 

Labor,   spreading  and  Compacting $3,151.50 

Hauling  form  lumber    177.16 

Cost    form    lumber 1,125.00 

General     290.00 

Labor   on    forms 828.32 

Hauling  supplies   55.00 


Total   $5,626.98 


212  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Only  11,000  cu.  yds.  were  allowed  for  the  above  work  on 
embankment,  as  the  forms  gave  way  and  the  soft  material  had  to 
be  scraped  back.  This  brought  the  cost  of  embankment  for 
the  month  up  to  51.1  cts.  per  yd. 

October,   1909;   25,500  cu.  yds.   excavated: 

Interest   and    depreciation $2,351.66 

186  tons  coal  at  $2.85 530.10 

Labor    $ 3,145.58 

Teams 5.00 

Oil,   grease   and   waste 153.09 

Gasoline 18.60 

Repairs     18.90 


Total    cost    $6,222.93 

Cost  per  cubic  yard,  24.4  cents 

A  total  of  93  eight-hour  shifts  were  worked.  The  cost  of 
embankment  was  as  follows: 

Labor,   spreading-  and   compacting $2,898.25 

Forms     567.50 

Erection     108.50 

Hauling    95.00 

Total     $3,669.25 

This  gives  for  21,800  cu.  yds.  of  embankment  a  cost  of  16.9 
cts.  per  cu.  yd. 

RECENT      EXAMPLES     OF      CALIFORNIA      GOLD      DREDGES 
WITH    COSTS    OF    DREDGING. 

A  concise  statement  of  practice  in  California  in  dredge  con- 
struction for  reclaiming  gold  from  underwater  gravels  is  taken 
from  an  elaborate  paper  by  Mr.  Charles  Janin  in  the  bulletin 
for  March,  1912,  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers. 
The  paper  also  gives  a  table  of  costs  which  are  of  general 
interest  in  view  of  the  increasing  favor  with  which  elevator 
dredges  are  being  considered  in  America. 

The  modern  California  type  dredge,  with  close-connected  buck- 
ets, spuds  and  belt  conveyor  for  stacking  tailings,  was  a  gradual 
development  through  years  of  experimenting.  This  dredge  em- 
bodies the  ideas  .of  successful  operators,  and  it  is  generally 
conceded  that  dredge  construction  and  operating  methods  in 
California  are  far  ahead  of  those  in  any  other  country  in  the 
world.  The  dredges  built  in  California  cost  from,  $25,000  to 
$265,000  each;  a  standard  8.5  cu.  ft.  boat  costing  from  $150,000 
to  $175,000,  according  to  conditions  to  be  met  in  operation.  With 
great  improvements  made  in  dredge  construction,  and  corre- 
sponding reduction  in  operating  costs,  areas  that  were  at  first 
considered  too  low  grade  to  be  equipped  with  a  dredge  are  being 
profitably  worked. 

California  dredges  vary  in  size  from  3.5  to  15  cu.  ft.  buckets. 

In  Alaska  some  dredges  are  equipped  with  buckets  as  small 
as  1.25  cu.  ft.  to  dig  shallow  ground,  and  are  reported  to  be 


DREDGES  213 

working  profitably.  While  electricity  is  the  ideal  power  for 
operating  dredges,  steam  has  been  successfully  used  on  a  number 
of  installations,  and  experience  has  proved  the  merits  of  the 
gasoline  and  distillate  engine  for  -this  work.  There  seems  little 
doubt  but  that  the  successful  development  of  the  gas  producer 
for  the  generating  of  electric  power  will  prove  an  important 
factor  in  considering  future  dredging  of  gravel  areas  in  districts 
where  electric  power  or  water  power  for  the  installation  of 
hydro-electric  plants  is  not  at  present  available. 

One  of  the  largest  gold  dredges  operating  in  California  was 
put  in  commission  at  Hammonton,  in  Yuba  River  basin,  August 
10,  1911.  This  dredge  was  built  by  the  Yuba  Construction  Co. 
and  is  one  of  five  practically  similar  dredges  built  by  the  same 
company  this  year.  It  required  820,000  ft.  of  lumber  for  ths 
hull  and  housing  the  hull;  its  dimensions  are  150x58.5x12.5  ft., 
with  an  overhang  of  5  ft.  on  each  side,  making  68.5  ft.  total 
width  of  housing.  The  digging  ladder  is  of  plate  girder  con- 
struction and  designed  to  dig  65  ft.  below  water  level,  and  is 
equipped  with  ninety  15  cu.  ft.  buckets  arranged  in  a  close 
connected  line.  The  entire  weight  of  the  digging  ladder  and 
bucket  line  is  approximately  700,000  Ibs.  The  washing  screen 
is  of  the  revolving  type,  roller  driven,  and  is  9  ft.  in  diameter 
by  50.5  ft.  long  and  weighs  111,721  Ibs.  Two  steel  spuds  are 
used,  each  weighing  over  44  tons.  The  ladder  hoist  winch  has 
a  double  drum  and  weighs  67,016  Ibs.  The  swinging  winch  con- 
sists of  eight  drums  and  weighs  34,193  Ibs.  The  stacker  hoist 
winch  weighs  3,732  Ibs.  The  gold  saving  tables  are  of  the 
double  bank  type  and  have  an  approximate  riffle  area  of  8,000 
sq.  ft.  The  tailings  sluices  at  the  stern  can  be  arranged  to 
discharge  the  sand  from  the  tables  either  close  to  the  dredge 
or  at  some  distance  behind.  The  conveyor  stacker  belt  is  42 
in.  wide  and  275  ft.  long,  on  a  stacker  ladder  of  the  lattice 
girder  type,  142  ft.  long.  Nine  motors  are  in  use  on  the  dredge 
with  a  total  rated  capacity  of  1,072  h.  p.  The  total  weight  of 
hull  and  equipment  is  4,640,862  Ibs. 

Natoma  No.  10  dredge,  now  under  construction,  is  equipped 
with  15  cu.  ft.  buckets,  and  will  have  a  steel  hull,  being  the 
first  dredge  operating  on  a  steel  hull  in  California.  The  hull 
will  be  150  x  56  x  10.5  ft.  and  will  have  a  total  weight  of  920,000 
Ibs.  This  will  be  about  one-half  the  weight  of  a  wooden  hull 
to  carry  the  same  machinery,  and  the  draft  of  the  boat  will 
be  considerably  lighter.  This  boat  will  be  in  operation  in  April, 
1912. 

The  machinery  of  some  California  dredges  has  been  dismantled 
and  moved  to  other  fields  and  installed  on  new  dredges.  The 
estimated  cost  of  dismantling  the  Scott  River  dredge,  which  was 
equipped  with  7.5  cu.  ft.  buckets,  building  a  new  hull,  installing 
machinery,  including  a  28-mile  haul,  with  a  freight  cost  of  over 
1  cent  per  pound  and  building  a  5-mile  transmission  line,  was 
$80,000.  The  Butte  dredge  was  put  in  operation  in  November, 
1902,  and  dismantled  in  July,  1910.  It  was  equipped  with  3.5 

I 


214  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

cu.  ft.  buckets.  The  machinery  is  being  placed  on  a  new  hull  and 
includes  a  new  bucket  line  of  4  cu.  ft.  buckets.  The  cost  of  the 
installation  has  been  estimated  at  $30,000. 

The  dipper  dredge  has  been  successfully  operated  on  small 
areas  at  Oroville  and  elsewhere,  but  does  not  meet  with  approval 
among  dredge  operators  in  general,  who  contend  that  the  effi- 
ciency of  these  boats,  both  as  to  yardage  and  gold  saving 
capacity,  is  not  up  to  that  of  the  standard  type.  These  boats 
have  a  low  first  cost  (about  $25,000,  f.  o.  b.  factory)  and  are 
built  with  buckets  of  from  1.25  to  2.5  cu.  yds.  capacity.  It  is 
claimed  by  the  dealers  and  some  operators  that  under  the  fol- 
lowing conditions  there  is  a  field  for  this  type  of  dredge: 
(1)  Where  the  ground  is  somewhat  shallow;  (2)  where  the 
extent  of  the  ground  is  not  sufficient  to  warrant  the  installation 
of  a  costly  dredge;  (3)  where  the  material  is  of  a  rough  char- 
acter, boulders  and  stumps;  (4)  where  the  ground  is  mixed 
with  more  or  less  clay,  as  the  dipper  will  relieve  itself  not- 
withstanding the  adhesiveness  of  the  material. 

What  seems  to  be  a  record  in  dredge  construction  is  the 
building  of  the  dredge  for  the  Julian  Gold  Mining  &  Dredging 
Co.  on  Osbourn  creek,  near  Nome,  Alaska,  This  dredge  was 
constructed  by  the  Union  Construction  Co.  of  San  Francisco. 
The  dredge  was  shipped  from,  San  Francisco  on  June  1,  arriving 
at  Nome  June  13.  On  June  17  the  company  commenced  hauling 
material,  and  on  July  22  the  dredge  was  completed  and  opera- 
tions started.  The  dredge  hull  is  30x60x6.5  ft.  It  is  equipped 
with  34  open  connected  2.75  cu.  ft.  buckets,  and  is  designed  to 
dig  14  ft.  below  water  level.  Power  is  furnished  by  gasoline 
engines  as  follows :  One  50  h.  p.  for  digging  ladder,  winches 
and  screen;  one  30  h.  p.  for  pump;  one  7  h.  p.  for  lighting 
apparatus;  a  total  of  87  h.  p.  Distillate  costs  at  Nome  21  cents 
per  gallon.  Operating  expenses  at  present  range  from  $110  to 
$125  per  day,  and  the  capacity  of  the  dredge  is  from  1,000  to 
1,300  cu.  yds.  per  day,  indicating  an  operating  cost  of  from  10 
to  11  cents  per  cubic  yard,  exclusive  of  repairs.  The  cost  of 
the  dredge  complete  and  in  operation  was  $45,000. 

The  operating  cost  of  dredging  is  always  a  matter  of  interest, 
but  working  costs  cannot  be  fairly  used  in  comparison  unless 
uniform  methods  of  determining  them  are  employed,  and  also 
unless  operating  conditions  are  somewhat  similar.  As  in  other 
branches  of  the  mining  industry,  it  may  also  be  said  that  the 
apparent  operating  cost  is  in  a  great  measure  a  matter  of  book- 
keeping. It  is  interesting  to  note  the  following  average  oper- 
ating cost  per  cubic  yard  of  the  large  companies  working  in 
California  during  1910.  The  Yuba  Construction  Co.,  for  the 
year  ended  February  28,  1911,  handled  13,970,728  cu.  yds.  at  a 
total  cost  of  5.67  cents  per  cubic  yard.  The  Natomas  Consoli- 
dated handled,  for  the  year  ended  December  31,  1910,  a  total  of 
15,989,525  cu.  yds.  at  a  total  cost  of  4.52  cents  per  cubic  yard, 
and  during  the  six  months  ended  June  30,  1911,  a  total  of  10.- 
793,891  cu.  yds.  at  a  total  operating  cost  of  3.78  cents  per  cubic 


DREDGES  215 

yard.  This  company  has  put  in  commission  during  1912  three 
dredges  with  buckets  having  a  capacity  of  15  cu.  ft.  These 
two  boats  are  now  satisfactorily  handling  ground  that  for  a 
long  time  was  considered  too  difficult  for  economical  dredging. 
The  gravel  is  deeper  and  more  compact  than  any  other  in  the 
district,  and  dredge  No.  8  is  handling  ground  containing  much 
stiff  clay.  The  Oroville  Dredging,  Ltd.,  for  the  year  ended  July 
31,  1910,  handled  5,661,612  cu.  yds.  at  a  total  cost  of  5.05  cents 
per  cubic  yard. 


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217 


218        HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HYDRAULIC  DREDGE. 

The  ordinary  hydraulic  dredge  has  a  centrifugal  pump  to 
raise  the  earth  and  water,  and  a  rotary  cutter  or  a  water  jet 
to  loosen  the  material.  The  discharge  is  carried  through  pipes 
supported  on  scows.  Tough  clay  wi^h  very  large  boulders  cannot 
be  handled,  and  while  sharp  sand  is  excavated  readily  it  cuts 
the  pump  and  discharge  pipe  badly;  but  for  soft  material  the 
hydraulic  dredge  is  very  satisfactory. 

In  the  Transactions  of  A.  S.  C.  E.,  1884,  Mr.  L.  J.  LeConte 
gives  the  cost  of  dredging  in  Oakland  Harbor,  Cal.  The 
average  output  was  30,000  cubic  yards  per  month  for  eight 
months.  The  best  output  was  60,000  cubic  yards  in  23  days  of 
10  hours  each,  with  delivery  pipe  1,100  ft.  long.  An  output  of 
45,000  cubic  yards  in  19  days  of  10  hours  each  was  accomplished 
when  the  lift  was  20  ft.  above  the  water,  with  a  pipe  1,600  to 
2,000  ft.  long.  The  dredge  was  equipped  with  a  6  ft.  centrifugal 
pump,  two  16  x  20  in.  engines  for  the  pump,  two  12  x  12  in. 
engines  for  operating  the  cutter,  etc.,  and  two  100  h.  p.  boilers. 
On  an  average,  15  per  cent  of  the  material  pumped  was  solid, 
but  up  to  40  per  cent  all  solids  could  be  carried.  The  daily 
cost  was  as  follows: 

Coal,  oil  and  waste  ......................................  $  35.75 

Crew   of   9   men    .................  '.  ......................  25.00 

Cook  and  board  .........................................  7.00 

Interest,   depreciation   and   insurance  .....................  25.55 

Repairs   ................................................  10.00 

Total    ..............................................  $103.30 

10  men  on  pipe  line  .....................................      20.00 

1,200  cu.  yd.  at  10  cents  .................................  $123.30 

Mr.  J.  A.  Ockerson,  in  the  Transactions  of  A.  S.  C.  E.,  1898, 
gives  the  following  cost  of  operating  three  dredges: 

Name  of  dredge  ____  Alpha  Beta  Gamma 

Cost    ..............         $87,000  $217,000  $86,000 

Capacity,     sand    per 

hour    ............    600  cu.  yds.       2,000  cu.  yds.     800  cu.  yds. 

Draft    .  ...    4  ft.  10  ins.        6   ft.   10   ins.        4   ft.  3   ins. 

Main  engines  .......      300  H.  P.  2,000   H.  P.  500  H.  P. 

No.  centrifugal 

pumps    ..........          1 

Diam.    centrifugal 

pumps  runner  ----          6  ft.  7  ft.  5  ft.  9  ins. 

2o°f?s-       H!"      "™ 

10ft.  14ft.  10ft. 

3ets  6  n-  ]ets 


W-00  $221.63  $100.61 

*  Add  $37  for  steam  tender  and  $12  for  pile  sinker  per  12  hour. 

Mr.  Emile  Low  describes  a  small  dredge  used  by  the  United 
States  Government  at  Warroad  River,  Minn.  The  dredge  is 
of  the  "seagoing  hopper  type"  with  stern  wheel,  but  is  also 


DREDGES  219 

adapted  and  equipped  for  use  with  a  supported  discharge  pipe 
for  river  channel  and  river  harbor  dredging.  The  dimensions 
are:  Length  of  hull,  100  ft;  width  midship  at  main  deck,  27 
ft.;  depth  of  hull  midship,  8  ft.  6  in.;  length  over  all,  including 
stern  wheel  and  revolving  cutter  on  the  bow,  158  ft.;  height 
of  hull  and  superstructure,  25  ft.  4  in.;  draft  light,  4  ft.  2  in.; 
draft  loaded,  6  ft.  4  in.  The  machinery  consists  of  the  following: 

Two  12  in.  centrifugal  pumps. 

One  16  h.  p.  vertical  engine   operating  the   revolving   cutter. 

One  20  h.  p.  horizontal  engine  operating  the  cutter  hoist,  chain 
drums  and  rope  spools. 

Two   10x60  in.   stern  wheel  engines. 

One  6  x  10  in.  duplex  force  pump. 

Four  hand  power  worm  gears  for  manipulating  the  sand  pit 
shutters. 

Two   75   h.   p.   Scotch  marine  boilers. 

The  pumps  are  arranged  to  take  material  through  trailing 
suction  ends  from  both  sides  of  the  dredge  and  one  pump  is 
also  connected  with  the  suction  end  of  the  cutter  for  dredging 
in  clay  and  other  hard  material.  The  dredge,  complete  with 
wood  barge,  pipe  floats  and  small  boats,  cost  $29,130.  It  com- 
menced operation  .on  May  7,  1904,  and  between  that  day  and 
June  30  accomplished  the  excavation  of  1,380  lin.  ft.  of  channel 
with  an  average  width  of  100  ft.  and  a  mean  depth  of  8  ft. 
The  total  excavation  was  8,625  cu.  yds.  at  an  average  cost  of 
21%  cents  per  cu.  yd.  for  all  expenses,  including  labor,  fuel, 
supplies,  subsistence,  etc.  The  cost  of  subsistence  per  ration 
was  44  cents.  The  material  dredged  was  equal  quantities  of 
hardpan  and  mud,  the  latter  full  of  tough,  fibrous  roots.  Stormy 
weather  delayed  the  work  5y2  days.  The  total  excavation  for 
the  fiscal  year  July  1,  1904,  to  June  30,  1905,  was  55,205  cu.  yds. 
The  average  cost  of  excavation,  including  charges  on  account  of 
the  plant  used,  was  13.03  cents  per  cu.  yd.,  and  the  cost  of 
subsistence  per  ration  39  cents. 

The  following  tables  give  some  data  concerning  the  best  six 
hydraulic  dredges  in  use  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  dredges  Delta,  Epsilon  and  Zeta  are  non-propelling,  re- 
quiring the  service  of  a  tender  and  pile  sinker,  and  Iota,  Kappa 
and  F*ad  are  self-propelling. 

TABLE   96 — ORIGINAL   COST   OF  PLANT 

Name  Dredge  Tender      Pile  Sinker         Total 

Delta                                ..$124,940  $47,862  $2,884  $175,686 

Epsilon     102,000  47,862  2,884  152,746 

Zeta     109,000  47,862  2,884  159,746 

*Iota     100,480              100,480 

*Kappa     134,600              134,600 

*Flad     134,600              134,600 

*  Self-propelling.  Average  cost  for  non-propelling,  $162,726; 
average  cost  for  self-propelling,  $123,227;  average  cost  of  one 
plant,  $142,976+. 


220 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE      96— REPAIRS,      RENEWALS,      ALTERATIONS 
BETTERMENTS  TO  PLANT. 


AND 


Date  of 
Name         Delivery 

Delta    Aug     1897   .    .    , 

Repairs  and 
Renewals 

,    $28  761  58 

Alterations  and 
Betterments 

$20  634  20 

Epsilon    Mar      1898.... 

.    21,381.17 

1,094.35 

Zeta    Mar      1898 

20  318  06 

]  128  17 

Iota     4oig      1900    

.    13,155  28 

8  174  19 

Kappa    July    1901  

.  .      7,533.16 

4,664.95 

Flad    July    1901 

6  605  63 

4  737  61 

Tenders    Oct     1899.... 

Pile  sinkers.  Dec..  1898 

. 

Totals 

$49,395.78 
22,475.52 
21,446.23 
21,329.47 
12,198.11 
11,343.24 

*10,718.93 
*  883.15 

*  Average  of  4.  Repairs  and  renewals,  average  of  6,  $16,292.48; 
repairs  and  renewals  (omit  Delta),  average  of  5,  $13,798.66;  alter- 
ations and  betterments,  average  of  6,  $6,738.91;  alterations  and 
betterments  (omit  Delta),  average  of  5,  $3,959.85. 


The  average  repairs,  etc.,  per  dredge  for  the  last  3  years. 
$1,868.61. 


were 


96B— COST    OF   FIELD   OPERATIONS. 


Name 

Delta     .  . 

Epsilon 

Number 
of  Seasons 
Operated 

........    7 

Total  Cost 
Field 
Operations 

$135,651.40 
120  444  42 

Zeta 

.    7 

100  114  57 

Iota 

5 

80,942.51 

Kappa 

4 

58  780  57 

Flad    . 

.    4 

62,218.32 

Total 

Hours  in 

Commission 

16,648 
14,891 
13,243 
12,137 

9,411 

9,561 


Total 

Working 

Hours 

7,605 
5,159 
4,037 
3,127 

2,882 
3,200 


Name 


Average  Cost 
per  Month  in 
Commission 


Delta     $5,866.71 

Epsilon     5,823.65 

Zeta     5,443.06 

Iota    4,801.73 

Kappa     4,497.08 

Flad    4,685.41 


Cost  of 
Material  Used 
in  Field 
Repairs 

$4,595.91 
4,310.65 
3,872.81 
3,290.19 
1,881.42 
997.79 

Average  Cost 
per  Month 
Excluding 
Field  Repairs 

$5,667.95 
5,615.23 
5,232.51 
4,606.55 
4,353.14 
4,610.27 

Including  field  repairs,  average  monthly  cost  for  operating  a 
non-propelling  dredge  with  tender  and  pile  sinker,  $5,711.14;  same 
for  a  self-propelling  dredge,  $4,661.41;  excluding  cost  of  material 
for  field  repairs,  the  monthly  cost  of  operating  a  non-propelling 
plant,  $5,505.23;  same  for  a  self-propelling  plant,  $4,523.32. 

The  rated  capacity  of  these  dredges,  based  on  an  assumed 
velocity  of  13  ft.  per  second  in  the  discharge  pipe  and  a  carrying 
capacity  of  10  per  cent  of  sand,  is  1,200  cubic  yards  per  hour 
for  the  Delta  and  1,000  cubic  yards  for  each  of  the  other  dredges 
delivering  through  1,000  ft.  of  pipe.  In  tests  made  in  1907,  the 
following  results  were  obtained: 


DREDGES  221 

9 6C— CAPACITY   TEST   OF  THREE  DREDGES 

Average  Velocity         Per  cent  Average  Sand 

Name                        per  Second                 of  Sand  per  Hour 

Delta   15.10  ft.                       14.69  1,850  cu.  yd. 

Epsilon    16.78  ft.                        20.68  2..55S  cu.  yd. 

Zeta    16.48ft.                       11.14  1,364  cu.  yd. 

Field   tests    under    actual    conditions    were  made    in    1898. 


Duration       Average 
of  Test,        Cu.  Yds. 
Dredge        Hours        Per  Hour  Remarks 

Delta     .         .    27.38  1,295     Sand,  max.  rate  2,550  cu.  yd.  p.  hr. 

Epsilon 24.93  1,305      Sand. 

Zeta     62.92  652     Blue  clay  and  sand. 

Tests  made  with  only  water  pumped  in  1902  would  give  the 
deductions: 

96D— CAPACITY    TESTS 

Average      ^-Cubic  Yds.  per  Hour-^       Length 
Dredge  Velocity       15%  Sand     10%  Sand         of  Pipe 

Delta    16.65  2,160  1,440  500ft. 

Epsilon 21.20  2,404  1,600  500ft. 

Iota     18.36  2,114  1,400  500ft. 

Kappa     21.35  2,342  1,560  240ft. 

Flad    16.75  1,944  1,296  480ft. 

*Iota     21.30  2,342  1,560  500ft. 

*  With  shrouded  runner. 

The  actual  averages  of  all  the  dredges  in  all  materials  from 
clay  to  sand  were:  1901,  567.0  yards;  1902,  481.6  yards;  1903, 
422.9  yards;  1904,  537.1  yards;  average,  500.0  yards.  This  average 
of  500  yards  per  hour  can  be  depended  on,  under  normal  condi- 
tions, for  20  hours  per  day  and  25  days  per  month.  Allowing 
10  per  cent  for  idle  time,  this  gives  252,000  yards  per  month. 
The  season  of  1904  lasted  four  months,  on  which  basis  908,000 
cubic  yards  per  season  could  be  accomplished. 

The  contract  price  of  the  Harrod,  under  construction  in  1907, 
complete  with  pipe  line  and  all  auxiliaries,  was  $238,998.17.  Its 
rated  capacity  based  on  an  estimated  velocity  of  22  ft.  per 
second  in  the  discharge  pipe  and  a  carrying  capacity  of  10  per 
cent  of  sand  is  2,100  cubic  yards  per  hour.  The  cost  of  oper- 
ating the  Harrod  is  assumed  to  be  $5,500  per  month  while  in 
commission. 

The  following  notes  on  the  hydraulic  suction  dredge  are  from 
IT.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Bui.  230: 

For  the  construction  of  the  larger  levees  the  use  of  the 
hydraulic  suction  dredge  is  entirely  feasible  in  connection  with 
the  use  of  other  excavating  machines.  By  the  construction  of 
the  muck  ditch  a  retaining  bank  will  be  built  to  as  great  height 
as  the  earth  can  be  made  to  stand.  A  similar  retaining  bank 


222  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

will  be  constructed  at  the  other  toe  of  the  levee  by  depositing 
earth  excavated  from  the  nearest  margin  of  the  ditch.  The 
space  between  the  two  retaining  walls  can  then  be  filled  by  a 
hydraulic  suction  dredge,  the  discharge  pipe  being  supported 
by  a  cantilever.  This  machine  (Fig.  82),  in  its  present  state 
of  development  probably  represents  the  most  economical  method 
now  in  use  for  excavating  very  large  channels,  unless  the  ladder 
dredge  be  excepted. 

The  following  table  indicates  the  cost  of  operating  a  hydraulic 
suction  dredge  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal  in  1908.  The 
dredge  in  question  is  of  modern  construction,  has  a  20-inch 
discharge  pipe,  and  cost  $115,000.  A  large  part  of  the  excava- 


Fig.  82.     Hydraulic  Suction    Dredge,   Showing   Discharge   Pipe 
Supported   by  Cantilever. 

tion  was  in  stiff  clay,  though  a  part  was  in  sand.  The  clay 
was  of  such  firm  texture  that  after  remaining  on  the  ground 
over  winter  the  pieces  had  the  same  shape  as  when  they  were 
discharged  from  the  end  of  the  pipe  line,  still  showing  the 
marks  of  the  cutter.  While  removing  the  old  rock  wall  of  the 
canal,  the  dredge  was  stopped  sometimes  twenty  times  a  day, 
it  is  said,  for  removing  boulders  from  the  pump.  Once  during 
the  season  the  dredge  was  sunk  to  the  bottom  of  the  canal. 
Otherwise  the  work  was  favorable,  and  the  excavation  made 
was  representative  of  the  capacity  of  the  machine  in  ordinary 
clay  soil.  The  charge  against  plant  is  intended  to  cover  interest 
and  depreciation  at  15  per  cent  per  annum.  Under  "Material" 
are  included  coal  waste,  tug  hire,  and  similar  items. 


DREDGES  223 

COST    OF    OPERATION    OF    HYDRAULIC    SUCTION    DREDGE 

ON  THE  NEW  YORK  BARGE  CANAL  FOR  THE 

SEASON   OF    1908. 


Item. 
Labor        

April. 
.$3,670.95 

May. 
$5,169.29 

June. 
$5,615  75 

July. 

$   5,835.14 

Plant 

408  30 

1,367  60 

1  677  85 

1  735  50 

Material  

..    1,900.62 

2,558.88 

2,263.16 

2,446.45 

Total  for  month.. 

..$5,979.87 

$9,095.77 

$9,556.76 

$10,017.09 

Yards  excavated  

.  .     120,673 

204,838 

203,474 

207,520 

Item. 
Labor 

Aug. 

.  .$5,985  87 

Sept. 
$4,993  11 

Oct. 

$4,834.14 

Plant 

1  631  85 

1  692  85 

•      1,791  15 

Material        , 

.  .    2,320  92 

2,430  05 

2,573.50 

Total  for  month.. 

.  .$9,937.94 

$9,116.01 

$9,198.79 

214,438 

Unit  cost  for  the  season,  4.63  cents  per  yard. 

An  examination  was  made  of  se.veral  suction  dredges  on  the 
New  York  Barge  Canal  and  of  the  material  excavated  by  them. 
In  only  one  instance  was  the  material  at  all  comparable  with 
that  to  be  excavated  in  building  the  floodway  levees,  and  in 
that  instance  the  material  was  being  removed  at  a  cost  of 
about  2%  or  3  cents  per  cubic  yard,  including  all  cost  of 
maintenance,  depreciation,  repair  and  interest.  The  work  planned 
for  this  type  of  machine  on  the  St.  Francis  project  is  the 
excavation  of  large  ditches  outside  the  floodways,  using  the 
earth  for  constructing  levees,  and  in  dredging  the  channels  of 
Tyronza  and  Little  rivers.  In  the  former  case  the  work  is 
estimated  at  10  cents  per  cubic  yard  plus  the  cost  of  clearing 
and  grubbing  the  ditch  section  at  $150  per  acre.  In  the  second 
instance  the  work  is  estimated  at  9  cents  per  yard,  including 
the  cost  of  clearing  banks  to  enable  the  material  to  be  deposited. 
This  dredge  can  be  used  to  advantage  also  for  constructing  two 
or  three  of  the  largest  lateral  ditches,  which  empty  into  ditches 
along  the  floodway. 

In  Engineering-Contracting,  Vol.  XXXV,  No.  8,  the  following 
description  is  given  of  a  hydraulic  dredge,  its  tenders  and 
capacities,  etc.: 

This  dredge  was  used  to  fill  in  part  of  the  Lincoln  Park 
extension,  Chicago,  and  was  purchased  in  1907.  It  is  of  the 
open  end  type,  with  a  steel  hull  148  ft.  long  by  38  feet  wide 
and  lQl/2  ft.  deep.  The  main  pump  has  30  in.  suction  and 
discharge,  and  the  main  engines  are  of  the  triple  expansion 
marine  type  of  1,200  i.  h.  p.  The  two  double-ended  marine  boilers, 
10  ft.  6  in.  by  18  ft.  long,  with  eight  corrugated  furnaces,  were 
fitted  at  the  beginning  of  last  season  with  underfeed  stokers. 
The  installation  of  engine  room  auxiliaries  includes  condenser, 
independent  air  pump,  independent  circulating  pump,  fire  and 
bilge  pumps  and  an  electric  light  outfit.  The  rotary  cutter  is 
adapted  to  hard  clay  material  and  its  edges  are  of  hard  steel 


224  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

and  are  movable.  Two  season's  work  have  worn  the  cutting 
edges  badly  and  manganese  steel  will  probably  be  substituted. 
The  dredge  is  anchored  by  heavy  spuds  operated  by  power. 
It  can  make  a  radial  cut  175  ft.  wide  with  a  maximum  depth 
of  35  ft.  The  dredge  is  provided  with  a  complete  repair  shop 
and  living  quarters  for  the  crew. 

The  pipe  line  adopted  has  a  central  conduit  30  in.  in  diameter, 
carried  by  two  cylindrical  air  chambers  33  in.  in  diameter.  The 
sections  are  95  ft.  long  and  are  joined  with  the  usual  rubber 
sleeve.  The  material  excavated  was  very  stiff  gumbo. 


Fig.  83.     View  of  Pontoon    Discharge  Pipe   Used   in  Connection 
with   the   30-in.    Hydraulic    Dredge. 


TABLE  97. 

TIME  REPORT  OF  DREDGE  "FRANCIS  T.   SIMMONS" 
FOR   1910 


1910. 


Available 

Working  Pumping 

Time.  Time.       Weather. 

Hrs.  Pet.             Pet. 


April    624 

May     600 

June    624 

July    600 

August     648 

September    600 

October    .                   .  624 


4,320 


47.0 
57.7 
80.0 
68.4 
52.0 
63.5 
54.0 

60.2 


36.5 
19.0 

1.0 
14.0 
29.0 

9.5 
18.0 

18.2 


Misc. 
Pet. 

16.5 
23.3 
19.0 
17.6 
19.0 
27.0 
28.0 


Total. 
Pet. 

53.0 
42.3 
20.0 
31.6 
48.0 
36.5 
46.0 

39.8 


II.     ANALYSIS  OF  WORKING  TIME 
September,    1910.  Hrs.         Mins. 

Total  available  time 600 

Dredge  worked    381 

Delays 218 


20 
40 


Pet. 


63V2 
36% 


DREDGES 


225 


Causes  of  Delays:                                            Hrs.  Mins.  Pet. 

Weather 57  5  9.5 

Short  pipe    31  40  5.28 

Suction  pipe,  pumping  and  plug 11  20  1.89 

Pontoon  line 31  55  5.32 

Swinging  cables 15  10  2.52 

Main  engine 24  .  .  4.0 

Spud  engine 25  0.08 

Cutter  engine   . .  .... 

Cutter  shaft .  .  .... 

Moving  dredge  to  new  cut 5  5  0.82 

Towing  and  preparation 34  5  5.68 

Miscellaneous    1  10  0.19 

Stones    .;  «.        6  45  1.12 

218  40  36.40 


Fig.   84. 


View  of  30-in.    Hydraulic   Dredge  "Francis  T.   Sim- 
mons"  in  Operation   in   Lake  Michigan. 


III. 


COST  OF  OPERATION  AND  REPAIRS  OF  DREDGE,  1910; 
TOTAL   TIME   IN   COMMISSION,   4,320    HOURS 


Per 

Operation. 

Totals. 

Per.  hr. 

cu.  yd. 

Labor    

.  .  .$13,855.45 

$  3.2073 

$0.0243 

Fuel    

.  ..    17,000.35 

3.9353 

.0300 

Supplies,  tools,  sleeves,  oil,  etc..., 

.  ..      4,323.52 

1.0008 

.0076 

Commissary  labor  and 

supplies.  .  . 

.  ..      6,010.90 

1.3914 

.0104 

Field  repairs,  labor  an 

d  material.  .  , 

,  .  .      6,040.82 

1.3983 

.0106 

Tug  service  

.  ..    13,587.83 

3.1453 

.0238 

Derrick  service   

327.20 

.0757 

.0005 

Motor  boat    

584.00 

.1352 

.0010 

Insurance     

.  ..      3,500.00 

.8102 

.0060 

Winter  repairs  and 

fitting  up: 

Labor  

5,267.68 

1.2194 

.0093 

Material    

.  ..      2,164.25 

.501 

.0037 

Fuel  commissary  and 

tools  

.  ..      1,025.41 

.2374 

.0018 

Tug  service  

753.08 

.1743 

.0013 

Totals: 

Operation     

.  ..    65,230.07 

15.0996 

.1142 

Repairs    

.  ..      9,210.42 

2.1320 

.0161 

Operation   and  repairs $74,440.49     $17.2316     $0/1303 


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226 


DREDGES  227 

The   operating  crew  of  the  dredge  is   as  follows: 

Per  mo. 

1  Chief  operator   $150.00 

1  Assistant  operator   125.00 

1  Chief  engineer    150.00 

1  Assistant  chief  engineer 110.00 

4  Oilers 66.00 

4  Firemen    66.00 

4  Coal  passers   55.00 

2  Spudmen    66.00 

1  Janitor    55.00 

8  Deckhands    55.00 

Commissary  : 

1   Steward    86.00 

1   Second   cook 40.00 

1  Porter 40.00 

The  following  data  are   for  the  year  1911: 

V.      TIME  REPORT  OF  DREDGE,  1911 

Available  working  time,   hours 4,620 

Pumping  time,  hours 3,288^ 

Pumping  time,  percentage  of  total  time..   71.2 

Delays:  Hours. 

Weather,    6.2%,    or 288 

Miscellaneous,   22.6%,   or 1,043^ 

Total  delays,  28.8%,  or 1,331^ 

The  best  month's  work  was  in  November,  when  the  working 
time  efficiency  was  79.5  per  cent.  The  dredge  was  started  for 
the  year  on  April  15,  during  which  month  the  working  time  was 
65  per  cent  of  the  total.  The  dredge  went  out  of  commission 
November  30.  The  working  season,  then,  was  7%  months,  or 
62.5  per  cent  of  the  year.  In  calculating  interest  charges  on 
this  equipment,  the  monthly  interest  must  be  taken  at  1/12  X 
100 

X  annual  interest. 

62.5 

VI.      COST  OF  DREDGE  OPERATION  AND  REPAIRS 

Total  yardage 735. 42G 

Operation. 

Cost 
Sub-totals.       per  cu.  yd. 

Labor    $18,573.85 

Administration    1,112.56 

Watching     178.66 


Total    $19,865.07  $0.027 

Fuel    $17,726.58  0.024 

Supplies,  tools,  sleeves,  oil,  etc 6,786.66  0.009 

Commissary,   labor    1,500.00 

Supplies    6,067.37 


Total    $   7,567.37  0.010 


228 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


VI — Continued 

Repairs,  labor $      535.75 

Material    1,390.10 

Derrick    951.59 

Total    $  2,877.44  $0.004 

Towing,  "Richard  B." $  2,377.16 

"Keystone"     5,512.06 

"Hausler"     11,455.41 

Total    $19,344.63  $0.026 

Miscellaneous: 

Teams    $  65.33 

Insurance     4,101.53 

Motor  boat 363.37 

Scow  service   270.42 

Pile  driver 245.38              $0.007 

Total    $   5,046.03  $0.007 

Total  operation $79,213.78  $0.107 

REPAIRS. 

Labor    $7,057.58  $0.010 

Material    5,746.50  0.008 

Fuel    468.75  0.0006 

Supplies    171.25  0.0002 

Commissary     826.24  0.0011 

Dunham   tug    76.00 

"Richard   B."    485.59 

"Keystone"    174.07 

"Hausler"    , 201.63 

Total    $      937.29  $0.0012 

Miscellaneous  teams  and  pile  driver 147.55 

Derrick    $      357.46 

Total    $       505.01  $0.0007 

Grand  total,  repairs    $15,712.62  $0.022 

Total   operation  and   repairs 94,926.40  0.129 

During-  the  season  no  repairs  involving  any  extended  loss  of 
time  were  necessary.  There  was  no  loss  of  time  due  to  the 
main  pump  and  only  2%  hours  on  account  of  repairs  to  the 
main  engines.  A  short  connecting  section  of  cast  iron  in  the 
discharge  was  worn  through  and  replaced  with  cast  steel.  The 
cast  steel  pump  casing  and  elbows  show  very  little  wear. 

The  pontoon  pipe  was  lined  with  an  auxiliary  wearing  lining 
covering  the  bottom  third  of  the  pipe.  This  %-inch  sheet  was 
worn  and  was  replaced  for  the  1912  season's  work.  The  rubber 
sleeves  joining  the  sections  of  the  discharge  pipe  gave  fairly 
good  service.  The  average  life  of  a  sleeve  was  41  days;  but 
eliminating  those  sleeves  which  were  damaged  due  to  the  condi- 
tion of  the  pontoons,  the  average  life  of  a  sleeve  was  54  days. 
The  cutter  blades  required  to  be  renewed  each  year. 

Cost  of  Dredge.     The   following  table  gives   the  list   of  items 


DREDGES  229 

which  together  make  up  the  cost  of  the  dredge  as  it  was  put  in 
operation  in  1910: 

Engineering,  plans,  inspection,  etc $     9,816.45 

Contract   (1907)   with  2,000  ft.  pontoons 151,402.19 

Terminal  pontoon  scow   (1907) 1,227.88 

8  Jones  underfeed  stokers  (1908) 6,700.00 

6   Pontoons    (1908)    10,485.00 

Miscellaneous    874.04 


Total    $180,505.56 

COST   OF   TENDERS. 

(For  the  cost  of  the  tugs  operating  in  connection  with  this 
dredge  see  Tugs,  p.  644.) 

A  motor  boat  costing  $1,150  was  used  for  transportation  of 
the  men,  etc.  One  hundred  and  forty-six  days  of  its  time,  at  a 
cost  of  $4.00  per  day,  were  charged  to  the  dredge. 

A  hydraulic  dredge  was  employed  in  the  harbor  improvements 
at  Wilmington,  Cal.  The  following  statement  shows  the  cost 
of  dredging  from  April  1  to  June  30,  1905: 

Routine  office  work,  labor $      673.33 

Care  of  plant  and  property,  labor 180.00 

Surveys,  labor  and  supplies 155.63 

Towing  and  dispatch  work,  labor,  fuel  and  supplies....  316.00 
Alterations    and    repairs    to    dredging    plant,    labor    and 

material    2,432.52 

Operating  dredge,    including   superintendence   and   labor 
charges,   fuel,    fresh    water,    lubricants,    and   all   other 

supplies    10,084.54 

Deterioration  of  plant  and  property,  estimated 2,263.94 


$16,105.96 
Cost   per   cubic   yard,    $0.0708. 

In  addition  to  the  hydraulic  dredge,  the  following  auxiliary 
floating  plant  is  employed:  A  gasoline  launch,  length  over  all 
30  ft.  iy2  in.,  7  ft.  beam,  depth  3  ft.  7  in.,  propelled  by  a  16  h.  p, 
"Standard"  engine.  Also  nine  pontoons,  each  35  ft.  x  10  ft.  x  3 
ft.;  15  pontoons,  each  21  ft  3  in.  x  10  ft.  x  3  ft.;  one  water  boat, 
34  ft.  9  ins.  x  10  ft.  x  4  ft.  6  ins.;  one  oil  boat,  34  ft.  9  ins.  x  10 
ft.  x  4  ft.  6  ins.;  one  derrick  boat,  29  ft.  6  ins.  x  10  ft.  7  ins.  x 
3  ft.  10  ins.  The  original  cost  of  the  dredging  plant  was  as 
follows: 

20  inch  suction  dredge $   99,453 

Gasoline  launch    1,733 

Discharge  pipe  line  for  dredge 3,023 

Rubber  sleeves    1,275 

Pontoons   and  barges 6,501 

Skiffs    154 


$112,139 

On  the  Chicago  canal  two  dredges  were  used,  which  are 
described  in  Engineering  News,  September  6,  1894.  Each  dredge 
was  equipped  with  a  6-inch  centrifugal  pump  and  a  250  h.  p. 
engine.  The  discharge  pipe  was  18  in.  in  diameter,  made  in  33  ft. 
lengths,  coupled  with  rubber  hose  held  by  iron  clamps.  Each 
dredge  averaged  1,732  yards  in  10  hours. 


230 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


In  Engineering  News,  October  30,  1902,  Mr.  John  Bogart,  in 
charge  of  the  Massena  (N.  Y.)  canal,  gives  the  cost  of  operating 
two  dredges.  Dredge  No.  1  cost  $40,000.  It  had  a  12-inch 
wrought  iron  discharge  pipe,  a  rotary  cutter,  and  a  centrifugal 
pump  driven  by  a  Lidgerwood  compound  condensing  engine  of 
125  h.  p.  It  lifted  the  material  30  feet  above  the  water  and 
discharged  it  through  a  2,000-foot  pipe.  The  depth  of  cut  was 
22  feet  below  the  water  surface.  The  output  averaged  1,125 
yards  in  22  hours,  at  a  cost  of  $95.80,  or  8  Ms  cents  per  yard. 


Fig.    85.     20-inch    Hydraulic    Dredge    Designed     and     Equipped     to 

Work  on    New  York  State    Barge   Canal.     This    Dredge    Has 

Delivered  456,000  Cubic  Yards  in   One   Month   and   Cost 

$76,000,  Not  Including  Pipe  Line  or  Pontoons. 


Dredge  No.  2  cost  $60,000.  Its  discharge  pipe  was  18  inches  in 
diameter.  The  output  averaged  1,554  cubic  yards  at  a  cost  of 
$145,  or  9.4  cents  per  yard. 

Otto  Fruhling,  a  German  contractor,  dredge  operator  and 
designer,  has  developed  a  new  system  of  suction  dredging.  In 
this  system  an  inverted  dipper  dredge  bucket,  at  the  end  of  the 
suction  pipe,  scrapes  up  and  collects  the  dredged  material  before 
the  suction  forces  come  into  play.  This  dredge  is  described 
by  Mr.  John  Reid  in  an  article  in  Engineering  News,  from  which 
the  tables  on  following  pages  are  taken. 


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231 


DRILLS 

TABLE  99— CATALOGUE  DATA   ON  ROCK  DRILLS. 
(As  given  in  the  various  catalogues  of  the  makers.) 

RECIPROCATING  TYPE. 
Ref. 
No.  Manufacturer.  Unit. 

2.  Kind    of    drill 

3.  Model    

4.  Diameter    of   cylinder Inch 

5.  Length   of  stroke Inch 

6.  Displacement  of  piston  hammer Cu.  in. 

7.  Approximate  strokes  per  minute  under  75  Ibs.  pressure 

at   drill    No. 

8.  Approximate  displacement  of  piston  hammer  per  min- 

ute at  75  Ibs.  pressure Cu.  f t. 

9.  Length  of  drill  from  end  of  crank  to  end  of  piston.  . .  .Inch 

10.  Diameter  of  octagon  steel  used Inch 

11.  Size   of   shank / Inch 

12.  Depth   of  hole   drilled   without   change   of  bit    (length 

of    feed) Inch 

13.  Depth   of  vertical  hole  each  machine  will  drill  easily 

f  rom  1   to Ft. 

14.  Number   of   pieces   in   set   of  steels    to   drill   holes   to 

depth  as  stated 

15.  Diameter  of  holes  drilled  as  desired  (at  bottom) Inch 

16.  Diameter  of  supply  inlet  (standard  pipe) Inch 

17.  Size  of  boiler  for  ample  steam  supply,  1   drill H.  P. 

18.  Diameter  of  steam  pipe  to  carry  steam  100'  to  200'.. Inch 

19.  Weight  of  drill  unmounted  with  wrenches  and  fittings, 

unboxed    ^ Lbs. 

20.  Weight  of  drill  unmounted  with  wrenches  and  fittings, 

boxed    Lbs. 

21.  Weight  of  tripod,  without  weights,  unboxed Lbs. 

22.  Weight  of  holding  down  weights Lbs. 

23.  Weight  of  drill,  tripod,  weights,  fittings  and  wrenches 

(boxed)    Lbs. 

24.  Weight  of  double  screw  columns,  complete 

25.  Weight  of  one  50'  length  of  hose   (boxed) Lbs. 

26.  Price  of  drill  unmounted,  with  wrenches  and  fittings, 

without  tripods  or  column* $ 

27.  Price  of  drill  complete,  including  drill,  tripod,  weights, 

throttle,   oiler  and  wrenches* $ 

28.  Price  of  double  screw  column,  complete* $ 

*  Subject  to  a  discount  of  from  15%   to  40%,  depending  upon 
the  makers,  size  of  order,  and  price  of  steel. 

HAMMER   DRILLS. 

2.  Kind    of    drill 

3.  Model 

4.  Diam.   of  cylinder Inch 

5.  Length   of  stroke Inch 

6.  Displacement  of  piston  hammer Cu.  in. 

7.  Length   over   all Inch 

7-A.Length  of  air  feed  stoping  drills  extended Inch 

8.  Diameter  of  hexagon  steel  used Inch 

9.  Size   of   shank Inch 

10.  Depth  of  hole  each  machine  will  drill  easily Ft. 

11.  Diameter  of  holes  drilled  as  desired  (at  bottom) Inch 

12.  Diameter  of  supply  inlet  (standard  pipe) Inch 

13.  Size  of  hose   used Inch 

14.  Weight  of  drill   (unboxed) Lbs. 

15.  Weight   of  drill    (boxed) Lbs. 

16.  Weight  of  50'  length  of  hose   (boxed) Lbs. 

17.  Price    of   drill  t $ 

tSubject  to  a  discount  of  from   10%    to   30%,   depending  upon 
the  makers,  size  of  order  and  price  of  steel. 

232 


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DRILLS  243 

ELECTRIC    AIR,    DRILLS. 

Some   of  the  conditions   that  particularly  favor  the   selection 
of  this   type  of  drill  are  as   follows: 

(1)  High  altitude,  which  impairs  the  efficiency  of  the  ordinary 
compressor. 

(2)  Long   transmission    lines,    wire   being   cheaper   than   pipes. 

(3)  Cheap  electric  power,  of  the  right  voltage  and  frequency. 

(4)  Badly  cracked  or  faulty  rock,  which  would  tend  to  make 
the  bit    stick. 

The  following  table   was   obtained   from  a   manufacturer: 

TABLE  100. 
DESCRIPTIVE    TABLE   OF    "ELECTRIC    AIR"    ROCK   DRILLS 

Symbol  indicating  size  and  type.  5-F  4-E  3-F 

Specifications: 

Diameter  of  cylinder in.  5%  4%  3% 

Length  of  stroke in.  8  7  6% 

Length     of     drill     from     end     of 

crank  to   end  of  piston in.  Sl1^  45  40^ 

Depth    of    hole    drilled    without 

change  of  bit in.  30  24  20 

Depth  of  vertical  holes  each  ma- 
chine   will    drill    easily    from 

1  to   ft.  20  12  10 

Approximate   strokes   per   minute  400  440  480 
Diameter  of  holes   drilled  as  de- 
sired from in.     1  %  to  2  %    1 14  to  2        1  %  to  1  % 

Size  of  octagon  steel   used.  ..  .in.     1*4&1%      1      &l%  % 

Size    of    shanks     (diameter    and 

length)    in.    I%by5%       lby5V2      %  by  5 

Number  of  pieces  in  set  of  steels, 

holes,  and  depths  as  stated...  10  6  5 
Horse-power    required    for    run- 
ning drill   (at  motor) 5                  4                  3 

Approximate  Weights — Drill: 
Drill  unmounted,   with  caps,   not 

boxed    Ibs.  410  228  125 

Drill,      unmounted,      with      caps, 

boxed    Ibs.  485  281  161 

Hose,  fittings  and  wrenches,  not 

boxed    Ibs.  65  75  35 

Hose,      fittings      and      wrenches, 

boxed    Ibs.  115  150  65 

Tripod,      without      weights,      not 

boxed    Ibs.  210  170  85 

Tripod,     without     weights, 

boxed    Ibs.  260  215  120 

Tripod  weights,  not  boxed... Ibs.  330  265  130 

Tripod  weights,  boxed Ibs.  360  290  150 

Entire  equipment,  including  drill, 

pulsator,     alternating     current 

motor,    fittings,    wrenches    and 

extra  parts,  but  no  mountings, 

steels      or     blacksmith      tools, 

boxed    Ibs.          1755  1690  925 

Entire  equipment,  including  drill, 

pulsator,  direct  current  motor, 

fittings,     wrenches     and     extra 

parts,  but  no  mountings,  steels 

or  blacksmith  tools,  boxed. Ibs.         1985  1740  1155 


244 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


TABLE    100 — Continued 

Approximate  Weights   with   Pul- 

sator  Arranged  for  Direct  Cur- 
rent Motor: 
Pulsator    complete,    mounted    on 

truck    with     motor,     controller 

and      length      of      cable,      not 

boxed    Ibs.          1050  950  600 

Pulsator    complete,    mounted    on 

truck     with     motor,     controller 

and  length   of  cable,  boxed.lbs.          1400  1400  850 

Pulsator    alone,    less    truck,    not 

boxed     Ibs.  320  320  88 

Pulsator      alone,      less      truck, 

boxed     Ibs.  370  370  125 

Motor  alone,  not  boxed Ibs.  406  390  276 

Motor   alone,    boxed Ibs.  550  495  330 

Armature   alone,    not   boxed.. Ibs.  90  100  60 

Armature    alone,    boxed Ibs.  120  125  95 

D.   C.   controller,   not   boxed.  ..Ibs.  75  75  53 

D.    C.    controller,    boxed Ibs.  110  100  80 

Approximate   Weights   with    Pul- 
sator Arranged  for  Alternating 

Current  Motor: 
Pulsator    complete,    mounted    on 

truck    with     motor,     controller 

and      length      of      cable,      not 

boxed    Ibs.  950  950  490 

Pulsator    complete,    mounted    on 

truck    with     motor,     controller 

and  length  of  cable,  boxed.lbs.          1300  1300  625 

Pulsator   alone,    not    boxed... Ibs.  320  320  88 

Pulsator  alone,  boxed Ibs.  370  370  125 

Motor    alone,    not    boxed Ibs.  356  375  183 

Motor   alone,    boxed Ibs.  425  490  220 

Rotor   alone,   not   boxed Ibs.  80  90  34 

Rotor   alone,    boxed Ibs.  110  120  50 

A.  C.  controller,  not  boxed... Ibs.  34  34  34 

A.  C.  controller,  boxed Ibs.  50  50  50 

Shipping  Measurements   (overall) : 

Box  for  unmounted  drill. .  .ft.  in.     4°    1*    1*      319  I2    I2      3«    I1    1° 

Box     for     pulsator,     motor     and 

switch   mounted   on    truck    and 

cable     ft.  in.     4°    4"    32      4*    2»    310     3°    3°    2* 

Box      for      hose,       fittings       and 

wrenches    ft.  in.      2™  28    O8      31    210  O10     2*    22    0« 

Box  for  pulsator ft.  in.     26    I6    22      22    1B    26      2°    I2    I7 

Box  for  motor   ft.  in.      2°    I10  I1"     26    I10  I10     2°     1«    I6 

Box    for   truck ft.  in.      38    1°    O9      42    1°    O8       2*    2°    01C 

Box    for    armature    ft.  in.      3°    1°    1°       28    O10  O10     23    O10  O1' 

Box   for   "DC"   switch   and   rheo- 
stat     ft.  in.     1«    I8    10      110  is    i»      10    10    o* 

Box     for      "AC"      controller 

switch     ft.  in.     P    1°    l<>      i«    11    12      i*    l<>    10 

Box    for    tripod f i.  in.     39    I6    O10     45    I8    O10     3°    I3    O9 

Box  for  tripod  weights ft.  in.     2T    P    O10     V    1°    O10     2o    O10  0* 

Price,  f.  o.  b.,  factory $1,050        $1,000  $750 


DRILLS 


245 


An  excellent  general  idea  of  this  drill  is  given  by  Fig.   86. 

The  electric  air  drill  is  driven  by  pulsations  of  compressed 
air  caused  by  a  "pulsator,"  which  is  driven  by  an  electric  motor. 
The  air  is  not  exhausted,  but  is  simply  used  over  and  over 
again,  working  backward  and  forward  in  a  closed  pneumatic 
circuit,  from  which  some  leakage  of  air  is  necessarily  inevitable. 
This  leakage  is  provided  for  by  compensating  valves  on  the 
pulsator,  adjusted  to  automatically  maintain  a  constant  average 
pressure  in  the  circuit.  The  drill  is  practically  a  cylinder  con- 
taining a  moving  piston  and  rotation  device,  without  valves, 
chest,  buffers,  springs,  side  rods  and  pawls.  The  cylinder  is 
larger  than  that  of  the  corresponding  air  drill,  but  the  piston 
is  shorter,  thus  involving  no  great  difference  in  weight  between 
this  and  the  older  types.  The  pulsator  requires  no  intake  and 


Fig.  86.     "Electric  Air"   Drill   at   Boutwell   Milne  and  Varnum 
Quarry,    Barre,   Vt. 


dischargre  valves  nor  water  jackets.  It  is  geared  to  a  motor 
which  may,  of  course,  be  of  either  direct  or  alternating  current, 
and  is  mounted  on  a  wheeled  truck  for  convenience  in  handling 
The  pulsator  and  drill  are  connected  by  two  short  lengths  of 
hose,  each  of  which  acts  alternately  as  supply  and  exhaust. 

It  is  claimed  by  the  manufacturer  that  with  the  electric  air 
drill  there  is  far  less  loss  of  power  than  in  the  case  of  the 
ordinary  air  or  steam  drill,  and  this  claim  seems,  on  theoretical 
grounds,  to  be  well  founded. 


246  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  following  time  studies  were  taken  under  my  direction 
on  the  Kensico  dam  work  at  Valhalla,  N.  Y.: 

From  these  tables  an  accurate  idea  can  be  obtained  of  the 
working  conditions  and  performance  of  these  drills. 

The  holes   were   vertical. 

The  rock  was  for  the  most  part  a  gneiss,  with  a  tendency 
toward  granite.  ' 

It  was  hard  and  solid  in  some  places,  but  in  others  seamy 
and  presented  difficulties  to  continuous  drilling. 

The  number  of  holes  shot  depends  upon  the  progress  of  the 
work  and  at  the  quarry  upon  the  amount  of  rock  desired  for 
crushing. 

Dupont  60  per  cent  dynamite  used. 

Sticks    ll/2"   in  diameter  by  about  8"  in  length,   weight   12   oz. 

The  charge  is  calculated  to  average  about  y2  Ib.  of  dynamite 
per  yard  of  rock. 

Dupont  exploders. 

Blasting  gang  at  the  dam  on  day  of  observation,  one  loader 
and  two  tampers. 

There  were  said  to  be  twenty  drills  at  work  at  the  dam  and 
ten  at  the  quarry. 

The  a.  c.  motor  is  rated  at  about  5  h.  p. 

The  length  of  shift,   eight  hours. 

One  shift  per  day. 

The  smith's  work  consisted  of  sharpening  drills  and  included 
also  all  the  work  pertaining  to  other  machines  on  the  .job.  He 
estimated  that  75  per  cent  of  his  time  was  devoted  to  the  drills. 

Estimate  of  coal  burned  by  smith,  500  Ibs.  per  day. 

Oil  used  by  drills,  3  quarts  each. 

Power  consumed,  from  30  to  40  K.  W.  H.  per  eight-hour  day, 

TIME    STUDY    (QUARRY). 

Lineal  feet  drilled,  31  feet. 

Average  depth   of  holes,   22   feet.  ?> •  ', 

Total  working  time,   7  hours,  27  minutes,  53  seconds. 
Rock,  gneiss  and  granite,  seamy  in  places. 


DRILLS 


247 


TABLE  101— FOLLOWING  ARE  THE  OBSERVATIONS 
RECORDED  IN  MINUTES  AND  SECONDS. 


Total 


Drill  cutting  .  . 

0 

1  6 

M       S 
5  —  40 

M       S 
14  —  ig 

M        S 
23  —  28 

M         S 
228      51 

fifth 
0 

51  1 

Raising  drill  

15 

0  —  05 

1  —  05 

1  —  59 

16  —  13 

3  6 

Loosening  chuck  (1)  . 
Loosening  chuck  (2). 
Removing  bit  .  . 

7 
3 

1  '> 

0  —  02 
1—06 
0  —  03 

0—11 
1—27 
0      32 

0  —  45 
1  —  46 
1     54 

1—16 

*4  —  20 
6      26 

0.3 
1  4 

Bailing  hole  
Putting  bit  in  hole. 
Inserting  bit  in  chuck 
Tightening  chuck  (1) 
Tightening  chuck  (2) 
Getting  started  

11 
12 
16 
6 
10 
17 

0—45 
0—10 
0  —  10 
0—05 
0  —  38 
0—00 

1—23 
0—35 
0  —  23 
0—10 
0—53 
1  —  01 

2  —  00 
0—55 
0  —  40 
0—20 
1—20 
6  —  23 

15—10 
4—20 
6—12 
1  —  00 
8—46 
17—13 

3.4 
1.0 
1.4 
0.2 
2.0 
3.8 

Cycle  totals  

8  —  44 

21  —  58 

41  —  30 

305  —  30 

68  2 

Shifting  drill  

4 

f35  —  32 

52  —  00 

60  —  00 

73  —  18 

16.4 

Miscellaneous  delays 

11 

0  —  30 

6—17 

25—40 

$69—05 

15.4 

447—53     100.0 


The  cutting  speed  was  0.135  feet  per  minute. 

Ratio  of  cutting  time  to  total  time  was  0.511. 

Ratio   of   idle   time   to   cycle   time   was    0.467. 

(1)   Sleeve  chuck.      (2)   Bolted  chuck. 

*  This  figure  is  not  included  in  "Cycle  Total,"  for  this  operation 
was  performed  by  one  man  at  the  same  time  that  the  other  man 
was  raising  the  drill. 

f  Consisted  in  moving  by  derrick. 

J  Note  the  high  percentage  of  delays.  Most  of  these  were  due 
to  the  necessity  of  waiting  until  the  driller  or  his  helper  had 
gone  in  search  of  and  had  found  drill  steels.  The  lack  of  method 
in  supplying  these  was  one  of  the  noticeable  features  of  the  job. 


248 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE    102 — TIME   STUDY    (PIT) 

Lineal    feet   drilled,    26.4   feet. 

Average  depth   of  holes,   11   feet. 

Total   working  time,   3   hours,   56  minutes,   10   seconds. 

Rock,  gneiss  and  granite. 


Drill  cutting 

O 

0 

1  ? 

»  g 

Minimum 

S5 

•»  CQ 

<i> 

9 

M       S 
11  —  35 

£ 
1 

M 

M        S 
21-     24 

"3 

o 

M          S 

139      00 

Consumed  Tii 
0  per  cent 
o  Total  Time 

Raising  drill  
Loosening  chuck  .  .  . 
Removing  bit  
Bailing  hole 

11 
12 
12 

1  0 

0—10 
*0  —  00 

to  —  oo 

1      43 

0  —  51 
0—09 
0  —  29" 
1      36 

2  —  00 
0—25 
1—10 
2      12 

9—22 
1—45 
5—42 

16      01 

4.0 
0.7 
2.4 
6  8 

Putting  bit  in  hole.  . 
Inserting  bit  in  chuck 
Tightening  chuck  .  . 
Getting  started  .... 

10 
10 

11 

10 

0  —  18 
0—05 
0  —  02 
0—02 

0  —  45 
0—25 
0  —  14 
0—13 

2—09 
0—55 
0—40 
0  —  45 

7—34 
4  —  08 
2—30 
2—08 

3.2 
1.7 
1.1 
0.9 

Cycle  totals  .... 
Shifting  drill  .  . 

9 

8—43 
9  —  03 

16—17 
12  —  00 

32—10 
15      00 

188  —  10 

28      48 

$79.7 
12  2 

Miscellaneous  delays 

8 

0—15 

2—24 

9  —  40 

19—12 

8.1 

Total    . 

236  —  10 

100.0 

The  cutting  speed  was  0.190  feet  per  minute. 

Ratio  of  cutting   time   to   total   time   was   0.589. 

Ratio  of  idle  time  to  cycle  time  was  0.485. 

*  Chuck  loosened  by  one  man  simultaneously  with  raising  of 
drill  by  other. 

t  Bit  removed  by  one  man  simultaneously  with  raising  of  drill 
by  other. 

J  The  percentage  of  "Cycle  Total"  is  higher  in  this  case,  due 
mostly  to  the  fact  that  the  drillers  were  better  supplied  with 
steels  and  did  not  have  to  stop  work  to  hunt  them.  The  miscel- 
laneous delays  were  chiefly  due  to  the  bits  sticking  in  the  holes. 


DRILLS 


249 


COST    OF    DRILLING    AND     LOOSENING     IN     GNEISS    AND 
GRANITE. 

Based  on  the  above  performance  at  the  quarry,  the  following 
costs  per  lineal  foot  drilled  and  per  cubic  yard  loosened  have 
been  deduced: 

1  drill  did  31   ft.  in  447  min.   53  sec. 
Equivalent  to  200  ft.  by  6  drills  in  one  day. 
The   average    spacing    of   the    holes    being    17.5'xl6',    the    cor- 
responding cubic  yards  loosened= 

200x17.5x16 

=2070 

27 

Dynamite,  60  per  cent,  1,035  Ibs.  or  620  Ibs.  nitroglycerine,  = 
0.3  lb.  per  cubic  yard  =  3.1  Ib.  per  lineal  foot. 


STANDARD    BASIS    OF    COSTS. 


:ost- 


Force  Rate 

6  drillers    ...............  $2.50 

6  drillers    helpers    .......    1.75 

1%   blacksmith    ..........  3.00 

iy2   blacksmith   helper  ----  1.75 

2  nippers    ____  ...........  1.50 

2  mules     ................  1.50 


Total   labor    (drill)... 

Coal,    500    Ibs  ............  3.50 

Oil,  3  qts.  per  drill  .......  0.30 

Power,  35  K.W.H  .........  0.01 


Total  drilling  cost  ---- 

3    powdermen    ...........  2.00 

1,035    Ibs.    dynamite  ......  0.12 

25    exploders  .............  0.03 


Interest   and   depreciation, 
2  per  cent  per  month... 


Amount 

$  15.00 

10.50 

- 

$     4.50 

2.63 

3.00 

3.00 


0.87 
1.35 
2.10 


$     6.00 

124.20 

0.75 


per 
lin.  ft. 
(Cts.) 


$   25.50          12.75 


13.13 
$  38.63 


4.32 


6.57 
19.32 


2.16 


$42.95          21.48 


Total 


130.95 

$173.90 

7.70 

$181.60 


65.47 


per 
cu.  yd. 
(Cts.) 


1.23 


0.64 
1.87 


0.21 
2.08 


6.32 


86.95          8.40 

3.85          0.37 

90.80         8.77 


In  the  foregoing  no  account  has  been  taken  of  contractor's 
overhead  charges,  superintendence,  storage,  repairs,  preparatory 
costs,  insurance,  charity,  accidents,  legal  or  medical  expenses,  etc. 

The  low  cost  per  cubic  yard  is  due  to  the  unusually  wide 
spacing  of  the  holes,  which  were  loaded  with  a  heavy  charge  of 
dynamite. 

CHURN  DRILLS 

Churn  drills  or  portable  drilling  machines  are  made  in  about 
fifteen  sizes,  some  of  the  largest  of  which  are  also  built  with  a 
traction  attachment.  The  small  portable  and  all  the  traction 
machines  are  usually  equipped  with  a  folding  pole  derrick,  which 
takes  up  less  space  than  a  ladder  derrick. 

The  prices   of  machines  are   about  as   follows: 


250 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE  103 


Maximum  Total 

Type  of 
Boiler 

Engine                         Drilling  Weight 
Size       H.  P.     Derrick       Depth       Lbs. 

Price 

Vertical 

5x 

5 

5 

Hinged  pole 

250 

5, 

500 

$ 

687.00 

Vertical 

5x 

5 

5 

Hinged  pole 

250 

6, 

000 

736.00 

T 

6x 

5 

Hinged  pole 

300 

7,000 

847.00 

T 

6x 

6 

7% 

Hinged  pole 

400 

8,500 

1,011.00 

T 

7x 

6 

9 

Hinged  pole 

400 

11, 

500 

1, 

265.00 

T 

7x 

6 

9 

Hinged  pole 

500 

9,500 

1,116.00 

T 

7x 

7 

11 

Hinged  pole 

500 

13, 

000 

1, 

377.00 

T 

7x 

7 

11 

Hinged  pole 

600 

10, 

500 

1, 

200.00 

T 

8x 

7 

13 

Hinged  pole 

600 

14, 

000 

1, 

490.00 

T 

8x 

7 

13 

Hinged  pole 

800 

11, 

500 

1, 

250.00 

T 

8x 

7 

13 

Hinged  pole 

800 

14, 

500 

1, 

570.00 

T 

8x 

8 

15 

Single  pole 

1 

,000 

14, 

000 

1, 

440.00 

T 

8x 

8 

15 

Folding  pole 

1 

,000 

17, 

000 

1, 

790.00 

T 

9x 

8 

18 

Spliced  pole 

,400 

16, 

000 

1, 

568.00 

T 

9x 

8 

18 

Hinged  pole 

1 

,400 

19,000 

1, 

948.00 

T 

9x 

9 

20 

Spliced  pole 

l 

,600 

18, 

000 

1, 

750.00 

*T 

lOx 

9 

23 

Spliced  pole 

2 

,200 

20, 

000 

1, 

980.00 

*T 

10x10 

26 

Spliced  pole 

2 

,600 

22, 

000 

2, 

090.00 

*T 

11x10 

30 

Spliced  pole 

3 

,000 

24, 

000 

2, 

200.00 

Cat. 
No. 

15 

17 

18 

19 
T19 

20 
T20 

21 
T21 

22 
T22 

23 
T23 

24 
T24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

*  Mounted  on  separate  trucks. 

The  letter  T  in  front  of  the  catalogue  number  indicates  that 
the  machine  has  traction  attachment.  With  the  Nos.  26,  27  and 
28  machines  an  "oil  country"  boiler  is  better  and  costs  about 
$100  extra.  The  prices  above  include  a  complete  outfit  of  tools. 
Rope  is  also  furnished  with  all  machines  smaller  than  No.  23. 

Mr.  W.  G.  Weber,  in  the  Wisconsin  Engineer,  describes  the 
use  of  churn  drills  in  exploring  low-grade  copper  ore  bodies  in 
Arizona.  A  drilling  crew  usually  consisted  of  one  driller  and 
one  helper  or  tool  dresser,  working  in  twelve-hour  shifts.  The 
costs  of  operation  were  as  follows: 


COST  OF  DRILLING. 


Labor: 

2  drillers  at  $6  per  day.... 
2  helpers  at  $4.80  per  day. . . 
1  sampler  at  $4  per  day.  .  .  . 
1  foreman  at  $6  per  day  (2 

Roads : 

Labor  at  $2  per  day 

Foreman  at  $4  per  day 

Powder,  caps  and  fuse 

Tools,  etc 


Cost  per  Ft. 

of  Hole 
$0.48 

.38 

.16 


machines) 12 


Coal,   coke,   oils,   etc 

Water   

Teaming     

Assaying,  office  and  incidentals,  etc 

Interest    at    5%    and    depreciation     (life    4    yrs.)     on 
$6,000    outfit     

Total  cost  per  foot  of  hole 


,$0.50 

!      .05 

,      .03 

.01 


$1.14 


0.59 
.27 
.10 
.10 
.16 

.20 
$2.56 


DRILLS  251 

The  monthly  average  of  the  cost  per  foot  of  hole  drilled 
varies  with  one  company  from  $2  to  $3.  In  another  instance, 
where  holes  are  drilled  further  apart  and  the  drilling  is  poorer 
the  cost  per  foot  has  run  as  high  as  $5.  When  drilling  is  the 
only  means  of  development  being  used  on  a  property,  the  cost 
of  camp  maintenance  and  incidentals  considerably  swells  the 
cost  account. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  gives  the  cost  of  drilling  blasting  holes 
on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  work.  The  drills  used  were  the 
ordinary  portable  churn  drills  having  engines  of  from  4  to  8 
h.  p.  driving  a  walking  beam  which  raised  and  lowered  a  rope, 
to  which  was  fastened  the  churn  bit  and  rods.  A  5% -inch  bit  was 
used  in  this  work.  Each  drill  averaged  three  20-foot  holes,  or 
60  feet,  in  shale  per  10-hour  shift.  In  limestone,  however,  and 
in  hard  sandstone,  not  more  than  10  feet  of  hole  were  drilled 
per  shift.  Had  the  bits  been  reduced  to  3  inches,  and  the  drill 
rods  suitably  weighted,  much  better  progress  would  have  been 
made  in  hard  rock. 

Advantages   of  Churn  Drills 

Certain  advantages  of  this  type  of  drill  over  the  regular 
rock  drill  are  as  follows: 

(1)  A  drill  will  not  so  readily  stick  in  the  hole  because  of  the 
powerful  direct  pull  of  the  rope  that  operates  the  drill  rods;  (2) 
there  is  no  limit  to  the  depth  of  the  hole  and  the  deeper  it  is  (up 
to  any  limits  possible  in  blasting)  the  better  the  drill  works, 
due  to  the  increased  weight  of  the  rods;  (3)  this  type  of  drill 
consumes  less  fuel  than  the  ordinary  steam  drill;  (4)  the  weight 
of  bits  to  be  carried  back  and  forth  from  blacksmith  shop  is 
much  less  than  for  the  ordinary  machine  drills;  (5)  the  driller 
will  drill  through  the  earth  overlying  the  rock,  so  that  no 
stripping  is  necessary;  (6)  the  hole  at  bottom  is  much  larger 
than  with  the  ordinary  drill,  thus  allowing  the  bulk  of  the 
powder  charge  to  be  concentrated  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole, 
where  it  should  be.  For  the  same  reason  a  lower  grade  of 
explosive  can  be  used. 

Holes  drilled  with  bits  to  give  3  inches  diameter  at  the 
bottom  of  the  hole,  with  depth  of  24  feet,  in  solid  brown  sand- 
stone in  Eastern  Ohio.  In  14  days  of  10  hours  each  the  driller 
put  down  692  feet,  or  practically  50  feet  per  day. 

Drill    runner    $3.00 

Drill  helper  and  fireman   2.00 

Pumping   water    60 

6  bu.   (480  Ibs.)   coal  at  10  cts 60 

Total  for  50   ft.   of  hole $6.20 

This  gives  a  cost  of  12^  cents  per  foot  of  hole,  not  including 
interest  and  depreciation,  and  bit  sharpening.  The  best  day's 
work  in  the  brown  sandstone,  using  all  the  weights,  was  53 
feet,  but  in  blue  sandstone,  which  was  softer,  60  feet  were 
drilled  per  day,  using  light  weights. 

In  the  same  brown  sandstone  cut  an  8-day  test  was  made 
With  a  3  *4  -inch  Rand  drill  for  comparison.  The  holes  were  20 


252  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

feet  deep,  1%  inches  in  diameter  at  the  bottom  (as  against  3 
inches  with  the  well  driller),  and  28  holes  were  drilled  in  the 
8  days,  making  70  feet  the  average  day's  work.  A  10  h.  p.  boiler 
furnished  steam.  The  daily  cost  of  operating  the  Rand  drill  was: 

Drill   runner    $3.00 

Drill  helper   1.50 

Fireman    2.00 

Water    75 

10  bu.  (800  Ibs.)  coal  at  10  cts 1.00 

Total  for  70  ft.  of  hole $8.25 

This  was  equivalent  to  11.8  cents  per  foot  of  hole,  not 
including  interest  and  depreciation,  and  bit  sharpening,  or  slightly 
less  than  with  the  churn  drill. 

Mr.  William  R.  Wade,  in  the  Mining  World,  gives  some  costs 
of  churn  and  core  drilling  in  exploring  for  turquoise  mines 
in  the  Burro  Mountains,  New  Mexico.  The  machines  used  cost 
$4,300,  fully  equipped  and  on  the  work.  About  30  feet  of  4-inch 
hole  were  cut  in  8^  hours  at  a  cost  of  $1.00  per  foot,  including 
interest,  repairs,  superintendence  and  incidentals.  Six  barrels 
of  water  and  %  cord  of  juniper  (equal  to  pine,  cedar  or  similar 
soft  wood  in  fuel  value)  were  used  per  day.  Mr.  Wade  states 
that  with  a  crew  of  three  men  the  actual  drilling  cost  about 
50  cents  per  foot,  including  labor,  interest  on  the  drill,  supplies 
and  $1.00  per  day  for  repairs,  but  not  including  office  expenses, 
superintendence,  assaying,  etc. 

DRILL    REPAIRS 

In  the  South  African  gold  mines  the  cost  of  drill  repairs  is 
about  $300  per  drill  per  year,  or  50c  per  shift  for  two-shift 
work,  and  the  size  of  the  average  drill  is  about  3%  inches. 

Mr.  Thomas  Dennison  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the 
average  monthly  cost  of  keeping  a  drill  in  repair  when  working 
in  the  Michigan  copper  mines  is  as  follows : 

Supplies    $  1.31 

Machinist  labor 8.45 

Blacksmith  labor $   1.60 


Total   per  month $11.36 

Number  of  drills  in  shop  at  one  time  is  about  15  per  cent 
of  the  total  number. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Chambers  has  used  25  Sullivan  U.  D.  drills  for.  11 
months'  work  in  hard  red  hematite.  The  holes  varied  from  6  to  8 
feet  in  depth,  and  a  drilling  record  of  104  feet  was  made  in  one 
ten-hour  shift.  The  drills  were  mounted  on  columns  with  arms, 
and  the  cost  of  repairs  was: 

Materials    $5.30 

Labor     2.00 


Total    $7.30 

per  month  per  drill,  or  about  30  cents  per  ten-hour  day  per  drill. 


DRILLS  253 

Mr.  Josiah  Bond  kept  record  of  drill  repairs  for  three  years 
and  they  show  a  cost  of  $102,  $101.50  and  $93.75  per  year  per 
drill,  respectively,  for  the  three  years.  It  is  his  opinion  that  a 
drill  used  night  and  day  for  one  year  is  sufficiently  worn  at 
the  end  of  that  time  to  scrap  and  that  its  life  for  single  shift 
work  is  three*  years. 

Mr.  Charles  H.  Swigert  is  authority  for  the  following  data 
on  tunnel  work  in  very  hard  basaltic  rock.  In  9%  months  the 
total  of  65,400  feet  of  hole  was  drilled,  being  an  average  of  29 
lin.  ft.  of  hole  per  drill.  The  drills  were  of  3"  size.  Cost  of 
repairs  for  four  drills  was  as  follows: 

Per  Lin.  Ft.     Per  Cu.  Td. 
Repairs  of  Hole          Excavated 

Labor     •. 0.60  cents          2.80  cents 

Material    .  1.40  cents         6.80  cents 


Total    2.00  cents          9.60  cents 

The  total  drill  repairs  amounted  to  58c  per  eight-hour  shift. 
In  the  9%  months  2,262  shifts  were  worked. 

Mr.  Hauer  states  lhat  on  one  Ingersoll-Sergeant  drill  of  3%" 
size,  class  F,  the  repairs,  not  including  repairs  to  hose,  amounted 
to  $5  per  month  for  a  period  of  four  to  five  months. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  John  Rice,  vice-president  of  the  General 
Crushed  Stone  Co.  of  South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  for  the  following 
information  as  to  drill  repairs: 

r   o  JH  t*  fri  ® ^3  OP,fl  .; 

S    18        I  *2L        *|       ?1        * 

«4        -  pi  +j  <U "  4) " 

5        J,  ^  rf  ^  $£  %£  %> 

«H  "o-1-1^  fe^  bOfS^  f*«J  "«-»  2* 


z 

H 

£ 

£                  < 

m 

8 

tf 

Quartzite  —  1904. 

9 

F  9 

101,379 

1,525                6.65 

7.03 

6.12 

*0.61 

Quartzite—  1905. 

8 

F9 

118,597 

1,383.5            8.57 

9.25 

7.55 

tO.  64 

Limestone  —  1903. 

7 

F9 

93,118 

922             10.1 

10.7 

9.37 

*0.31 

Limestone  —  1904. 

7 

F  9 

114,430 

1,130             10.13 

11.47 

9.32 

tO.56 

7 

F9 

107,837 

913             11.8 

12.69 

10.0 

tO.57 

Exceeding  Hard   Trap — 1905. 

5           F9            36,973          1,411                2.62            3.05            2.58          tl-7 
4        A  32         2.57  2.24  

*  Drill  parts  only.       t  Drill  parts,  steel  and  hose. 

Note:  The  Ingersoll-Sergeant  drill  F  9  has  a  cylinder  3%  ins. 
in  diameter  and  a  7-in.  stroke.  The  Ingersoll-Sergeant  drill 
A  32  has  a  cylinder  2y2  ins.  in  diameter  and  a  5-in.  stroke. 


254 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Mr.  Bond  (quoted  above)  observes  that  a  well-made  heavy 
bar  or  column  should  outlast  four  drills,  and  ^arms  are  generally 
strong  enough  to  finish  three  drills.  He  considers  that  repairs 
and  depreciation  on  a  stoping  drill  are  about  50c  per  shift. 

The  cost  of  repairs  to  two  Ingersoll  drills  3%  inches  in  size 
at  the  Melones  mine  was  $91.00  for  over  2,600  feet  of  tunnel. 

The  following  drill  repair  costs  are  given  in  "Rock  Drilling," 
by  Dana  and  Saunders: 

The  cost  for  putting  in  shape  for  work  nine  drills  on  the 
D.,  L.  &  W.  cutoff  was  $1,100.  Repairs  on  fourteen  drills  for 
the  first  13  months  after  the  commencement  of  the  work 
amounted  to  $695.62,  or  an  average  of  $3.80  per  drill  per  month, 
or  38  cents  per  drill  per  shift. 

At  Thornton,  111.,  the  repairs  on  fourteen  drills  during  nine 
months  in  1909  cost  $3,058.47,  or  93  cents  per  drill  per  day,  single 
shift  work. 


Fig.  87.     Quincey   Mining  Company's  Drill  Shop  at   Hancock, 
Mich.,  Equipped  with   Four  Standard   Drill- 
Making  and  Sharpening  Machines. 


DRILI,    SHARPENING    MACHINES 

A  drill  making  and  sharpening  machine,  with  a  capacity  for 
sharpening  any  sort  of  drill  up  to  20  feet  in  length  and  800  to 
1,000  bits  per  eight-hour  shift,  requires  one  man  to  operate  the 
machine  and  one  man  to  heat  the  steel.  With  the  machine  is 
furnished  one  set  of  dies  and  dollies  for  sharpening  cross  or 
X  bits  from  1%  to  3%  inches  gauge.  Such  a  set  usually  lasts 
ten  months,  double  shift  work.  Spares  for  X  bits  cost  $75.00. 
Compressed  air  at  80-90  Ibs.  is  used  for  the  pistons,  and  a  small 
motor  or  other  drive  for  the  drill  rest.  About  $100  per  year 
will  cover  repairs  to  the  machine.  The  price,  f.  o.  b.  N.  Y.,  is 
$1,350,  the  net  weight  about  5,000  Ibs.,  and  shipping  weight 
6,000  Ibs. 

One  drill  sharpening  machine  was  operated  by  one  man  who 
attended  his  own  forge  and  made  necessary  repairs.  It  ran  on 


DRILLS 


255 


an  average  of  4  hours  per  day  and  sharpened  approximately 
36,000  drills,  averaging  50  drills  per  hour.  The  amount  of  fuel 
used  was  about  one-half  that  required  in  hand  work.  To  form 
and  sharpen  new  drills  required  iy2  minutes.  The  life  of  a  bit 
sharpened  by  this  machine  is  longer  than  when  done  by  hand, 
the  bits  being  better  compacted,  and  drills  can  be  sharpened 
at  the  same  machine  by  the  same  dies.  Before  this  machine  was 
used  two  blacksmiths  and  two  helpers  were  necessary,  the  ma- 
chine showing  a  saving  over  hand  labor  in  6  months  of  $1,738.50 
and  saving  in  coal  for  183  days,  $83.  Total  saving  for  6  months, 
$1,821.50.  (No  record  as  to  machine  cost.) 

In  the  South  African  gold  mines  each  drilling  machine  uses  an 
average  of  twenty  drill  points  per  shift,  which  amounts  to 
600  Ibs.  of  drills  removed  to  and  from  the  job  for  each  machine 


Fig.      89.       Drilling       "Down' 

Holes  with  the  "Little 

!mp"  Drill. 


Fig.   88.     Drilling    "Up"    Holes 

with  the  "Little   Imp" 

Air  Feed   Drill. 


per  shift.  One  blacksmith  with  a  helper  will  keep  5  to  7 
drills  supplied  with  sharp  bits.  In  medium  rock  a  bit  must  be 
sharpened  for  each  2  ft.  of  hole,  in  hard  rock,  for  each  iy2  ft., 
and  in  soft  rock  for  each  4  ft.  The  direct  cost  of  sharpening 
bits  by  hand  is  about  as  follows: 


256 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Blacksmith 

Helper    

Charcoal    . 


13.00 

2.00 

60 

Total    ...140   bits   at    4   cents  =  $5.60 


Mr.  T.  H.  Proske 
says: 

"The  power  drill- 
sharpener  has  re- 
moved many  of  the 
shortcomings  attend- 
ant upon  the  hand 
sharpening  process, 
with  the  result  that 
where  these  machines 
are  used  it  is  possible 
to  accomplish  from  25 
to  100  per  cent  more 
drilling  than  under 
the  old  methods."  I 
take  this  to  mean  25 
to  100  per  cent  more 
drilling  per  trip  to  the 
shop  on  the  part  of 
the  drill  tender,  which 
statement  is  well 
within  the  facts.  Es- 
pecially is  this  true 
when  the  machine 
sharpening  is  com- 
bined with  the  selec- 
tion of  special  drill 
steels. 


Fig.    89  A. 


HAND    HAMMER    DRILLS 

Hand  Hammer  Drills  are  light,  powerful,  small  tools  which  are 
adapted  to  light  work  in  mines  and  quarries. 

Imperial  Hand  Hammer  Drill  No.  MV2,  complete..      ..$60.00 

1  drill,  12-inch   1.15 

1   drill,   24-inch    1.55 

1   drill,   36-inch    2.00 

1  drill,  48-inch    2.50 

1  dolly 2.50 

25  ft.  of  %-inch,  7-ply  air  hose  complete 7.20 

Total    , .$76.90 

Performance  of  Small  Hand  Hammer  Drill 

The  writer  examined  with  some  care  the  operation  of  a  small 
hand  hammer  drill  in  the  field  operating  in  granitic  schist  in  a 
New  Hampshire  quarry.  The  accompanying  photographs,  Figs. 
89A  and  89B,  show  the  drill  in  operation  with  the  dust  coming  out 


DRILLS 


257 


Hours      Minutes 
1                   42 

Seconds 
3 

1                 43 

25 

el                               43 

37 

teel                                                            44 

54% 

45 

5% 

el                                                               46 

20 

el                   46 

31% 

teel                        47 

20% 

47 

13% 

jl..                                                               48 

222 

of  the  hole  and  being  carried  away  by  the  wind;  and  the  operator 
in  the  act  of  releasing  drill  steel  from  the  chuck.  This  operation 
of  changing  steels  required  an  average  of  Iiy5  seconds  on  the 
part  of  a  highly  skilled  operator.  The  field  notes  of  this  test 
were  as  follows: 


Finish  of  first  steel 
Start  of  second  steel. 
Finish  of  second  steel, 
Start  of  third  steel 
Finish  of  third  steel, 
Start  of  fourth  steel, 
Finish  of  fourth  steel. 
Start  of  fifth  steel, 
Finish  of  fifth  steel. 

Total  depth  of  hole,  55%  in. 

Average  depth  per  steel,  11  in. 

The  steel  used  was   %-in.  hexagonal  hollow  rolled  steel. 

First  bit,  diameter,  1%  in. 

Last  bit,  diameter,  1  %  in. 

After  the  hole  was 
finished,  dust  filled 
the  hole  to  about  a 
depth  of  8  in.  until 
blown  out,  which  time 
for  blowing  out  is  not 
included  in  the  above 
time  study.  The 
elapsed  time  for  the 
entire  operation  was 
6  min.  19%  sec.,  or 
6.32  min.  The  total 
time  to  change  steels 
was  44%  sec.,  or  .75 
min.,  making  5.57  min. 
for  drilling  time,  or 
practically  10  in.  per 
minute.  This,  of 
course,  did  not  include 
the  time  of  getting 
ready  for  a  new  hole 
or  blowing  out  the  old 
hole,  both  of  which 
operations  could  eas- 
ily be  accomplished 
in  30*  seconds  by  an 
average  operator.  This 
example  is  given  to 
show  the  adaptability 
of  these  small  hand  Fig.  89  B. 

machines      for      rapid 

and  economical  work  on  comparatively  shallow  holes.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  air  pipe  is  shown  a  pipe  running  to  the  pressure  gauge, 
which  registered  102  Ibs.  when  the  drill  was  not  working  and  85 


258  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Ibs.  with  drill  running.  The  former  pressure  represented  the 
pressure  at  the  compressor.  In  this  drill  some  of  the  exhaust 
goes  down  through  the  bit  and  blows  the  rock  cuttings  up  out 
of  the  hole,  producing  a  heavy  cloud  in  a  strong  wind. 

SUBMARINE    DRILLS 

There  are  two  general  methods  of  submarine  drilling:  (1) 
"Platform  Method,"  so-called  from  a  platform  or  staging  sup- 
ported on  "spuds."  This  method  is  applicable  where  currents 
are  excessively  disturbing  influences.  (2)  The  "Barge  Method" 
employs  a  floating  scow  or  barge  carrying  the  drills  and  other 
equipment,  anchored  in  place  by  cables  or  chains.  The  height 
of  the  framing,  length  of  feed,  etc.,  and  resulting  price  of  equip- 
ment, depend  upon  depth  of  drilling. 

A  number  of  plants  for  subaqueous  drilling  are  described  in 
"Rock  Drilling,"  by  Dana  and  Saunders,  from  which  the  following 
data  are  abstracted: 

The  Platform  Method.  Cylindrical  telescopic  tubes  with  a 
conical  taper,  fitted  with  an  ejector  attachment,  rest  on  the  rock, 
with  upper  end  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  Drilling,  washing 
and  charging  are  performed  through  these  tubes.  The  use  of  the 
water  jet  is  usually  very  economical.  The  boilers,  shops,  pumps, 
diving  apparatus,  etc.,  are  usually  carried  by  barge  or  scow 
moored  to  the  platform  and  by  anchors. 

In  the  operations  on  Black  Tom  Reef,  New  York  harbor,  which 
commenced  May  2,  1881,  S44  actual  working  days  were  occupied  in 
drilling  1,736  holes,  a  total  of  17,658  lineal  feet  (av.  depth  10.17') 
and  removing  5,136  cu.  yds. 

The  cost  of  plant,  including  alterations  and  additions,  was  as 
follows : 

Barge  No.    4,   hull   and  equipment $  6,640.00 

Drill  Float,  No.   1 4,095.70 

Drill   Float  No.    2 4,987.40 

Machinery,   etc 3,815.51 

Total     $19,538.61 

The  foregoing  cost  of  plant  and  the  following  cost  of  operation 
are  excessive,  due  to  the  experimental  work  prior  to  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  improved  methods  of  operation. 
The  operating  expenses  were  as  follo'ws: 

Cost  Cost 

per  Lin.  Ft.  per  Cu.  Yd. 
Total  Cost  Drilled          Removed 

Labor    $9,203.88  $0.521  $t.792 

Explosives     9,461.00  0.535  1.844 

Actual   repairs   to   plant 1,575.57  0.089  0.307 

Repairs  to  drills   93.31  0.005  0.018 

Repairs   to   ejector   pipes 267.54  0.015  0.052 

Steam  and  water  hose    491.18  0.028  0.096 

Connecting  wire,  77%  Ibs 52.08  0.003  0.010 

Rubber   tape   for   connections, 

7    rolls    12.25  0.001  0.002 

Water 500.55  0.029  0.096 

Coal,  200.2  tons    823.03  0.047  0.160 


Total $22,480.39  $1.273  $4.377 


DRILLS  259 

Area   drilled  over 32,100       sq.  ft. 

Dynamite   used    20,461       Ibs. 

Exploders    used     1,844 

Number   of  drilling   machines 3 

Steels  used   (octagon   1  1/12") 18 

Total     loss     of    steel     by    abrasion    and     dressing 

(59.5')      394.5    Ibs. 

Average   depth    of   hole    to    each    cu.    yd.    rock    re- 
moved       3.44  lin.  ft. 

Barg-e  Method.  The  drill  boat  used  by  the  Great  Lakes  Dredge 
Dock  Co.  at  West  Neebish  Channel,  St.  Mary's  River,  in  1909. 
was  of  timber,  126  ft.  long  by  30  ft.  beam,  covered  by  a  house 
in  which  were  boilers,  shops  and  men's  quarters.  The  equipment 
included  the  following: 

1   Scotch  marine  (3  fire)  boiler,  14'  long  x  13'  diameter. 

1  Each  blacksmith's  forge,  anvil,  block  with  stack,  bench,  vise, 

pipe  clamp. 
17  Span   drill   bits. 

1  Hydraulic  cylinder,  12"xl5' 6".  with  3  Ms"  piston  and  traction 
chain  for  moving  drills. 

1  Small  feed  pump. 

2  Force  pumps. 

1  dynamo  (and  switchboard)  driven  by  one  cylinder  belted  en- 
gine; dynamo  110  volts  and  42  amperes,  D.  C.,  5  h.  p., 
1,600  r.  p.  m. 

1  Small  vertical  washout  boiler. 

5  Drill  machines,  6%"  on  track  of  2' 6"  I  beams. 

2  Steam  driven  capstans. 
4  Spud   engines,    6"x6%". 

The  cost  of  the  plant  was  approximately  $35,000.00. 

The  drill  boat  "Earthquake"  used  by  Dunbar  and  Sullivan  on 
Section  No.  3  of  the  Livingstone  channel,  Detroit  River  channel 
improvement,  had  a  steel  hull  106  ft.  long,  30  ft.  wide  and 
5  ft.  9  in.  deep.  The  deck  was  of  2-in.  planking,  and  the  house, 
89x19x13  ft.  high,  also  of  wood.  The  framework  of  the  hull  was 
composed  of  standard  angles  and  brackets,  and  divided  into 
four  watertight  compartments  by  transverse  bulkheads. 

The  equipment  includes  the  following : 

4  Drills  and  equipment. 
4  Spud  anchors. 
4  Spud  anchor  engines. 
2  Steam  capstans. 
17   Bits. 
1  Hydraulic  cylinder,  11   ft.  long  x  12   in.  diameter  for  shifting 

drills. 

1  Boiler,  12%x7%  ft. 
1  Feed  water  heat. 
1  Injector. 

1  Small  engine  for  boiler  feed. 
1   Small  pump   for   washout. 
1  Pump,  10x7x10  in.,  for  hydraulic  lift. 
1  Each  anvil,   forge,  bench,    vise  and  pipe   clamp,   small   blower 

and  blower  estimate. 

1  Dynamo  and  small  engine  for  lights. 
1  Tank,  7x21x3  ft.,  for  heating  feed  water  for  hydraulic  lift  in 

winter. 

1  Cutter  and   1  powder  boat. 
The  cost  of  the  plant  was  approximately  $45,000. 


260  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

On  the  Hay  Lake  and  Neebish  Channels  improvement  of  St. 
Mary's  River,  Mich.,  Section  No.  4,  the  following-  plant  was  used: 

3  Drill   boats,   approximate   value $  34,000 

2  Dredges,  approximate  value 45,000 

4  Dump  scows,  approximate  value 30,000 

1  Floating  derrick,   approximate   value 6,000 

2  Tugs,   approximate   value 10,000 

Total     $125,000 

The  drill  boats  have  wooden  hulls,  98x25x6  ft.,  90x30x6  ft.  and 
65x16x5%  ft,  the  two  largest  having  3  drills  each  and  the 
smaller  2  drills. 

The  following  tabulation  of  the  cost  of  subaqueous  drilling  is 
also  abstracted  from  "Rock  Drilling": 


r  Actual  drilling 
b»     labor  per  ft.  of 
to    hole  (cents) 


111  111  111        I 


02      CO          Ul 

<-h         r+  r-h 

(D        (D  (D 

P         P  P 

333 


tO^OlOr*  WOOOSOo       CT  to  ^  to  4^- OO  t-i  O5  O 
O^^i0  OJtOto^          %'^CU^°^0000<3> 
O 


,, 

pp         pppp      ppppfopppps         p     Drill 

3  33   3333  333333333   3 


Depth  of  Hole 
(ft.  and  in.) 


Starting  bit 
(inches) 


to    to        to 


to      «to          to-toSstototototo-tototo         to  No.  Of  m©n 

to  drill 


•5"? 
^^ 


ff    ? 

3       W 
g       ^ 

£    2. 
§    s 

!i 

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I  "I    ; "&§•  si)s?g'§5s'§l!w3 


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9 


S  o 

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O  d  WO   WKdp  ddddddddd 

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261 


262  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PI-ANT 

MISCELLANEOUS    DRH.I.S 

CHANNELERS. 

These  machines  are  used  generally  where  the  output  of  quar- 
ries consists  of  dimension  stone,  but  sometimes,  as  on  canal 
work,  it  is  more  economical  to  channel  rocks  to  a  required  face 
than  to  drill  and  blast  beyond  the  "pay"  limit.  Another  definite 
advantage  in  the  use  of  channelers  is  noted  in  the  building  of 
the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  where  the  walls  were  required  to 
be  left  smooth  and  solid.  The  depth  to  which  a  channeler  can 
cut  depends  upon  the  character  of  the  rock.  A  cut  as  great  as 
17  ft.  has  been  accomplished,  but  very  rarely.  The  general  aver- 
age is  from  7  to  10  ft.  With  a  9  ft.  cut  in  shale,  a  machine 
under  my  direction,  in  February,  1908,  cut  from  80  to  250  sq.  ft. 
per  day  of  three  shifts  with  a  total  of  3,139  sq.  ft.  for  the 
month.  The  width  of  'a  channel  cut  will  vary  with  the  conditions 
from  \Vz  in.  to  5  in.,  more  or  less.  The  cost  per  square  foot 
channeled  was  13.5  cents  labor  and  about  4  cents  for  coal.  These 
costs  are  exclusive  of  plant,  superintendence  and  overhead 
charges. 

In  the  fixed-back  channeler  the  movement  of  the  steels  is 
limited  to  two  vertical  planes  and  the  cut  is  vertical  with  square 
ends.  The  swing-back  track  channeler  is  intended  for  angular 
cutting  in  quarries  where  the  floor  is  to  be  enlarged.  And  it  is 
desirable  to  follow  it  without  removing  overlying  rock.  The 
Broncho  channeler  has  a  purpose  intermediate  between  the  heavy 
track  channeler  and  the  light  quarry  bar  and  drill.  The  under- 
cutting track  channeler  is  designed  to  meet  conditions  in  rock  t 
in  which  there  are  no  free  horizontal  beds,  and  the  cleavage  of 
the  stone  is  nearly  vertical. 


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264  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Standard  track  equipment  furnished  with  channelers  provides 
for  a  total  length  of  forty-two  feet  in  three  sections.  Eighty- 
pound  rail  is  used.  A  tool  chest  with  a  very  complete  equip- 
ment, boiler  tools,  etc.,  is  supplied. 

Steels  are  furnished  according  to  the  stone  to  be  channeled, 
as  follows:  They  cost  about  $2.50  per  foot  per  gang  or  $5  per 
foot  per  set  of  2  gangs. 

Steels  for  Marble  and  Limestone  When  Used  with  Crosshead. 

Fifty  pieces  of  steel  constitute  two  sets  (10  gangs,  5  pieces  to 
each  gang),  to  channel  to  a  depth  of  7  ft.  in  marble  and  lime- 
stone. Size  of  steel,  %  in.  by  1%  in. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  1  ft.  6  in.  long 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  3   ft. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  4  ft.   6  in. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  6  ft. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  7  ft.  6  in. 

The  Blacksmith's  Gauge  for  Steels  for  Marble  and  Limestone 
commences  at  1%  in.  and  reduces  1-16  in.  on  each  length  from 
the  3-foot  lengths  up.  The  starters  and  the  3-foot  lengths  have 
the  same  gauge,  1%  in. 

All  gangs  of  the  same  length  have  the  same  gauge. 

Steels  for  Sandstone  When  Used  with  Crosshead. 

Thirty  pieces  constitute  two  sets  (10  gangs,  3  pieces  to  each 
gang),  to  channel  to  a  depth  of  7  ft.  in  sandstone.  Size  of  steel, 
%  in.  by  2%  in. 

2  Gangs — 6  pieces,  each  1   ft.   6  in.  long 

2  Gangs — 6  pieces,  each  3   ft. 

2  Gangs — 6  pieces,  each  4  ft.   6  in. 

2  Gangs — 6  pieces,  each  6  ft. 

2  Gangs — 6  pieces,  each  7  ft.   6  in. 

The  Gauge  for  the  Sandstone  Bits  commences  at  3  in.  and 
reduces  %  in.  on  each  length  from  the  3-foot  lengths  up.  The 
starters  and  the. 3-foot  lengths  haVe  the  same  gauge,  3  in. 

All  gangs  of  the  same  length  have  the  same  gauge. 

Steels  for  Marble  and  Limestone  When  Used  with  Roller  Guide. 

Fifty  pieces  of  steel  constitute  two  sets  (10  gangs,  5  pieces 
to  each  gang),  to  channel  to  a  depth  of  7  ft.  in  marble  or  lime- 
stone. 

Each  gang  uses  3  steels  1  in.  by  1%  in.  and  2  steels  1  in.  by 
1%  in. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  2  ft.   6  in.  long 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  4  ft. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  5  ft.  6  in. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  7  ft. 

2  Gangs — 10  pieces,  each  8  ft.   6  in. 

Note:  It  will  be  noticed  that  these  steels  are  longer  for  a 
given  depth  of  cut  than  when  a  crosshead  is  used,  but  this  extra 
length  is  used  by  Roller  Guide. 


DRILLS  265 

The  Blacksmith's  Gauge  for  Steels  for  Marble  and  Limestone 
commences  at  1%  in.  and  reduces  1-16  in.  on  each  length  from 
the  4-foot  lengths  up.  The  starters  and  the  4-foot  lengths  have 
the  same  gauge,  ll/2  in. 

GADDER. 

The  Gadder  is  used  to  drill  a  number  of  parallel  holes  in  a 
plane,  at  any  angle  from  horizontal  to  vertical,  or,  in  connection 
with  the  channeler,  in  drilling  the  horizontal  undercutting  holes. 
In  "plug  and  feather"  work  it  is  used  to  break  the  large  blocks 
cut  free  by  the  channelers. 

The  equipment  includes  the  following:  One  truck  with  corner 
pins,  1  standard  back  screw,  1  long  back  screw  and  extra 
short  back  screw  for  frame,  1  set  of  oilers,  1  set  of  wrenches,  1 
tie  rod  8  ft.  long.  Price  of  gadder  frame  $465,  f.  o.  b.  factory; 
weight  2,550  Ibs.  Price  of  drill  (extra)  36  in.  feed,  $165.  Ap- 
proximate shipping  weight  of  frame  and  drill  complete,  3,150  Ibs. 


QUARRY  BARS. 


p  02  5 

O^  <H  llt-  ^  Si  ' 

A*  A  S6  --1 

1-3  A  W  &             CO                W                     k 

Size                  Ft.     In.  Ft.  In.  Inches  Lbs.     Lbs.     Lbs. 

Light  2 

3-inch                    10        0  8  4        2%  480        565        945        $150.00 


Standard  2% 

4% -inch  12        0        10        0        3  960    1,125     1,625        $187.50 


Complete  Quarry  Bar  includes  carriage,  weight  and  wrenches, 
but  no  drill. 

*  When  a  2% -inch  drill  is  used  on  the  3-inch  Light  Quarry  Bar, 
or  a  2^2  -inch  drill  is  used  on  the  4^ -inch  Standard  Quarry  Bar, 
a  special  saddle  is  necessary. 

ELECTRIC  AIR  CHANNELER. 

This  machine  is  operated  on  the  same  principle  as  the  electric 
air  drill  heretofore  described. 

The  character  of  current  recommended  is  the  same  as  for  the 
electric  air  drill. 


266 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Equipment. 

One  complete  "Electric-Air"  Channeler  outfit  includes  the  fol- 
lowing: 

One  "Electric-Air"  Swing  Back,  Swivel  Head  Track  Channeler 
mounted  on  a  rigid  cast  iron  truck  with  single  flanged  truck 
wheels. 

One  pulsator  rigidly  mounted  on  the  truck;  one  motor,  either 
220  volt  direct,  or  220  volt,  3-phase,  50  or  60  cycle,  alternating 
current;  and  one  speed-changing  controller. 


Fig.    90. 


Track    Channelers    in    Operation    in   the    Quarries   at 
Bedford,  Indiana. 


In  addition  to  the  above  the  following  accessories  are  pro- 
vided: 30  feet  of  flexible  protected  cable  with  connections;  one 
drag  pole;  three  12-foot  sections  of  track  and  one  6-foot  sec- 
tion; one  set  of  lifting  bales;  one  spare  chuck  clamp;  one  main 
fuse  box;  a  full  set  of  wrenches;  a  full  set  of  tools;  and  selected 
extra  parts  covering  both  the  mechanical  and  electrical  parts  of 
the  equipment.  Channeler  steels  are  furnished  only  on  order,  at 
extra  cost. 

Price,  complete,  $4,250  net,  f.  o.  b.  factory. 


DRILLS 


267 


When    requesting   quotations    on    rock   drilling   machinery,    the 
following  information  should  be  furnished  the  manufacturer: 

In  Quarrying-. 

1.  Give   the   location   of   work,   whether   on   surface   or   under- 
ground. 

2.  Describe   the  nature  of  the  rock,  whether  sandstone,   slate, 
limestone,    granite,    marble,    etc.      State   whether   the   material    Is 
hard,  medium  or  soft. 

3.  Is  the  quarry  output  in  dimension  stone  or  simply  broken 
rock? 

4.  If  the  material  is  shelly,  state  whether  it  is  tight  or  loose. 

5.  What  is  to  be  the  extreme  depth  of  holes?     Are  there  many 
or  few  of  these  deep  holes? 


Fig. 


91.     The    "Broncho"    Channeler    on    a    Side    Hill    at    the 
Waverley  Marble  Quarries,  Tuckahoe,  N.  Y. 


6.  What    is    the    average    depth    of    the    holes    to    be    drilled? 
(This  is  important.) 

7.  What   is   to   be   the  average   diameter   of  the   holes    at   the 
bottom?     If  undecided,  state  whether  dynamite  or  black  powder 
is  to  be  used. 

8.  What  is  the  greatest  distance  to  which  steam  will  have  to 
be  piped  or  will  ever  be  used? 

9.  A   rough   sketch   of   the   quarry   is    very   useful   and   also   a 
small  sample  of  the  material  to  be  quarried.     If  the  latter  is  sent, 
it  should  be  properly  labeled  with  the  name  and  address  of  the 
sender  and  prepaid;  a  3-inch  or  5-inch  cube  is  a  good  size. 


268 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


In  Railway  Cut  or  Excavation. 

10.  Give  the  full  dimensions  of  the  cut  and  in  addition  answer 
such  questions  in  above  list  as  may  apply  to  the  case. 

In  Sewer  or  Trenching-  Work. 

11.  Give  answers  to  questions   Nos.   2,   4,   6,   7,   8   and  9   above. 

12.  Give  the  width  and  depth  of  the  trench,  stating  the  depth 
of  the  rock  which  is  to  be  removed,  and  depth  of  earth   uf  any) 
over  the  rocjc. 

In  Metal  Mining. 

13.  Give  full  information  as  to  the  nature  and  quality  of  the 
ore. 

14.  Describe  the  general  system  of  mining. 


Fig.  92.     Front  View  of  the  "Electric- 
Air"  Channeler,  Showing   It  Ad- 
justed   for    Making    a 
Transfer  Cut. 


15.  Give  the  dimensions  of  the  shafts,  drifts,  stopes  and  winzes 
which  are  to  be  driven. 

16.  If  a  compressed  air  equipment  is  desired,  answer  the  ques- 
tions under  the  heading  of  "Compressed  Air." 

In  T it  mi  e ling*. 

17.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  material  which  is  to  be  passed 
through? 

18.  Dimensions  of  tunnel? 

19.  What  is  to  be  the  total  length? 

20.  Are   heading   and   bench   to   be   driven    together,    or   will   a 
heading  be  driven  first  and  the  bench  removed  afterward? 

21.  Is  the  tunnel  to  be  driven  from  one  end  only,  or  from  both? 

22.  Are  intermediate  shafts  to  be  sunk?    If  so,  give  their  depth 
and  cross-section,  and  describe  the  material  to  be  penetrated. 


DRILLS 


269 


23.  If  compressed  air  Is  to  be  used,  distributed  by  pipes  leading 
from   a   central   station,    these   stations   should   be  located   where 
coal  and  water  are  most  readily  accessible.     In  such  cases  answer 
the  questions  under  the  heading  "Compressed  Air." 

In  Shaft  Work. 

24.  What  are  to  be  the  dimensions  of  the  shaft? 

25.  Give    the   depth   proposed   and   nature   of   the  rock   or    ore 
penetrated.     If  compressed  air  is   to  be  used,   answer   the  ques- 
tions under  that  head  below. 

In  Submarine  Drill  Work. 

26.  Give    the   greatest   depth    of   water   over    the    rock   to   be 
excavated. 


No.    93.     No.    11    "Imperial"    Wood 
Boring    Machine. 

27.  Give  the   depth   of  rock  which   is   to   be  blasted   and   the 
depth  of  the  holes  to  be  drilled.     If  possible,  state  a  maximum 
and  minimum  depth  required. 

28.  Give  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  tide,  if  any. 

29.  Give  the  velocity  of  the  current,  if  any. 

30.  State  whether  the  drilling  is  to  be  done  from  a  scow,  pon- 
toon, platform  or  whatever  support  is  used. 

31.  State  whether  the  rock  is  covered  with  mud,  clay,  gravel 
or  sand,  and  if  so,  to  what  depth. 

Where  Compressed  Air  Is  to  Be  Used. 

32.  State  the  altitude  above  sea  level  at  which  the  compressor 
is  to  be  located. 


270 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


33.  Give  a  general  idea  of  the  location  and  arrangement  of  the 
plant. 

34.  State  how  near  the  plant  is   to   fuel   and  water,   and   the 
kind  and  cost  of  the  fuel. 

35.  State  how  far  the  compressing  plant  is  from  the  work  to 
be  done. 

36.  If  other  machinery   than   drills   is   to   be   run  by  air,   give 
the  cylinder  dimensions,   the   speed,   the  pressure   necessary,    the 
running  time,  the  location,  and  other  information  likely  to  be  of 
service. 

37.  State    whether    the    compressor    is    to    be    run    by    steam, 
electricity  or  water  power. 


Fig  94.     Drilling   Frame   Bolt   Holes  in   a   Locomotive   Frame. 

38.  Give  the  steam  pressure  which  is  to  be  used. 

39.  State  whether  the  compressor  is  to  run  condensing  or  non- 
condensing.     If  condensing,  state  quality,  temperature  and  quan- 
tity of  water  available. 

40.  If  a  boiler  is  already  available,  state  its  rated  horse-power. 

41.  State  how  long  the  work  is  to  last,  and  whether  the  most 
economical  or  a  cheaper  plant  is  contemplated. 

42.  If  electric  power  is  to  be  used,  state  character,  voltage  and 
frequency  of  current  available. 

43.  If   water   power   is    to    be    used,    state    head    and    quantity 
available. 

44.  If  compressor  must  be  sectionalized,  state  limit  of  weight 
permissible. 


DRILLS  271 

PNEUMATIC  PISTON  DRILLS. 

Pneumatic  piston  drills  are  used  for  drilling  metals,  boring 
wood,  tapping,  reaming,  flue  rolling,  etc.  The  No.  1  and  No.  11 
machines  listed  below  cost  about  $72.00  and  the  other  sizes  about 
$75.00. 


(J>  (D  (D  O  (D 

3333333      style 


2  M 


to  o  *•  cow  to  o  Length  (Ins.) 


^  Length  of  Feed   (Ins.) 

.,^  Diameter  from  Side  to 
Center  of  Spindle 
(Ins.)  ^ 

Morse      Taper      Socket     |> 
4»w     *.w*.co         (Ins.) 

Square     Tap     Socket 

frfr    fr    sj^sj,        (Ins.) 

to  HI    coMtot-  Size    Twist    Drill    Will     2 
i)KjK       Drive  (Ins.) 

Size  of  Wood  Bit  Will 
Drive    (Ins.) 

tssh-i  Reaming  (Ins.) 
ton!  Tapping   (Ins.) 


Flue  Rolling  (Ins.) 


COtOtOWMtsStsStO     TJ       T>       T\.r       _A     Q/\     T  V»a 
C1  1*  -3  CT  -3  to  «0  «0      **•     *•     *»•      &t     oO     LbS. 

ocncnooooo 

Cubic  Feet  of  Free  Air 

INS  co  to  to  *.  to  &o  to        at  80  Lbs 


Hose  Connection  (Ins.) 


272  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

SAND  PUMPS. 

"Down"  holes  in  rock  forming  a  mud  which  will  not  splash 
out  must  be  cleaned  at  intervals — usually  at  every  change  of 
steels.  For  this  purpose  the  sand  pump  is  used.  It  is  a  sec- 
tion of  wrought  iron  boiler  tube  having  a  valve  at  its  lower 
end  which  opens  to  admit  the  slush,  but  closes  when  the  tube 
is  lifted.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  tube  a  chain  should  be 
attached,  made  up  of  several  links  of  rod  by  which  the  pump  is 
forced  to  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  A  ring  at  the  last  link  pre- 
vents the  chain  from  dropping  in  the  hole.  The  two-foot  length 
is  used  for  cleaning  holes  without  moving  the  drills;  greater 
lengths  are  intended  for  deep  holes.  Standard  sizes  and  prices 
are  tabulated  below. 


TABLE  107— SAND  PUMP  WITH  BAIL 

Outside  Diam.           No.  1  No.  2            No.  3             No.  4         No.  5 

in   ins lTV-hich  1^-inch  1^-inch  lit -inch  2% -inch 

Standard 

Sizes  Ln.              Price  Price  Price  Price            Price 

In  stock  2  ft $1.00  $1.00  $1.25  $1.50  $2.50 

In  stock  4  ft 1.50  1.50  1.75  2.00  3.00 

To  order  6  ft 2.00  2.00  2.25  2.50  3.50 

For    each    addi- 
tional   foot    of 

length  add 25  .25  .25  .30  .30 

Note:  Above  prices  are  for  pump  complete  with  valve  and  bail, 
but  do  not  include  a  chain  or  rod. 

Net  price  for  stone  drills  at  Boston  is  as  follows:  Stone  drills, 
1  and  1%-in.  octagon  steel,  2  to  6-ft.  lengths,  12  cts.  per  Ib. 

The  net  prices  at  Chicago  for  hand  drills  for  stone,  marble 
and  granite  are  as  follows:  Ball  drills,  7  ft.  long,  8  Ibs.  weight, 
$2.85  each. 

TABLE    108— MISCELLANEOUS    DRILLS 

Each  Per  Doz. 

t-in.x  8-in $0.30  $3.00 

-in.xlO-in 35  3.60 

-in.x!2-in 40  4.00 

t-in.x!4-in 45  4.50 

-in.xl6-in 60  6.00 

y8-in.x!6-in 70  7.20 

l-in.xl6-in 75  7.50 

Net  price  for  drills  is  as  follows:  Stone  drills,  1  and  1%-in. 
octagon  steel,  2  to  6  ft.  lengths,  12  cts.  per  Ib. 

Blacksmith  drills  operated  by  hand  power,  for  drilling  holes  up 
to  1^3  ins.,  weigh  from  90  to  150  Ibs.,  and  cost  from  $12.00  to 
$25.00. 


Fig.   95. 


273 


274 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


ELECTRIC  GENERATORS 


An  electric  light  plant  with  generator  driven  by  a  gas  engine 
of  special  design  has  the  following  specifications: 
Direct  connected  sets: 

TABLE    109 


G>  *  t^x-^ 

C,0  t>^? 

«6       13 


fc 

fc 

.  fl 

§ 

.-M 

^  . 

.H 

o—« 

£          1 

r 

£* 

I 

gfl 

'C 

AH 

8 

350 

1 

2,200 

5% 

K. 

W. 

80 

950 

3 

,925 

$     855 

10 

350 

1 

2,600 

6% 

K. 

W. 

100 

1,000 

4 

,375 

945 

12 

335 

1 

3,000 

7% 

K. 

W. 

125 

1,300 

5 

,350 

1,080 

18 

325 

2 

4,000 

12 

K. 

W. 

180* 

1,950 

7 

,050 

1,485 

25 

325 

2 

5,000 

18 

K. 

W. 

250 

2,100 

8 

,425 

1,800 

35 

300 

2 

7,000 

27 

K. 

W. 

350 

2,800 

11 

,500 

2,430 

The  shipping  weight  is  about  500  Ibs.  more  than  the  total  net 

weight.     Regular  equipment  consists   of  rheostat,   muffler,   spark 

coil,  ignition  wire,  wrenches,  and  gas  regulator  with  gas  engines. 

The   following    are   excerpts    from    records    of    tests    made    in 

actual  service: 

TABLE  110— I 

Test    Made    at   Test    Made    at    Test  Made  at 
Albany,  N.   Y.,       Pittsburgh,  New  York 

'  12  H.  P.  Di-       Pa.,   25  H.   P.,     City,    10   H.   P. 
rect    Connected     Belted  to  22        Direct   Con- 
to  7%  K.  W.       K.  W.  Gener-     nected  to  6Y2 
Generator.  ator.  K.    W.    Gen- 

erator. 


Value  of  fuel  
Cost  of  fuel       .... 

gas 
600  B.  T.  U. 
per  cu.   ft. 
$1  00  per  thou- 

1,100 B.  T.  U. 
per  cu.  ft. 
27^/2  cents  per 

78°  gravity 

Duration  of  test.  . 
Amperes 

sand   ft. 
5  hours 
65 

thousand  ft. 
5  hours 
128 

14c   per   gal. 
2  hours 
50 

Volts     

120 

11  1 

119 

Fuel   consumed  per 
hour     

260  cu  ft 

303  cu  ft 

11  25  pints 

Cost    of    fuel    con- 
sumed per  hour. 
Cost    of    fuel    per 
K    W    H 

26  cents 
3%  cents 

8  3/10  cents 
$0  0057 

19.7  cents 
$0  033 

Cost  per  hour  per 
60  watt  lamp.  .. 
Efficiency    of    gen- 
erator     

$0.002 
80% 

10.00034 
85% 

$0.002 
78% 

H.  P.  developed  by 
engine     

13 

26 

10  2 

Temperature    cool- 
ing    water     dis- 
charge 

162°  F 

175°  F 

170°  F 

Temperature    of 
room      

86°  F 

85°  F 

88°  F 

Temperature  of 
generator     at 
end  of  test  

132°  F. 

110°  F. 

105°  F. 

Where  economy  of  space  Is  not  necessary,  belted  sets  may  be 
installed  at  a  saving  in  first  cost. 


ELECTRIC  GENERATORS 


275 


II 

BELTED  PLANTS. 


,  Engine  s 

,  Generator  ^ 
Capacity  in 

56  Watt 

Size  of 

H.P. 

R.P.M 

.     Price. 

K.W. 

Lamps. 

R.P.M. 

Pulley. 

Price. 

1% 

400 

$      70.00 

% 

15 

1,200 

6"x  3y2" 

$  88.00 

2y2 

400 

90.00 

iS 

25 

1,600 

6"x  3y2" 

88.00 

5 

375 

160.00 

3 

54 

1,600 

7"x  4" 

108.00 

6 

375 

216.00 

3y2 

63 

1,600 

7"x  4" 

116.00 

8 

350 

400.00 

80 

1,100 

9"x  5" 

174.00 

10 

350 

475.00 

6y2 

100 

1,350 

9"x  5" 

174.00 

12 

335 

550.00 

7% 

125 

700 

12"x  6" 

235.00 

18 

325 

800.00 

'  12 

180 

1,150 

10"x  5y2" 

239.00 

25 

325 

900.00 

17 

250 

900 

16"x  8" 

333.00 

35 

300 

1,300.00 

275 

350 

680 

20"xl2" 

488.50 

All  engines  are  guaranteed  to  carry  a  10  per  cent  overload. 


276  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ELECTRIC  MOTORS 


Electric  motors  used  by  contractors  in  general  construction 
work  range  in  size  from  a  fraction  of  a  H.  P.  to  about  150  H.  P. 
Direct  current  motors  may  be  furnished  shunt,  series  or  com- 
pound wound.  Shunt  wound  motors  maintain  a  perfectly  con- 
stant speed  regardless  of  load.  They  are  used  when  constant 
speed  is  required  under  changed  loading  conditions  and  are  par- 
ticularly suitable  for  driving  line  shafting  or  groups  of  ma- 
chines operated  by  one  motor.  Series  wound  motors  vary  in 
speed  in  proportion  to  the  load  carried.  They  exert  a  very 
strong  start  torque  and  will  race  if  allowed  to  run  free.  They  are 
particularly  suitable  for  operating  cranes,  hoists,  etc.,  where 
frequent  reversals  are  necessary  and  where  the  speed  of  the 
motor  is  constantly  under  the  control  of  an  operator. 

Compound  wound  motors  combine  the  advantages  of  the  shunt 
and  of  the  series  wound  motors.  They  will  vary  in  speed  under 
changed  loading  conditions  more  than  a  shunt  wound  motor,  but 
they  will  not  race  nor  slow  down  under  a  heavy  load  to  such  an 
extent  as  a  series  wound  motor.  They  are  adapted  to  driving 
pumps,  etc.,  where  fairly  steady  speed  and  starting  torque  are4 
required. 

The  single  phase  alternating-current  motor  has  been  quite  well 
developed  during  the  last  few  years,  but  it  has  as  yet  come  into 
rather  limited  use.  The  polyphase  motor  has  come  into  very 
general  use,  its  relative  simplicity  being  a  strong  feature.  These 
induction  motors  may  be  either  of  two  general  types,  the 
squirrel  cage  type  and  the  slip  ring,  or  wound  motor  type.  The 
squirrel  cage  type  is  the  more  simple  and  has  no  moving  con- 
tacts, and  hence  no  wearing  parts  except  the  bearings.  Relative 
freedom  from  sparking  is  assured  and  the  motors  can  be  used 
with  some  safety  in  locations  surrounded  by  inflammable  or 
explosive  material.  For  constant  speed  service  with  fairly  in- 
frequent starting  or  with  frequent  startings  on  circuits  where 
close  voltage  regulation  is  not  essential  the  squirrel  cage  is  the 
preferable  type.  The  slip  ring  type,  however,  by  the  use  of  ad- 
justable starting  resistance  in  series  with  the  secondary,  will 
start  a  given  load  with  less  current,  and  is  therefore  preferable 
where  frequent  starting  with  heavy  load  is  necessary  and  where 
close'  voltage  regulation  is  essential.  The  slip  ring  motor  is 
also  useful  for  some  kinds  of  varying  speed  service,  notably 
hoists  and  cranes,  where  its  service  is  comparable  to  that  of  a 
series  wound  d.  c.  motor. 

Motors  for  variable  speed  use  are  designed  for  intermittent 
service  of  a  maximum  of  30  minutes  duration  and  this  reduces 
the  cost.  Motors  when  well  protected  have  a  long  life.  The 
brush  is  the  quickest  wearing  part  and  one  will  last  from  1  to 
4  years,  depending  on  the  care  given  and  the  kind  of  service. 
When  a  motor  is  overloaded  the  brush  sparks  and,  therefore, 


ELECTRIC  MOTORS 


277 


wears- out  very  rapidly.  A  brush  will  last  longer  on  alternating 
current  than  on  direct.  The  following  prices  will  show  in  a 
measure  the  relative  cost  of  variously  wound  motors: 


TABLE  111 

5      H.  P Alternating  current  Squirrel  cage  $108.00 

5      H.  P Direct  current  Shunt  wound  145.00 

5      H.  P Alternating  current  Slip  ring  195.00 

5      H.  P Direct  current  Series  wound  170.00 

7%  H.  P Alternating  current  Squirrel  cage  177.00 

7V2  H.  P Direct  current  Shunt  wound  190.00 

1V2  H.  P Alternating  current  Slip  ring  240.00 

7^H.  P Direct  current  Series  wound  210.00 

10      H.  P Alternating  current  Squirrel  cage  202.00 

10      H.  P Direct  current  Shunt  wound  215.00 

10      H.  P Alternating   current  Slip  ring  260.00 

10      H.  P Direct  current  Series  wound  230.00 


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280 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Prices  are  for  shunt  wound  open  type  motors,  and  include 
sliding  base,  standard  pulley  and  Cutler  Hammer,  automatic  re- 
lease. 

For  compound  wound  motors  add  3  per  cent  to  net  price. 

For  semi-closed  motors  with  gridiron  doors  add  5  per  cent  to 
net  price. 

If  sliding  base  or  pulley  are  not  wanted  deduct  2  per  cent  from 
net  price  for  base  and  1  per  cent  from  net  price  for  pulley. 

Frames  G-6,  AAF,  AF,  BF  and  CF  are  bi-polar  machines;  the 
remainder  are  multi-polar. 

When  operated  at  110  or  220  volts,  speeds  will  be  approximately 
4  per  cent  less. 

Speeds  may  vary  5  per  cent  above  or  below  those  listed. 

TABLE  113 — SINGLE  PHASE  SELF-STARTING  MOTORS  FOR 
110  OR  220  VOLTS,  60  CYCLES 


%  H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

%  H.P. 

2,800  R.P.M. 

1       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

1%  H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

2       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

2%  H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

8       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

3%  H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

4       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

5       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

7%  H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

10       H.P. 

1.800  R.P.M. 

15       H.P. 

1,800  R.P.M. 

$   56.70 

%  H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

f    68.40 

64.10 

%  H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

72.60 

68.45 

1       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

71.90 

72.60 

1%  H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

87.20 

77.00 

2       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

102.50 

85.05 

3       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

119.50 

94.05 

4       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

162.20 

98.30 

5       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

177.70 

106.90 

7&  H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

200.00 

115.20 

10       H.P. 

1,200  R.P.M. 

256.00 

177.50 

200.00 

256.00 

,  10  and  15  H.  P.  motors 


Starting  boxes  are  furnished  with 
only. 

Prices  include  sub-base  and  belt  tightener  attachment. 


281 


282  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ELEVATING  GRADERS 


These  machines  are  generally  drawn  by  twelve  horses  (eight 
in  front  and  four  hitched  to  a  push  cart  behind)  or  more,  or  by 
a  traction  engine.  The  machine  consists  primarily  of  a  plow 
which  casts  a  furrow  on  a  transversely  moving  belt  that  elevates 
the  earth,  and  dumps  it  into  wagons  or  at  one  side.  See  Figs.  96 
and  97.  An  elevating  grader  of  the  best  type  with  a  combined 
wood  and  steel  frame  weighing  10,000  Ibs.,  sells  for  $1,050  f.  o.  b. 
Indiana.  The  advantage  of  the  combined  wood  and  steel  frame 
lies  in  the  fact  that,  a  machine  of  this  type  being  subject  to 
great  strains,  if  a  steel  channel,  angle,  or  tee  is  badly  bent  it  is 
generally  necessary  to  send  to  the  factory  for  a  new  part;  if  a 
wooden  beam  is  broken  a  new  one  can  be  made  and  fitted  on 
the  job.  This  machine  will  excavate  and  dump  on  the  bank 
1,000  yards  per  ten-hour  day,  or  load  500  to  600  yards  in  wagons, 
wherever  stone  or  roots  are  not  of  sufficient  size  to  impede  prog- 
ress in  plowing,  and  where  the  ground  is  free  from  frost,  and  is 


Fig.  97.     Reversible  Grader. 

Frm  enough  to  support  the  machine  and  the  teams.  A  16  H.  P. 
traction  engine  or  14  horses  are  necessary  to  operate  one  of  the 
typical  machines  of  this  class. 

An  all  steel  elevating  grader  of  the  reversible  type  with  a  32- 
foot  elevator  complete,  which  the  manufacturers  claim  will  load 
one  %  cubic  yard  wagon  a  minute  or  000  cubic  yards  per  day, 
costs  $2,000.  The  elevating  belt  is  propelled  by  a  7  H.  P.  steam 
or  gasoline  engine  on  top  of  the  machine,  total  weight  with  gas 
engine  14,000  Ibs.,  with  steam  engine  17,000  Ibs.  A  heavy  trac- 
tion engine  for  pulling  and  for  supplying  steam  for  the  belt 
engine  is  necessary. 

The  following  is  the  cost  of  stripping  a  gravel  pit,  covered 
with  sandy  loam,  with  a  number  of  pockets  of  varying  depths  up 
to  10".  The  contract  called  for  the  stripping  of  a  space  3,000 
feet  long  and  250  feet  wide,  and  the  placing  of  the  material  in 
storage  piles  in  the  rear. 


ELEVATING  GRADERS  283 

The  outfit  consisted  of  1  elevating  grader,  6  1^4  yard  dump 
wagons,  4  No.  2  wheelers,  and  2  plows.  Wheelers  were  used  to 
excavate  the  pockets.  More  wagons  should  have  been  provided 
as  the  grader  was  delayed  waiting  for  them. 

19,970  cubic  yards  were  stripped  during  the  month  of  Septem- 
ber, 1909. 

Grader — 

2 %  Teams  on  push,  24  days,   @  $5.00 $    300.00 

8  Teams  on  machine,  24  days,  @  $5.00 960.00 

Wagons — 

5%   Teams,  24  days,   @   $5.00 660.00 

Wheelers — 

3  Teams  on  wheelers,  11  days,   @$5.00 165.00 

1   Team  on  plow,   11  days,   @$5.00 55.00 

1  Team  on  scraper,  11  days,   @   $5.00 55.00 

Labor — 

1  Foreman    85.00 

1  Mucker,  24  days,   @    $2.00 48.00 

1  Corral  man,  28  days,    @    $2.00 56.00 

2  Grader  drivers,  24  days,   @    $2.25 108.00 


Total  cost  at  12%   cents  per  yard $2,492.00 

Mr.  Daniel  J.  Hauer  gives  the  cost  per  cu.  yd.  of  earth  excava- 
tion with  elevating  graders  on  several  railroad  jobs.  The  fol- 
lowing rates  of  wages  were  paid  for  a  10  hour  day : 

Foreman    $  2.50 

Operators    on    grader 1.50 

Laborers  and  team  men 1.50 

Engineer    2.75 

Water  boy    75 

Superintendent     , 3.00 

Timekeeper    2.50 

12  Horse  teams  and  2   drivers 22.60 

2  Horse  teams  and  1  driver. 4.60 

3  Horse  teams  and  1  driver 6.25 

Ex.  Ex.  Ex.  Ex.  Ex.  Ex.  Ex.  Aver- 

I.  II.  III.  IV.  V.  VI.  VII.  age. 

Loading    ...$0.130  $0.067  $0.085  $0.108  $0.061  $0.098  $0.153  $0.100 

Hauling     ...      .111  .078  .117  .149  .077  .094  .260  .127 

Dumping     ..      .041  .011  .019  .019  .018  .049  .050  .029 

Water    boy..     .001  .002  .002  .003  .002  .003  .002  .002 

Foreman...     .012  .007  .015  .010  .006  .009  .015  .010 

Total $0.295   $0.165   $0.238   $0.289   $0.164   $0.253   $0.480   $0.268 

Lead,    ft 400     1,000        600        700        500        500     1,700        800 

Cu.  yds. 
per    day..       206        380         300         284         417         260         167         288 

Mr.  Gillette  places  the  average  output  of  elevating  graders 
loading  into  dump  wagons  at  500  cu.  yds.  per  day,  and  estimates 
the  interest  and  depreciation  as  20  per  cent  of  the  first  cost 
distributed  over  60  working  days  per  year.  The  author  has 
found  that  the  life  of  a  grader  is  from  5  years  to  as  much  as  12 
years  when  the  grader  is  well  cared  for. 


284  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

ENGINES 


We  illustrate  two  types  of  portable  engines,  Figs.  No.  98  and  99. 


Fig.  98.    10x10-inch   Cylinder  Simple  Portable    Engine. 


Fig..  99.     Ajax  Center  Crank  Engine  on   Skids. 


ENGINES 


285 


TABLE    114— STEAM    ENGINES— I 

Prices  and  sizes  of  simple  center  crank  engines,  without  boilers, 
are: 


Price. 

$116 
127 
142 
153 
173 
184 
211 
229 
280 
293 
369 
403 
451 


H.  P. 

4 

5 

6 

8 

10 
12 
15 
18 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 


Bore. 

Stroke. 

R.  P.  M. 

4^ 

6 

225 

5 

6 

215 

5V2 

8 

200 

I* 

8 

200 

7 

10 

190 

a 

10 
11 

180 
175 

9 

11 

170 

12 

150 

10 

12 

IftO 

10 

15 

130 

11 

15 

130 

12 

15 

125 

Weight. 

750  Ibs. 

825  Ibs. 
1,270  Ibs. 
1,300  Ibs. 
1,950  Ibs. 
2,025  Ibs. 
2,375  ibs. 
2,450  Ibs. 
3,230  Ibs. 
3, 600  Ibs. 
4, 300  Ibs. 
4,950  Ibs. 
5,350  Ibs. 


Fig.  100. 


The  prices  of  the  same  engines  mounted  on  locomotive  boilers, 
which,  in  turn,  are  mounted  either  on  wheels  or  sills,  are  as 
follows: 


286 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Wheels 


II 

On  Sills- 


8 

"C 

pj 

bflaJ 

g 

fk 

|, 

2 

o 

C) 

o 
i* 

tS'd 

&  01 

sngth  on 
wheels. 

C 

o 

^_cc 

ek 

w 

^ 

£ 

K 

^ 

M 

QQ 

PH 

j 

J 

$  340 

4 

3,700 

$  304 

4 

2 

,580 

4% 

6 

225 

8 

12 

370 

5 

4,050 

0  OO 

5 

3 

,030 

5 

6 

215 

8 

12 

425 

6 

4,400 

362 

6 

3 

,380 

5V2 

8 

205 

28 

14 

450 

8 

4,900 

389 

8 

3 

,700 

6*4 

8 

205 

8 

14 

500 

10 

6,050 

430 

10 

4 

,740 

7 

10 

180 

9 

14 

565 

12 

7,350 

486 

12 

5 

,950 

7% 

10 

180 

9 

16 

635 

15 

8,400 

550 

15 

6 

,950 

8% 

11 

175 

10 

18 

670 

18 

9,000 

585 

18 

7 

,500 

9 

11 

170 

10 

20 

770 

20 

10,800 

683 

20 

9 

,100 

9% 

12 

150 

16 

20 

840 

25 

11,900 

729 

25 

10 

,200 

10 

12 

150 

18 

20 

1,020 

30 

13,600 

880 

30 

11 

,800 

10 

15 

130 

18 

22 

1,990 

35 

14,100 

946 

35 

12 

,300 

11 

15 

130 

18 

22 

1,240 

40 

14,800 

1,081 

40 

12 

,900 

12 

15 

125 

24 

24 

1,580 

50 

16,400 

1,393 

50 

14 

,400 

13 

16 

120 

30 

30 

Prices 

include  all 

fittings. 

III—  COMPOUND  PORTABLE  ENGINES 


Length  of  Bore  and 
Stroke  (Inches). 


Steam 

}d  H.  P. 

Pressure. 

Price. 

9 

130  Ibs. 

$    750 

12 

130  Ibs. 

845 

15 

130  IDJ. 

940 

20 

130  Ibs. 

1,035 

25 

130  Ibs. 

1,130 

8%xlO 
6y8x  9  xlO 
7  xlO  xlO 
7%xll  xlO 
9%xl3  xll 

For  straw-burning-  attachment,  including  jacket  on  boiler,  add 
$47.00  to  prices  above. 


PORTABLE  ENGINE  EXTRAS. 

Brake  for  portable  engine,  net $   9.50 

Driver's  seat  and  footboard  for  portable  engine,  net,  cash..      2.75 
Portable  engine  tongue  with  doubletrees  and  neckyoke,  net, 

cash    11.25 


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287 


288 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  stationary  steam  engine  shown  in  Figure  101  is  of  the 
box-bed  type,  made  very  heavy;  balanced  fly-wheel  and  pulley, 
D  slide  valve;  complete  with  all  fittings  except  steam  connec- 
tions, exhaust  pipe,  and  governor  belt. 


Horse-pow.er    15 

No.  of  revolutions....  175 
Cylinders,  diameter  and 

stroke,     inches S 

Diam.  of  flywheel,  ins..  66 
Leng.  of  bed  plate,  ins.1,000 
Width  of  bed  plate,  ins.  80 
Diam.  of  pulley,  ins...  34 

Face  of  pulley,  ins 9 

Weight,  complete,  lbs.2,700 

Price     $312.00     $338.00     $505.00     $670.00     $716.00 


25 

40 

55 

60 

150 

130 

125 

125 

10x12 

12*4x15 

14x18 

14x20 

81 

96 

107 

108 

1,500 

2,000 

2,500 

3,500 

87 

100 

122 

134 

48 

54 

60 

60 

12 

14 

16 

16 

4,700 

7,000 

9,000 

10,000 

Fig.  101.     Stationary  Engine. 


ESTIMATING    THE    HORSE    POWER    OF    CONTRACTORS' 
ENGINES. 

The  size  of  an  engine  is  usually  expressed  in  terms  of  the 
diameter  of  the  cylinder  bore  by  the  length  of  the  piston  stroke. 
In  a  6x8  engine,  the  cylinder  has  a  bore  of  6"  and  the  piston  has 
a  stroke  of  8".  This  stroke  is,  of  course,  just  twice  the  length 
of  the  "throw"  of  the  crank  arm.  Bear  in  mind,  therefore,  that 


ENGINES 


289 


the  "size  of  cylinder"  as  given  in  catalogue  is  the  bore  of  the 
cylinder  by  the  stroke  of  the  piston,  and  not  by  the  full  length 
of  the  cylinder. 

If  a  contractor's  engine  is  designed  to  have  a  piston  speed  of 
300  ft.  per  minute,  and  is  using  steam  with  a  boiler  pressure  of 
100  Ibs.,  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  deduce  a  very  simple  rule  for 
estimating  the  horse-power  of  the  engine.  The  following  rule 
is  precisely  correct  when  the  product  of  the  piston  speed  by  the 
mechanical  efficiency  is  equal  to  1050;  and  this  is  ordinarily  the 
case  with  contractors'  engines  having  cylinders  of  8"  or  more  in 
diameter. 

RULE:  To  ascertain  the  horsepower,  square  the  bore  of  the 
cylinder  and  divide  by  four. 

Thus,  if  the  'engine  is  8x8,  we  have  a  cylinder  bore  of  8. 
Hence,  squaring  8  we  have  64,  and  dividing  by  4  we  get  16,  which 
is  the  horsepower.  This  is  the  actual  delivered,  or  brake,  horse- 
power. For  small  engines,  whose  piston  speeds  are  usually  less, 
it  is  safe  to  divide  the  square  of  the  bore  by  five  instead  of  by 
four.  A  6x6  engine  would,  therefore,  have  7  horsepower. 

If  the  engine  has  two  cylinders  (duplex)  of  course  the  horse- 
power is  twice  that  of  a  single  cylinder. 

Gasoline  Engines  are  usually  furnished  with  the  machinery 
they  are  designed  to  operate,  and  for  that  reason  when  machinery 
which  may  be  operated  by  gasoline  is  described,  the  price  of  the 
engine  is  included  in  the  total  cost.  However,  at  times,  it  may 
be  desirable  to  equip  a  piece  of  machinery  now  driven  by  steam 
or  other  power,  with  a  gasoline  engine. 

The  price  of  4-cycle  marine  engines  of  the  very  best  type  is 
as  follows: 

TABLE    115 


H.  P.       No.  Cylinders. 


12 
18 
24 
40 
20 
30 
40 
60 
50 
80 


No.  Rev. 
per  Min. 

500 
500 
500 
550 
450 
450 
450 
500 
700 
650 


Weight,  Lbs. 

240 

800 

980 
1,350 
1,050 
1,400 
1,850 
2,600 
1,000 
1,900 


Price. 

$    450 

600 

925 

1,425 

825 

1,275 

1.375 

2,200 

1,875 

2,450 


This  price  includes  all  equipment. 


A  gas,  gasoline,  distillate  or  alcohol  driven  engine,  of  horizon- 
tal, water-cooled  type,  Fig.  102,  has  in  a  single  casting  combined 
a  cylinder  and  cylinder  head,  which  does  away  with  joints  in 
the  water  jacket.  Both  induction  and  exhaust  valves  are  me- 


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HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


chanically  operated  and  separately  caged.  The  igniter  is  of  the 
make  and  break  type  and  is  attached  to  the  end  of  the  cylinder 
as  a  single  plug.  The  governor  is  of  the  flyball  type  running 
in  ball  bearings.  Each  engine  has  two  fly  wheels  with  split 
hubs,  lugs  on  the  arms  provide  for  attaching  pulley  to  either 
side.  "When  equipped  for  gas  it  is  provided  with  an  improved 
type  of  cock  which  is  graduated  to  obtain  and  instantly  regulate 
the  mixture.  When  equipped  for  gasoline,  distillate  or  alcohol, 
a  pump  delivers  the  liquid  fuel  to  the  vaporizer.  The  ratings, 
dimensions  and  prices  are  as  follows: 


H.  P 4      6      8      15      20      25      30 

Rev.  perm.   350     325  275     250  220     200     190 

Pulley  .  .  .  12x6    15x6  18x6    24x8  26x8   28x8    28x10 
Approx.  fl. 

space...  24x36   28x56  32x66   38x83  44x95  48x108  50x120 

Price $185.00  $260.00  $320.00  $525.00  $675.00  $750.00  $850.00 


Fig.  102. 


The  engines  are  furnished  with  the  following  equipment:  Oil 
cups,  wrenches,  exhaust  pot  or  muffler,  can  of  cylinder  oil,  bat- 
teries and  gas  regulator.  Twenty  gallon  gasoline  storage  tank, 
cooling  tanks,  magnetos  or  dynamos,  friction  clutch  pulleys  and 
other  accessories  are  not  considered  a  regular  part  of  the  equip- 
ment as  requirements  in  each  installation  are  apt  to  be  special. 

A  magneto  costs   $10.00.     A  clutch  costs   $20.00. 

A  small  but  powerful  gasoline  engine,  known  as  the  Farm 
Pump  Engine,  may  be  attached  in  a  few  minutes,  and  used  to 
operate  small  pumps,  saw  rigs,  grind-stones,  etc.  This  engine 
is  of  the  vertical  type,  air-cooled;  its  weight  with  battery  box, 
ignition  coil,  and  batteries,  is  280  Ibs.,  crated,  330  Ibs.  It  con- 


ENGINES 


291 


sumes   about   2   qts.   of  gasoline   in   10  hours.      The  price   f.   o.   b. 
cars,  factory,  is  $70.00.     (See  Figs.   103  and  104.) 

This   engine,   mounted   on   a   wooden   base,   with   a  side-suction 
diaphragm   pump   costs   as    follows:      3    in.    pump,    without   hose, 


Fig.   103.     The   Diaphragm   Pump. 

$110.00,  capacity,  2400  gals,  per  hour;  4  in.  pump,  without  hose, 
$130.00,  capacity  3800  gals,  per  hour.  With  a  bottom  suction 
diaphragm  pump,  without  pipe,  this  engine  costs  as  follows: 


Fig.     104.     The    Grindstone. 

3   in.    pump,    $108.00;    4    in.    pump,    $125.00.      The    engine   without 
pump  or  hose,  but  with  frame  and  all  connections,  costs   $90.00. 


292 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


The  same  machine  equipped  with  a  double  acting  force  pump 
costs:  5  in.  pump,  $105.00;  3  in.  pump,  $100.00;  engine  with  frame 
and  attachments,  $85.00. 

The  same  outfit  with  a  tank  pump,  costs  $105.00. 

The  shipping  weight  of  any  of  the  above  outfits  is  about  500 
Ibs. 


Fig.  105.     The  Pressure  System. 

A  very  simple  gasoline  engine  is  shown  in  Figure  106.  It  is 
of  the  open-jacket  water  cooling  system,  gas-tank  in  iron  base, 
governor  of  the  inertia  type,  make  and  break  ignition,  and  the 
equipment  includes  muffler,  coil,  wrenches,  oil  can,  etc. 


Fig.  106.     8  and  12  H.   P.  "Bull  Dog"  Sawing  Outfit,  Complete 
with   Friction  Clutch  and  Saw  Blade. 


H.  P.             Speed.            Weight.               Pulley.  Price. 

1%                   400                      275                     6x4  ins.  $  70.00 

2VZ                   400                      475                     8x4  ins.  110.00 

5  375                      800                   12x6  ins.  200.00 

6  375                   1,050                   14x6  ins.  215.00 
8                       375                   1,800                   18x6  ins.  295.00 

12                        360                   2,100                   20x6  ins.  425.00 

The  price  of  the  above  engines,  mounted  on  a  truck,  is  $56.00 

extra.     Engines  up  to  6  H.  P.  are  mounted  on  a  hand  truck,  and 
the  8  and  12  H.  P.  on  a  steel  truck. 


293 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Vertical  gasoline-driven,  water-cooled  engines  of  a  certain 
make  are  furnished  in  the  following  models  and  outfits: 

Model  T — Outfit  A. — Equipped  with  automatic  throttling  gov- 
ernor, iron  foundation  base,  and  driving  pulley.  Governor  is  of 
the  vertical  flyball  type  which  may  be  set  to  operate  at  any 
desired  speed  by  means  of  a  thumb  nut.  This  engine  is  suitable 
for  driving  saw-rigs,  small  machinery,  and  in  small  machine 
shops,  electric  lighting,  etc. 

Model  T — Outfit  B. — Same  as  outfit  A,  except  that  the  base  is 
extra,  and  the  driving  pulley  is  different.  Suitable  when  mounted 
on  skids  or  trucks  for  portable  rigs,  harvesters,  binders,  mixers, 
well-drills,  etc.  Model  T — Outfit  C. — Same  as  B  but  without  the 
governor.  Suitable  for  steady  pumping,  etc. 


Fig.   108.     Model   "R"— Outfit  "D." 

Model  R — Outfit  D. — Equipped  with  iron  base,  extra  fly  wheel, 
with  driving  pulley,  and  automatic  ball  governor.  Suitable  for 
small  machinery. 

Model  R — Outfit  E. — Same  as  outfit  D,  but  without  the  base 
and  the  extra  fly  wheel  with  driving  pulley,  for  which  a  cup 
pulley  is  substituted.  Suitable  for  portable  work  in  driving 
small  pumps,  saw-rigs,  etc. 

Model  R — Outfit  F. — Same  as  outfit  E,  but  without  governor. 
Suitable  for  pumping,  driving  railway  velocipedes,  hand  cars,  etc. 

Extra  fly  wheel  for  Model  T  outfit  costs  $10.00.  Foundation 
bases  for  T-B  or  T-C  engines,  $16.00;  for  R-E  and  R-F  outfits, 
$10.00.  Extra  pulleys  for  R-D  or  R-E  engines,  $3.00.  Magneto 
for  T-A  and  R-D  engines, '$16.00.  Portable  hand  trucks  for  these 
engines,  fitted  for  7  in.  iron  wheels,  cost:  4  to  6  H.  P.,  $12.00; 
8  to  12  H.  P.,  $16.00. 


ENGINES 


295 


TABLE    116 
Price  List. 


H.P. 

12  Outfit  A 
12  Outfit  B 
12  Outfit  C 
8  Outfit  A 
8  Outfit  B 
8  Outfit  C 
6  Outfit  D 
6  Outfit  E 
6  Outfit  F 
4  Outfit  D 
4  Outfit  E 
4  Outfit  F 
3  Outfit  F 


Price. 

$219.00 

196.00 

176.00 

186.00 

168.00 

152.00 

124.00 

110.00 

84.00 

104.00 

90.00 

76.00 

65.00 


Standard  Pulleys. 
Diain.    Face. 

Model. 

Inches 

i  Weight. 

T-A 

10 

X 

10 

600 

T-B 

10 

X 

6 

482 

T-C 

10 

X 

6 

460 

T-A 

10 

X 

10 

540 

T-B 

10 

X 

6 

437 

T-C 

10 

X 

6 

420 

R-D 

8 

X 

4 

368 

R-E 

8 

X 

4 

245 

R-F 

8 

X 

4 

228 

R-D 

8 

X 

4 

334 

R-E 

8 

X 

4 

215 

R-F 

8 

X 

4 

195 

R-F 

6 

X 

4 

140 

The  equipment  furnished  includes  spark  coil,  dry  cells,  switch, 
muffler  and  5  gallon  gasoline  tank. 

Extra  fly  wheel  for  Model  T  outfit  costs  $10.00.  Foundation 
bases  for  T-B  or  T-C  engines  $16.00;  for  R-E  and  R-F  outfits, 


Fig.  109. 

$10.00.  Extra  pulleys  for  R-D  or  R-E  engines,  $3.00.  Magneto 
for  T-A  and  R-D  engines,  $16.00.  Portable  hand  trucks  for 
these  engines,  fitted  with  7  in.  iron  wheels  cost :  4  to  6  H.  P., 
$12.00;  8  to  12  H.  P.,  $16.00. 

Horizontal  gasoline  driven  engines  (see  Fig.  109),  having  the 
open  water  jacket  cooling  system,  are  regularly  fitted  with  the 
following  equipment:  Standard  pulley,  oil  and  grease  cups, 
wrenches  and  pliers,  muffler,  batteries,  coil,  oil  cans,  etc.  The 
cost  of  the  engine  mounted  is  as  shown  on  following  page. 


296 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE  117 

Revolu-  Size  of  Standard 

Rated 
H.  P. 

tions 
per  Min. 

Pulley 
Diam.  Face 

Approximate 
Floor  Space 

3 

400 

lOx  5 

28x42 

5 

375 

14x  6 

34x51 

7 

350 

16x  8 

38x55 

9 

320 

18x  8 

44x70 

12 

300 

20x12 

43x71 

15 

280 

24x14 

48x82 

18 

280 

28x14 

48x82 

Shipping 
Weight 
900 

1,500 

1,900 

2,500 

3,600 

4,700 

4,800 


Price 

$115.00 

182.00 
245.00 
305.00 
400.00 
470.00 
525.00 


HOISTING    ENGINES 

Steam  driven  engines  are  manufactured  in  an  immense  variety 
of  styles.  Below  are  given  the  average  prices  of  the  types  most, 
generally  used.  These  prices  and  weights  vary  greatly,  but  they 


Fig.    110.     Single    Cylinder,    Single    Friction    Drum,  Hoisting 
Engine. 

are  accurate  enough  to  be  used  for  estimating.  For  the  purpose 
of  tabulating,  hoisting  engines  have  been  arbitrarily  divided  into 
the  following  classes  (See  Table  118): 

SINGLE    CYLINDER   ENGINES 

Class.  1.  Reversible  link  motion,  single  friction  drum,  ele- 
vator sheaves.  Adapted  to  coal  yards,  docks,  stevedores,  ships, 
centrifugal  pumps,  pile  driving,  etc. 

Class.  2.  Single  friction  drum.  Adapted  for  same  uses  as 
Class  1  engine.  \ 

Class  3.  Double  friction  drum.  Suitable  for  general  hoisting 
purposes,  moving  pumps,  for  docks,  coal  yards,  pile  driving,  etc. 


c  .2 


^-  Q 


298 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


DOUBLE  CYLINDER  ENGINES 

Class  4.  Link  motion,  single  friction  drum,  elevator  sheave. 
Adapted  to  general  contracting  use,  and  especially  for  operating 
material  elevators,  and,  in  larger  sizes,  for  use  on  barges,  docks, 
etc. 

Class  5.  Single  friction  drum,  suited  to  general  hoisting,  erect- 
ing, log  skidding,  etc. 

Class  6.  Double  friction  drum,  link  motion  engine  especially 
adapted  to  small  cableways,  sewer  and  general  contractors'  work. 


Fig.  113.     Double  Cylinder,  Four  Friction  Drum,   Link  Motion 
Engine. 


Class  7.  Double  friction  drum  engine.  Adapted  to  hauling 
cars,  pile  driving,  bridge  building,  operating  derricks,  and  gen- 
eral hoisting  purposes,  circular  saws,  concrete  mixers,  centri- 
fugal pumps,  etc. 

Class  8.  Double  friction  drum,  with  boom  swinger  attached 
for  derricks. 

Class  9.  Independent  swinging  engines  for  derricks.  Double 
winch,  non-reversible. 

Class  10.  3  friction  drum,  with  reversing  gears  and  drums, 
for  boom  derricks  with  clam-shell  or  orange-peel  buckets. 

Class  11.  4  friction  drum,  link  motion  engine,  especially 
adapted  to  logging,  quarrying,  etc. 


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299 


300 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  prices  of  electrically  operated  hoist  engines,  including 
motors,  vary  with  the  current,  voltage,  etc.,  but  for  estimating 
purposes  it  is  generally  true  that  motor  driven  hoisting  engines 
cost  more  than  steam  driven  engines  complete  with  boilers. 

A  hoist  engine  used  10  years  on  pile  driving  with  minor  re- 
pairs was  then  used  three  years.  The  original  cost  was  $750.00. 
The  average  cost  of  repairs  after  10  years'  use  was  $10.00  per 
working  month. 

The  cost  in  labor  of  unloading  from  cars  and  setting  up  a 
hoisting  engine  ready  for  work  averages  from  $35  to  $50. 


Fig.  114.     Gasoline  "V"  Friction  Hoist. 

Several  types  of  hoisting  engines  are  illustrated  in  Figs.  Nos. 
110  to  115. 

GASOLINE  HOIST 

A  single  drum  2y2  H.  P.  gasoline  hoisting  engine,  having  a 
capacity  of  1000  Ibs.  on  a  single  line. 

Engine,  2^  H.  P.,  gasoline,  electric  ignition,  complete  with 
batteries,  coil,  muffler,  etc. 

Drum,  5*£  ins.  diameter,  25^  ins.  between  flanges,  "V"  fric- 
tion, 24  in.  diameter,  rope  speed  25  ft.  per  minute. 

Floor-space,  4  ft.  8  in.  x  4  ft.  5  in.  Price,  equipped  with  foot 
brakes,  friction  clutch,  and  shifting  lever,  $280.00. 


SMALL    BELT    DRIVEN    HOIST 

A  reversible  friction  hoist  designed  to  be  operated  by  a  gaso- 
line engine  or  motor  through  a  belt  has  the  following  specifica- 
tions: 


ENGINES 


301 


Fig.    115.     Reversible    Hoist. 

DIMENSIONS  AND  CAPACITY 

Weight,   1,200  Ibs. 
Floor  space,  3  ft.  8  in.x2  ft.  8  in. 
Drum:    Diameter,  6  in.;  between  flanges,  19  ins. 
Capacity  of  drum,  2,000  Ibs.  on  a  single  line. 
Elevator  sheave,  24  ins.  diameter;  capacity,  400  Ibs.  lift. 
Hoisting  speed,  150  ft.  per  minute. 
H.   P.    required,    5. 

Complete  with   winch   head,   drum,  elevator,  and  pulley,  but  not 
belt  nor  engine.   $220.00. 


302 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

EXCAVATORS 


LAND  DREDGE  OR  GRAB  BUCKET  EXCAVATOR 

In  building  irrigation  ditches  in  the  Modisto  and  Turlock  dis- 
tricts along  the  San  Joaquin  river  in  California  in  sand  and 
hardpan  a  land  dredge  or  grab  bucket  excavator  was  used  for 
part  of  the  work.  The  machinery  is  mounted  on  a  skid  plat- 
form 18x30  feet  which  rests  on  movable  wooden  rollers  running 
on  planks  on  the  ground.  The  dredge  moves  along  the  axial 
line  of  the  canal  receding  from  the  breast  as  it  is  excavated.  It 
is  moved  ahead  from  3  to  5  feet  at  a  time  by  means  of  a  steel 
cable  anchored  to  a  "dead  man"  and  wound  on  a  drum  driven  by 
the  engine.  The  A-frame  which  supports  the  boom  is  20  feet 
high.  This  boom  inclines  about  45°  and  may  be  swung  180° 
horizontally  by  a  bull-wheel  but  has  no  vertical  motion.  The 
bucket  is  of  the  clam  shell  type,  one  cubic  yard  capacity,  weigh- 
ing 2800  Ibs.  The  operator  stands  on  a  platform  on  the  A-frame 
and  controls  the  machine  by  3  levers  and  2  foot  brakes.  A  25 
H.  P.  single  cylinder  gasoline  engine  furnishes  the  power  and 


Fig.  116.     Clamshell    Dredge   Cleaning   Canals   in  Imperial  Valley. 

drives  a  series  of  combination  gear  and  friction  brake  drums 
controlling  the  motion  of  the  excavating  bucket.  The  machine 
cost  $5,000.  Wages  of  the  crew  of  5  men  and  a  team  during 
one  month  amounted  to  $305.00.  The  supplies,  which  included 
400  feet  of  %-inch  hoisting  cable  costing  $50.40,  rollers  costing 
$21.00,  a  large  intermediate  gear  costing  $14.00,  depreciation  of 
machine  $40.00,  and  gasoline,  oil,  explosives,  etc.,  amounting  to 
$216.24.  Fourteen  thousand  cubic  yards  were  excavated  at  a  cost 
of  $0.035  per  cubic  yard. 

Traction  driven  machines   (Fig.   116),  equipped  with   15   cu.   ft. 
clam    shell    buckets,    were    used    by  the  California  Development 


EXCAVATORS 


303 


Co.  for  cleaning  canals  too  small  to  float  dredges.  These  ma- 
chines have  a  40  ft.  steel  boom  carried  on  an  all  steel  frame. 
The  maximum  width  of  cut  is  14  ft.  The  power  is  supplied  by 
a  15  H.  P.  Gasoline  engine.  The  machine  has  two  forward  trac- 
tion speeds  and  one  reverse.  These  machines  cost  $5,000  each, 
and  the  cost  of  handling  material  with  them  was  about  13  cents 
per  cu.  yd. 

The  Bridge  Conveyor  Excavator  illustrated  in  Fig.  117  was 
used  on  Contract  6  of  the  New  York  State  Barge  Canal.  It  is  an 
adaptation  to  earth  and  rock  excavation  of  a  type  of  conveyor- 


Fig.  117. 


Bridge  Conveyor  Excavator  on  Section  6,  New  York  State 
Barge  Canal. 


excavator  long  employed  at  Great  Lake  ports  for  unloading  ore 
vessels.  The  machine  has  proved  fairly  economical,  and  cost 
$105,000. 

The  machine  consisted  of  two  towers,  each  90  ft.  high,  resting 
on  a  steel  framework  supported  on  32  car  wheels.  The  towers 
carried  a  two-truss  bridge  having  cantilever  arms  extending 
over  the  spoil  banks  on  each  side.  One  tower  was  rigidly  at- 
tached to  its  car  frame,  while  the  other  had  two  sets  of  bear- 
ings, one  of  which  permitted  a  variation  of  the  distance  between 
the  cars,  and  the  other  allowed  the  tower  to  swing  on  an  arc  of 
17°  at  right  angles  to  the  bridge  axis. 

All  the  machinery  was  operated  by  electric  power  obtained 
from  the  Rochester  Railway  &  Light  Co. 


304  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  bucket  was  of  the  clam  shell  type,  weighed  9  tons,  and 
had  a  nominal  capacity  of  8  cu.  yds.  The  average  load  was,  how- 
ever, about  3  cu.  yds.  After  the  rock  had  been  blasted,  it  was 
excavated  and  conveyed  to  the  banks  by  the  bucket.  The  total 
wages  per  8-hour  day  were  as  follows: 

1  Operator  at  $6.00 .  .$     600 

1  Electrician  at  $4.00 4.00 

1  Oiler  at   $3.25 325 

2  to  5  Laborers   at   $1.50  and   $1.60 $3.00  to  8.00 

1  Team  at  $4.00   4.00 

1  Watchman  at  $2.00 2.00 

Bookeeper,   part  time  at 125.00  per  month 

Timekeeper,  part  time  at 80.00  per  month 

Superintendent,  part  time  at 250.00  per  month 

During  the  24  months  of  1908  and  1909  the  total  output  was 
510,406  cu.  yds.  of  rock  and  39,721  cu.  yds.  of  earth.  During  this 
period  the  machine  was  laid  up  an  aggregate  of  2  months  on 
account  of  fire  and  for  repairs  to  the  bucket.  The  cost  was  as 
follows: 

Total  Cost  Per  Cu.  Yd. 

Repairs    $22,332.77  $0.0400 

Electric  power 26,630.00  0.0484 

Drilling,  rock 0.0212 

Blasting  rock 0.0715 

Removal  of  spoil   0.3091 


Total  for  550,127  cubic  yards $0.4902 

This  cost  does  not  include  interest  or  depreciation. 

SCRAPER     EXCAVATOR 

A  power  operating  grader  was  worked  successfully  in  con- 
structing the  Tacoma  and  Eastern  Railway  in  Washington.  The 
device  consisted  of  a  riveted  sheet  steel  scraper-  of  special  con- 
struction operated  by  a  double  drum  engine  through  a  hauling 
rope  and  a  pull  back  rope.  The  scraper  consisted  of  two  vertical 
side  plates  with  the  front  ends  cut  square  and  the  rear  ends 
to  a  semi-circle.  Connecting  the  semi-circular  rear  ends  across 
the  scraper  was  a  half-cylinder  of  steel  plate  with  top  and  bot- 
tom edges  shod  with  cutting  knives.  To  keep  the  front  ends  of 
the  side  plates  rigid  they  were  braced  together  by  a  cross-strut. 
They  also  had  bail  connections  on  top  and  bottom.  In  operation 
the  scraper  was  pulled  ahead  and  the  bottom  knife  edge  shaved 
off  a  strip  of  earth  which  piled  against  the  hollow  back  plate  and 
was  dragged  along  to  the  dumping  bank.  By  having  two  knives 
the  scraper  could  be  reversed,  top  for  bottom,  when  one  knife 
was  dull,  by  simply  shifting  the  bail.  Dumping  was  accom- 
plished by  simply  pulling  the  scraper  back  from  the  load.  These 
machines  are  made  in  two  sizes:  5  ft.  wide,  30  ins.  high  and  6 
ft.  long,  for  5  cu.  ft.  capacity,  and  7  ft.  wide,  36  ins.  high  and 
9  ft.  long  for  7  cu.  ft.  capacity.  For  the  smaller  size  a  9x10  in. 
engine  is  required  and  for  the  larger  size  a  10x15  in.  engine. 
The  hauling  line  should  be  1  in.  steel  cable  and  the  pull  back 
line  %  in.  steel  cable.  Ordinarily  it  takes  three  minutes  to  haul 


EXCAVATORS 


305 


800    to    1000    feet.      The   price   of   the   scraper   is    $250.00    for   the 
smaller  size  and   $300.00  for  the  larger  size. 

The  Drag1  Scraper  Excavator*  has  been  used  with  great  suc- 
cess on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal.  Where  canals  are  being 
dug  and  a  large  waste  bank  must  be  built,  or  where  a  heavy 
fill  is  to  be  made  in  ground  which  is  average  and  has  no 
large  boulder  or  tree  stumps,  this  machine  is  very  successful. 
The  scraper  bucket  is  suspended  by  cables  from  the  end  of  a 
long  boom.  Booms  90  ft.  or  100  ft.  long,  giving  a  reach  of  100 
or  110  ft.  from  the  center  of  the  machine  to  the  end  of  the  boom, 
are  practicable.  The  entire  machine  swings  on  a  circular  turn- 
table. The  bucket  is  filled  by  pulling  it  directly  toward  the 
center  of  the  machine  by  means  of  a  cable  so  there  is  no  strain 
on  the  boom  except  that  due  to  its  own  weight  and  the  weight 
of  the  bucket  and  its  load.  As  a  result  the  booms  of  this  type 
of  machine  can  safely  be  made  lighter  and  consequently  longer 
than  is  the  case  with  the  booms  of  dipper  dredges  of  similar 
size  and  strength.  A  machine  of  the  type  illustrated  (Fig.  118), 


Fig.  118.     Drag-Scraper  Excavator  Used  on  New  York  Barge  Canal. 

used  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal,  has  an  85  ft.  boom,  a  reach 
of  96  feet  and  weighs  147  tons.  A  2  yd.  dipper  is  used  which  in 
operation  is  usually  filled  full  and  sometimes  carried  4  yds  at  a 
load.  The  engine  is  of  15  H.  P.  capacity  and  the  boiler  54  H.  P. 
The  machine  is  probably  strong  enough  to  operate  a  3^4  yd. 
dipper.  It  excavated  earth  90  ft.  from  the  center  of  the  machine 
on  one  side  and  deposited  100  ft.  from  the  center  on  the  other 
side.  It  can  deposit  material  on  banks  from  20  to  35  ft.  in 
height.  A  machine  is  usually  moved  forward  by  means  of  cables. 

•Compiled  from  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  Bui.  230. 


306 


EXCAVATORS 


307 


During  May,   1910,  the  items  of  cost  of  operation  were  as  fol- 
lows: 

Engineer,  at  $90  per  month $   90.00 

Engineer,  at  $95' per  month 84.04 

Firemen,     pumpmen,     watchmen     and     laborers     at     $1.75 

per  day   363.00 

Coal,  at  $3  per  ton 147.00 

Repairs    15.82 

Total $699.86 

The  first  cost  of  this  machine  was  $10,000.     Table  119  gives  the 
cost  of  operation  of  this  machine  on  the  New  York  Barge  Canal: 


TABLE    119 
May 


June 


July 


August 


$684.29 
15.82 

$747.77 
62.  GO 

$  850.69 
48.23 

$1,11B.57 
75.12 

175.00 

175.00 

175.00 

77  02 

175.00 

$875.11 

$985.37 

$1,150.94 

$1,368.69 

$0.048 

$0.0388 

$0.0348 

$0.0289 

18,365 

25,333 

33,055 

47,363 

Item  April 

Fitting  up $426.80 

Excavation 319.74 

Repairs 

Interest   and    depre- 
ciation,   21% 175.00 

Shifting   on    work 

Total    , $921.54 

Average  cost  per  yd.    $0.177 

Yards  complete  dur- 
ing month 5,205 

*  Machine  fell  into  canal. 

Electrically  Operated  Drag  Line  Machines.  Average  cost  for 
the  season,  including  all  charges,  4.1  cts.  per  yard.  Two  large 
electrically  operated  drag  line  scrapers  were  used  on  the  Calu- 
met Sag  Channel  near  Chicago.  These  machines  had  100  ft. 
steel  booms  and  were  equipped  with  2%  cu.  yd.  scraper-buck- 
ets, and  each  weighed  about  120  tons.  The  following  de- 
scription is  reprinted  from  Engineering  and  Contracting,  Jan.  22, 
1913: 

The  arrangement  of  the  operating  machinery  is  shown  in  the 
accompanying  drawing  (Fig.  119).  The  double  drum  hoist  is 
operated  directly  by  a  gear  on  the  shaft  of  a  112  H.  P..  60-cycle, 
3-phase  motor,  making  690  r.  p.  m.  A  52  H.  P.,  60-cycle,  3-phase 
motor,  855  r.  p.  m.,  operates  the  bevel  swing  gear  as  shown.  The 
air  brakes  are  operated  through  power  furnished  by  a  25  cu.  ft. 
motor-driven  air  compressor.  The  current  is  furnished  by  a 
public  service  company  and  is  brought  from  Blue  Island,  several 
miles  away,  over  a  high  tension  line  at  33,000  volts  to  a  trans- 
former house  on  the  work  where  the  voltage  is  stepped  down 
to  2,300  volts.  It  is  again  stepped  down  to  440  volts  through 
a  portable  transformer  which  is  attached  to  the  dragline  ma- 
chine by  a  cable  and  is  pulled  along  on  its  trucks  as  the  machine 
moves  ahead.  On  the  machine  the  current  is  stepped  down  to 
110  volts  for  the  incandescent  lamps  and  to  35  volts  for  the 
searchlight  which  is  placed  on  the  front  of  the  house  and  just 
under  the  boom. 

The  machine  is  operated  by  two  men  on  board  and  two  men 


308  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

outside  for  handling  the  track.  While  moving  to  position  for 
commencing  work  one  of  the  machines  was  moved  410  ft.  in  one 
day.  The  track  sections  upon  which  the  machine  runs  are  15  ft. 
long  and  are  built  up  solidly.  They  are  built  of  a  solid  3-in. 
plank  bottom  upon  which  are  fastened  the  ties  set  about  8  ins. 
apart.  On  top  of  the  ties  are  8x16  in.  timbers  on  edge  under  the 
90-lb.  rails.  The  whole  is  bolted  together  and  has  eyebolts  near 
the  ends  of  the  8x16  in.  timbers  so  that  it  can  be  handled  by  a 
four-way  chain. 

The  work  upon  which  the  machines  are  engaged  consists  of 
about  8,000  ft.  of  canal  section  from  31  to  37  ft.  deep,  36  ft.  wide 
on  the  bottom  and  with  slopes  of  2  on  1.  The  south  berm  will 
be  about  90  ft.  wide  or  will  extend  150  ft  .from  the  center  line 
of  the  canal  and  the  north  berm  will  be  40  ft.  narrower,  accord- 
ing to  the  plans.  About  8  to  12  ft.  of  the  bottom  work  on  Section 
5  will  be  rock  and  it  is  not  yet  decided  by  the  contractor  how  this 
will  be  handled,  though  it  is  likely  to  be  handled  in  skips  by  a 
derrick  with  a  very  long  boom.  The  dragline  machines  are  s»t 
on  opposite  banks.  The  one  on  the  south  will  excavate  half  the 
canal  section  in  two  cuts. 

That  the  use  of  electricity  will  be  economical  is  illustrated  by 
machines  in  California  which  actually  used  %  of  a  K.W.H.  per 
cubic  yard  of  material  handled.  The  cost  of  the  current  there 
was  on  a  sliding  scale  ranging  from  %  to  1  ct.  per  kilowatt 
hour.  On  the  New  York  Barge  Canal  electrical  machines  were 
used  where  the  cost  of  current  at  about  2^  cts.  per  kilowatt  hour 
was  about  1  ct.  per  cubic  yard. 

The  reliability  of  the  power  is  a  most  important  argument  in 
favor  of  the  use  of  electricity.  The  uncertainty  of  securing  fuel 
and  water,  especially  in  bad  weather,  is  a  source  of  trouble  to 
the  contractor. 

The  cost  of  hauling  coal  for  a  steam  machine  of  this  size  would 
likely  amount  to  $40  per  day,  and  the  coal  itself  (about  10  tons) 
would  cost  about  $30.  These  items  are  eliminated  where  electric- 
ity is  used,  and  the  cost  of  the  current  is  substituted. 

A  Drag-line  Scraper  Excavator  having  novel  features  is  used 
on  one  of  the  New  York  State  Barge  Canal  contracts  held  by  the 
Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific  Co.,  New  York  City.  This  excavator 
is  known  as  a  Field  Tower  Scraper,  being  named  from  its  in- 
ventor, the  superintendent  for  the  company  at  Comstock,  N.  Y. 
As  shown  by  Fig.  120,  the  essentials  of  the  excavator  are  a  mov- 
able tower,  a  cableway  and  hauling  lines  and  a  special  scraper 
bucket.  The  tower  carries  a  double  drum  engine.  From  one  drum 
a  line  passes  up  the  tower  and  over  a  sheave  located  from  one- 
fourth  to  one-third  its  height  and  thence  down  to  the  bucket.  This 
is  the  hauling  line.  The  second  line  passes  up  and  over  a  tower 
head  sheave  and  thence  to  a  pulley  block  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  prism.  This  pulley  block  rides  on  a  %-in.  cable  about  200  ft. 
long,  stretched  parallel  to  the  prism  between  two  deadmen,  mov- 
ing along  the  cable  as  the  tower  moves.  This  second  line  is  the 
cableway  on  which  the  scraper  bucket  travels  back  and  forth 


EXCAVATORS 


309 


across  the  canal,  being  pulled  toward  the  tower  by  the  hauling 
line  and  sliding  back  by  gravity. 

The  Tower.  The  tower  is  a  framed  timber  structure  of  height 
suitable  to  cover  the  width  of  the  excavation  for  which  it  is 
intended  (the  standard  tower  being  75  ft.  in  height).  This  tower 


JTfff  ff/rff.  * /tff' M 

Fig.   120.    Sketches  Showing   Operation  of   Field  Tower   Excavator. 


rests  on  a  trussed  platform  or  car  which  carries  the  hoisting 
engine,  coal  and  other  supplies.  The  tower  is  rigidly  secured 
to  the  truss  and  guyed  by  back  stays  to  the  projecting  back  end 
of  the  platform.  The  platform  or  car  runs  on  four  solid  double 
flange  cast  steel  wheels,  16  ins.  in  diameter  and  4  ins.  tread. 
The  track  consists  of  two  90-lb.  rails  each  spiked  to  6  x  8  in.  x  4 
ft.  ties  spaced  2  ft.  apart  and  bolted  to  two  2  x  12  in.  x  30  ft. 
planks.  The  engine  may  be  any  good  make  10  x  12  in.  engine 
with  double  drums  and  two  niggerheads.  The  hauling  line  is 
%  in.  and  return  cable  is  %  in.;  18  in.  sheaves  are  used. 

The  tower  is  moved  forward  or  back  by  a  iy2  in.  manila  line 
secured  to  a  deadman  suitably  placed,  passing  through  sheaves 
secured  to  the  platform  and  around  the  niggerhead.  The  track 
is  also  moved  ahead  by  the  same  means,  the  deadman  being 
dispensed  with  and  line  passing  around  the  end  of  a  boom  which 
is  a  part  of  the  tower.  The  line  around  the  niggerhead  is  op- 
erated by  the  fireman. 

The  operator's  cabin  is  placed  up  about  one-third  the  height 
of  the  tower  in  full  view  of  the  work,  and  the  engine  is  manipu- 
lated by  suitable  levers  and  brakes  connecting  the  operating 
cabin  with  the  engine. 


Fig.   121.     Details  of  Tower  for   Field   Tower   Excavator. 


310 


EXCAVATORS  311 

Scraper  Bucket.  The  distinctive  feature  of  the  excavation 
is  the  scraper  bucket  which  is  shown  by  Fig-.  122.  This  bucket  has 
a  capacity  of  48  cu.  ft.  level  full,  but  in  ordinary  material  it  will 
"crown  up"  to  2  cu.  yds.  capacity.  Particularly  easy  and  certain 
control  are  claimed  for  this  bucket.  These  advantages  are 
brought  about  by  the  combination  of  two  sheaves  placed  at  the 
rear  end  of  the  scraper  at  right  angles  and  vertically  to  it,  the 
return  line  passing  reversely  over  the  upper  and  under  the  lower 
sheave,  while  the  bottom  of  the  scraper  is  fitted  with  two  curved 
cradles  or  shoes,  resulting,  in  connection  with  the  pulling  line, 
in  such  control  of  the  cutting  edge  that  the  scraper  can  be  sus- 
tained at  any  vertical  angle  at  the  will  of  the  operator. 

Cost  Data.  The  chief  first  cost  of  this  plant  is  in  the  hoist- 
ing engine  and  cable,  which  are  all  standard  commercial  designs 
and  usable  for  other  purposes.  The  following  is  an  estimate 
furnished  by  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific  Co.  of  the  cost  cf  a 
tower  scraper  plant,  including  everything: 

5,080  ft.  B.  M.  lumber  at  $38  per  M $    193.04 

360   ft.  B.  M.  white  oak  at  $45  per  M 16.20 

540  Ibs.  iron  bolts  and  nuts  at  6  cts 32.40 

120  ft.   %  in.  wire  rope  backstays 13.20 

2    %  in.  turnbuckles .80 

1  headblock  sheave  and  bearing 10.00 

1  hauling  sheave  and  bearing 4.00 

1     8^x10  Lidgerwood  double  drum  hoistin?  engine..    1,089.00 
1  scraper  bucket,  complete  with  cutting  edge,  sheaves, 

etc 300.00 

Labor  directing  based  on  condition  in  northern  New 

York,  carpenters  at  $2.50  per  8-hour  day 200.00 


Total $1,858.64 

The  following  is  an  estimate  of  the  operating  cost  of  the  plant 
also  furnished  by  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific  Co.: 

Cost 
Item.  per  Month. 

Wire  rope • $160.00 

20  tons  coal  at  $4 80.00 

Oil,  waste  and  repairs 15.00 

Total    $255.00 

To  this  is  to  be  added  the  labor  cost.     Each  shift  requires  the 
following  force: 

1  foreman  at  37V,  cts.  per  hour $  3.00 

1  engineer  at  37$j   cts.  per  hour 3.00 

1  fireman  at  22  cts.  per  hour 1.76 

1  signal  man  at  25  cts.  per  hour 2.00 

5  laborers  at  20  cts.  per  hour 8.00 

And  an  additional 

4  laborers  at  20  cts.  per  hour. 6.40 

Total $24.16 


312 


HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Assuming  26  working  days  and  two  shifts  per  day,  the  labor 
cost  for  one  month  is  $1,256.32,  which,  added  to  $255  given  above, 
makes  a  total  cost  for  operation  of  $1,511.32.  Assuming  interest 
on  plant  at  %  per  cent  per  month  we  have  an  additional  $9.30, 
making  the  grand  total  $1,520.62.  Assuming  an  output  of  700  cu. 
yds.  per  day  we  get  a  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  8.4  cts.  This  cost 
included,  however,  a  proportion  of  the  field  office  expenses.  In 
regard  to  the  life  of  the  cables  used,  the  Atlantic,  Gulf  &  Pacific 
Co.  writes: 


Fig.  122.     Scraper  Bucket  for  Field  Tower  Excavator. 

"While  the  life  of  the  wire  rope  used  depends  almost  entirely 
upon  the  character  of  material  to  be  excavated;  in  clay  and  loam, 
the  plant  working  two  eight-hour  shifts  per  day,  26  days  each 
month,  excavating  approximately  700  cubic  yards  per  day,  will 
use  800  to  1,000  ft.  of  wire  rope  per  month." 


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314 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  Tower  Excavator.*  The  principal  parts  of  this  appa- 
ratus are  a  hoisting  engine;  a  tower  65  ft.  high,  guyed  to  cables 
extending  to  the  ground  on  each  side,  where  instead  of  being 


Fig.  123.     Tower   Drag-Scraper   Excavator. 

stationary,  they  slide  on  other  cables  stretched  parallel  to  the 
ditch  and  fastened  to  deadmen,  thus  giving  stability  to  the  tower, 
while  allowing  it  to  move  parallel  to  the  ditch;  the  scraper 


Fig.  124.     Bucket    Used    with    Tower 
Drag-Scraper  Excavator. 

bucket  in  which  the  earth  is  moved;  and  cables  for  operating 
the  bucket.  The  machine  is  built  upon  a  platform  and  is  moved 
on  rollers  by  winding  a  cable  fastened  at  one  end  to  a  deadman. 


*  Abstracted  from  Engineering  News. 


EXCAVATORS  315 

A  more  efficient  provision  for  moving  the  machine  would  doubt- 
less result  in  considerably  reducing  the  cost  of  operation.  The 
operation  of  the  machine  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  123  and  124.  Its 
cost  is  about  $1,500.  With  the  strengthening  of  parts  necessary 
to  fit  it  for  extra  heavy  work  the  cost  would  be  about  $2,000,  of 
which  $1,200  would,  represent  the  cost  of  a  hoisting  engine. 

In  operating  the  excavator  the  bucket  is  loaded  by  pulling  it 
toward  the  tower  by  winding  up  the  cable,  whieh,  passing  over 
the  lower  sheave  on  the  tower,  is  attached  to  the  front  end  of 
the  bucket.  The  bucket  is  then  dumped  by  winding  over  the 
drum  the  cable  which  passes  over  the  sheave  on  top  of  the  tower 
and  which  is  attached  to  the  back  end  of  the  bucket.  The  bucket 
is  returned  to  the  ditch  by  further  tightening  the  upper  cable 
and  loosening  the  lower  one,  then  it  quickly  slides  -  back  by 
gravity  to  the  starting  point.  The  earth  is  deposited  between 
the  ditch  and  the  machine. 

The  following  is  the  cost  for  each  eight  hour  shift  in  operating 
this  machine: 

Engineer .  .$  3.00 

Fireman     2.00 

Foreman 3.00 

Signal  man 2.00 

Cable  shifter   1.60 

Horse  and   man,   moving   track 3.00 

4  Laborers,  at  $1.60  each 6.40 

1%   tons  of  coal  to  the  shift,  at  $3  per  ton 4.50 


Total    $25.50 

If  to  this  is  added  $1.50  per  shift  for  maintenance,  depreciation, 
interest,  and  repairs  at  the  rate  of  50  per  cent  per  annum  on 
the  original  cost  of  the  investment,  the  total  cost  per  shift  is  $27. 

By  arranging  for  the  operator  to  work  from  a  station  in  the 
tower,  where  the  work  would  be  in  full  view,  the  signal  man 
would  be  eliminated,  and  by  placing  the  machine  on  a  track  with 
an  arrangement  for  moving  the  machine  ahead  on  the  work  by 
means  of  gearing  attached  to  the  axles  probably  two  or  three 
more  men  could  be  dispensed  with,  thus  further  reducing  the  cost. 

The  bucket  used  on  this  machine  had  a  capacity  of  about  2 
yds.,  but  in  ordinary  operation  at  least  3  yds.  were  carried  at 
each  load.  While  in  operation  about  1  bucketful  was  excavated 
and  deposited  in  each  forty  seconds.  This  would  make  a  rate 
of  4  cu.  yds.  a  min.,  and  the  contractor  was  of  the  opinion  that 
he  could  maintain  an  output  of  1,000  yds.  per  eight-hour  shift 
for  an  entire  season's  run  on  continuous  work  of  a  favorable 
character.  The  work  actually  done  was  not  carried  on  continu- 
ously, and  the  best  record  made  was  40,000  cu.  yds.  per  month 
for  two  shifts  for  one  machine.  At  a  cost  of  $50  a  day  for  two 
shifts  this  would  amount  to  about  3  cts.  per  yd.  for  the  month's 
work. 

The  machine  has  a  reach  of  210  ft.  from  the  far  side  of  the 
ditch  to  *the  near  side  of  the  waste  bank.  That  is,  all  the  dirt 
must  be  excavated  and  deposited  in  a  space  of  210  ft.,  making  a 


316  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

waste  bank  about  20  ft.  high  if  necessary.  The  bucket  is  re- 
markably well  under  control. 

This  machine  was  in  many  ways  crudely  built,  and  its  excellent 
record  is  due  apparently  to  the  exceedingly  simple  principle  of  its 
operation,  and  to  the  economy  of  power,  motion  and  time  in  ex- 
cavating. The  bucket  moves  on  a  straight  line,  across  the  ex- 
cavation and  onto  the  waste  bank,  and  when  dumped  slides  with 
great  rapidity  down  the  tightened  cable  to  the  position  for  dig- 
ging. 

WMh  a  construction  including  modern  devices  for  moving  on 
the  work  and  the  improved  bucket,  it  seems  that  this  should  be  a 
very  important  addition  to  the  types  of  excavating  machinery. 
It  is  fitted  for  digging  ditches  20  to  100  ft.  wide  and  2  to  30  ft. 
deep,  though  its  greatest  economy  of  operation  is  in  constructing 
the  larger  sections. 


EXPLOSIVES 


Nature  of  Explosive  Action.  The  value  of  explosives  in  con- 
struction work  is  derived  from  the  volume  of  gas  generated  upon 
detonation  or  explosion,  and  the  speed  at  which  the  generation 
takes  place.  The  pressure  of  the  generated  gases  is  equal  in  all 
directions  (contrary  to  the  belief  of  many  "practical  men"), 
but  a  slow  burning  black  powder  will  take  many  times  as  long 
to  generate  the  gas  as  a  detonant  like  nitroglycerine.  Dyna- 
mite will  shatter  a  rock  without  even  a  mud  cap,  because 
the  gases  are  liberated  with  such  extreme  velocity  that  the  effect 
is  produced  on  the  rook  before  the  atmospheric  air  can  overcome 
its  own  inertia  and  yield. 

Gunpowder.  There  are  the  following  general  classes  of  black 
powder  manufactured: 

Nitre  Powder,  the  highest  grade,  consists  of  75  per  cent  salt- 
petre (KNO3),  15  per  cent  charcoal,  and  10  per  cent  sulphur. 
It  usually  comes  in  25  Ib.  kegs,  and  costs  about  $2.10  per  keg. 

Soda  Powder  contains  sodium  nitrate  (Na  NO3),  which  de- 
teriorates in  time  by  absorbing  moisture  from  the  air.  It 
usually  comes  in  25  Ib.  kegs  and  costs  about  $1.25.  The  average 
weight  of  loose  powder,  slightly  shaken,  is  62^  Ibs.  per  cu.  ft., 
or  1  Ib.  occupies  28  cu.  ins. 

Judson  Powder,  which  is  a  free  running  black  powder,  comes 
in  50  Ib.  kegs  and  costs  about  $7.25  and  under.  It  is  a  soda 
powder  and  contains  from  5  to  10  per  cent  of  nitroglycerine. 

Nitroglycerine    5  % 

Sodium   nitrate    64  % 

Sulphur    16% 

Cannel  coal   15  % 

Dynamite  consists  of  any  absorbent  or  porous  material  satu- 
rated or  partly  saturated  with  nitroglycerine.  The  absorbent 
is  called  the  "dope."  If  40  per  cent  of  the  weight  of  dynamite 
is  nitroglycerine  it  is  known  as  40  per  cent  dynamite;  if  75  per 
cent,  it  is  known  as  75  per  cent  dynamite. 

High  explosives  are  usually  packed  in  cases  containing  25  and 
50  Ibs.  "Car  load"  means  20,000  pounds  dynamite  net  weight, 
except  where  the  railroad  requires  a  larger  minimum  quantity, 
in  which  event  that  minimum  quantity  is  considered  a  car  load. 
Prices  on  200  pounds  or^more  usually  include  delivery  to  the 
nearest  freight  station.  The  prices  of  high  explosives  vary  in 
the  different  sections  of  the  country  as  much  as  $4.00  or  $5.00 
per  one  hundred  pounds.  For  instance,  in  greater  New  York  and 
most  points  in  Colorado  and  Florida  they  are  high;  in  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania  and  the  greater  part  of  New  Jersey  they  are  low 
as  a  rule.  The  price  in  any  section  is  liable  to  change  without 
notice  and  their  variation  is  due  to  many  different  causes,  such 
as  high  or  low  freight  rates,  local  ordinances  regarding  the 
method  of  delivery,  etc.,  hence,  the  rates  given  below  are  aver- 

317 


318 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


age  and  are  mainly  of  use  in  determining  the  relative  prices  of 
different  kinds  and  grades  of  explosives. 

, Cents  per  Lb. v 

Car-  2,000  Less 
loads,  Lbs.  Than 
20,000  or  2,000 

Lbs.          Over          Lbs. 


rNitro  glycerin/}^0 

grades    only  1  ^O1^ 

Atlas,  Hercules, 
Giant  &  Red 
Cross  (latter 
not  less  than" 
20%)  from 

Nitroglycerin,  (25% 
Semi  -  Gelatin  I  27% 
and  Ammonia  l  30% 
grades   only      133% 

15%  to  60% 

Nitroglycerin,  f35% 
Semi-Gelatin,     40% 
Gelatin       and-^45% 
.     Ammonia]  50% 
grades                160% 

Gelatin     grades  f™^ 
onlv                   \80% 

Repanno,  For- 
cite,  Giant  & 

Blasting  Gelatin 
Carbonite      Nos.   1  &  2 

Hercules- 

Carbonite,     Nos.   3  &  4 

from  35%  to 

Monobel,  Nos.  1,  2  &  3 

80% 

Judson  R.  R.  P.      5% 

Judson  F                 10% 

Judson  FF              15% 

.Judson  FFF           20% 

10.00 
10.15 
10.40 

10.80 
10.95 
11.20 
31.45 

11.60 
12.00 
12.50 
13.00 
14.00 

15.00 
15.50 
16.00 

21.50 
12.00 
11.20 
13.00 

8.50 

9.50 

10.00 

10.40 


11.75 
11.90 
12.15 

12.55 
12.70 
12.95 
13.20 

13.35 
13.75 
14.25 
14.75 
15.75 

16.75 
17.25 
17.75 

23.25 
13.75 
12.95 
14.75 

9.50 
11.25 
11.75 
12.15 


12.50 
12.65 
12.90 

13.30 
13.45 
13.70 
13.95 

14.10 
14.50 
15.00 
15.50 
16.50 

17.50 
18.00 
18.50 

24.00 
14.50 
13.70 
15.50 

10.00 
12.00 
12.50 
12.90 


Red  Cross  Explosives  are  especially  valuable  in  cold  weather 
because  although  they  will  freeze,  they  do  not  freeze  readily  and 
will  thaw  when  ice  melts.  Identical  in  appearance  and  similar 
in  action  to  other  standard  grades. 

Ammonia  Dynamite  has  a  strong  heaving  and  rending  effect, 
producing  a  minimum  of  fine  material.  Fumes  not  objectionable. 
Difficult  to  ignite  by  "side  spitting"  of  fuse.  Suitable  for  open 
or  underground  work. 

Semi-Gelatin  is  an  excellent  explosive  for  wet  work.  No  ob- 
jectionable fumes. 

Gelatin  Dynamite  is  dense,  plastic,  fumes  not  objectionable. 
Little  affected  by  water. 

Blasting*  Gelatin  is  a  very  high  power,  quick-acting  explosive 
with  good  water  resisting  qualities  and  a  lack  of  objectionable 
fumes.  For  use  in  rock  too  hard  for  80  per  cent  Gelatin  Dynamite. 

A  "permissible  explosive"  is  one  which  has  been  approved  by 
the  United  States  Government  as  "permissible  for  use  in  gaseous 
or  dusty  coal  mines." 

Monobel  No.  2  and  Carbonite  No.  1,  are  recommended  for 
anthracite  coal,  bituminous  coking  coal  and  other  coal  where  a 
quick  acting  explosive  is  needed. 

Monobel  No.  3  and  Carbonite  No.  4  are  slower  in  action,  and 
should  be  used  where  a  maximum  of  large  lump  is  desired. 


EXPLOSIVES  319 

Carbonite  No.  2  is  slower  than  No.  1  and  quicker  than  No.  3. 

Monobel  No.  1  is  designed  for  use  in  quarries  and  ore  mines. 
It  does  not  require  thawing,  and  is  practically  fumeless. 

Judson  powder  is  intermediate  between  dynamite  and  blasting 
powder.  It  is  especially  valuable  in  soft  and  friable  work. 
Judson  R.  R.  P.  has  already  been  described. 

Judson  P,  FP  and  PFP  are  put  up  in  cartridges  like  dynamite. 

The  weight  of  dynamite  per  inch  of  stick  is  about  as  follows, 
and  all  of  the  grades  weigh  about  the  same  per  stick: 

Diam  of  Stick  (Ins.)  Wt.  per  In.  of  Length  (Lbs.) 

1 0.042 

1%    0.065 

1%     0.094 

1%     0.128 

2         0.168 

2%     0.212 


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320 


EXPLOSIVES  STORE  HOUSES 

Professor  Courtenay  de  Kalb,  in  his  "Manual  of  Explosives," 
says: 

''Storage  (of  explosives)  in  caves,  tunnels,  earth  or  stone  cov- 
ered vaults  and  in  log  structures  should  under  no  circumstances 
be  tolerated.  The  chief  objection  in  all  these  cases  is  that  the 
structure  will  hold  dampness,  and  any  dampness  in  a  magazine 
containing  any  explosive  into  which  nitrates  enter  "as  an  essential 
or  accessory  ingredient  is  certain  to  affect  its  quality  and  render 
it  more  or  less  dangerous  in  subsequent  use.  This  applies  to  gun- 
powder (common  black  powder)  and  to  practically  all  dyna- 
mites .  .  ." 

Professor  de  Kalb  recommends  a  building  of  tongued  and 
grooved  boards,  blind  nailed,  with  tar-paper  covered  roof,  and  if 
danger  of  fire  is  apprehended,  steel  shingled  covered  roof  and 
walls.  An  ordinary  tool  box  covered  with  tin  or  sheet  iron 
and  painted  red  with  large,  distinct  "danger"  signs  on  all  sides 
is  excellent.  However,  it  is  possible  to  obtain  ready  made 
magazines. 

In  a  recent  catalogue  of  the  Du  Pont  de  Nemours  Powder  Com- 
pany a  number  of  storage  houses  are  described,  and  the  follow- 
ing data  are  compiled. 

On  October  1,  1911,  Massachusetts,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Cali- 
fornia, and  Oklahoma  had  laws  regulating  distances  at  which 
specific  quantities  of  explosives  might  be  stored  with  reference 
to  dwellings,  public  buildings,  railroads,  etc.  Almost  all  cities 
and  towns  have  laws  regarding  this  and  all  who  intend  to  store 
explosives  should  inform  themselves  on  all  state  and  local  laws. 
Where  no  laws  affecting  storage  of  explosives  are  in  force,  we 
recommend  that  magazines  be  located  in  compliance  with  the 
American  Table  of  Distances,  to-wit: 


TABLE  121 

Pounds    of  Distances  to  Distances  to  Distances  to  Distances  to 

Explosives.     Inhabited      Unprotect-     Passenger  Unprotect  - 

Buildings     ed  Inhabit-     Ry's.  When  ed    Passen- 

When  Mag-     ed    Build-     Magazine  ger  Ry's. 

ings  (Ft).       Is    Barri-  (Feet), 
caded  (Ft.) 


ig 

a  z  i  n  e  Is 
Barricaded. 
(Feet.) 


100 

.  .  .  180 

200  ...  . 

260 

300 

.  .  .  320 

400  

360 

500  . 

400 

600  

430 

700 

....  460 

800 

490 

900  . 

.  510 

1  000 

530 

1,500  . 

.  600 

2,000  650 

3,000  710 

4,000  750 

5,000  780 


360 

520 
640 
720 
800 
860 
920 
980 
f,020 
,060 
,200 
,300 
,420 
,500 
1,560 

321 


110 
155 
190 
215 
240 
260 
275 
295 
305 
320 
360 
390 
425 
450 
470 


220 
310 
380 
430 
480 
520 
550 
590 
610 
640 
720 
780 
850 
900 
940 


322  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Where  municipal  regulations  do  not  prohibit  storing  explosives 
within  city  limits,  powder  or  dynamite  in  quantities  of  100 
pounds  or  less  may  be  kept  in  a  small  portable  magazine.  Al- 
ways mark  on  this  magazine  the  words  "Powder  Magazine." 
Fuse  may  be  kept  in  store  and  blasting  caps  or  electric  fuses, 
not  exceeding  500  each.  Always  keep  magazine  locked. 

Sidewalk  Magazine  Without  Wheels.  A  magazine  built  of  2-in. 
boards  covered  entirely  on  the  outside  with  No.  20  flat  iron, 
having  the  lid  secured  by  ordinary  hinges  and  fitted  with  hasp, 
staple  and  padlock.  (No  magazine  should  be  allowed  to  rest  on 
the  ground  because  powder  absorbs  moisture.) . 

COST 

For    50  Ibs.  powder,  22"  wide  x  27"  long  x  17"  high. . .  $  5  to  $10 

For  100  Ibs.  powder,  27"  wide  x  27"  long  x  22"  high. . .  6  to     12 

For     50  Ibs.  dynamite,  19"  wide  x  28"  long  x  13"  high.  6  to     12 

For  100  Ibs.  dynamite,  19"  wide  x  28"  long  x  22"  high.  7   to     14 

For  200  Ibs.  dynamite.  25"  wide  x  36"  long  x  22"  high.  9  to     18 

For  300  Ibs.  dynamite,  25"  wide  x  50"  long  x  22"  high.  11  to     22 

Sidewalk  Mag-azine  with  Wheels.  Similar  to  that  without 
wheels,  but  supplied  with  four  6-in.  cast  iron  wheels  on  the 
outside  at  the  bottom. 

COST 

(Has  same  dimensions   as  those  without   wheels) 

For     50  Ibs.  powder $  6  to  $12 

For  100  Ibs.  powder 7  to  14 

For     50  Ibs.  dynamite 7  to  14 

For  100  Ibs.  dynamite 8  to  16 

For  200  Ibs.  dynamite 10  to  20 

For  300  Ibs.  dynamite 12  to  24 

Iron  Magazines  for  storing  explosives  are  of  two  kinds;  the 
portable  sidewalk  magazine  on  wheels,  and  the  storage  maga- 
zine. The  former  is  furnished  in  five  sizes  from  that  with  a 
capacity  of  eight  kegs,  size  24"x23"x25",  weight  150  pounds,  price 
$15  f.  o.  b.  Ohio,  to  that  with  a  capacity  of  thirty  kegs,  size 
30"x30"x50",  weight  450  pounds,  price  $37.50.  The  latter  kind 
comes  in  ten  sizes,  from  the  smallest,  capacity  108  kegs,  size 
3'x6'x6',  weight  700  pounds,  price  $56.25,  to  the  largest,  capacity 
1,848  kegs,  size  Il'x8'x21',  weight  4,400  pounds,  price  $337.50. 

General  Specifications  for  Sand  Filled  Dynamite  Magazine  are 
as  follows: 

Foundations:  If    a    post    foundation    is    used,    posts    spaced 

5  ft.  c.  to  c.  and  charred  or  tarred. 

If  brick  foundation  is  used,  9-inch  wall  stepped 
to  12  or  15  inch-  footing  course,  all  laid 
with  lime  or  cement  mortar. 

If  stone  foundation  is  used,  wall  may  be  laid 
dry. 

If  concrete  foundation  is  used,  wall  need  not 

be  more  than  8  inches  thick. 
Floor:  Joists:  2  in.x6  in.,  spaced  12  in.  c.  to  c. 

Floor:  %-in.  matched  boards,  blind  nailed,  or 
1-in.  board  with  nails  countersunk. 


EXPLOSIVES  STORE  HOUSES 


323 


Sills  and  Plates:     2x6  in. 

Studding:  2xti  in. 

Siding:  %-in.    tongue    and    groove,    or    shiplap. 

Lining:  Sheath  inside  of  building  from  sills  to  plate 

with  %-in.  tongue  and  groove  blind  nailed, 
or  shiplap  with  nails  countersunk. 

Bullet  Proofing:  As  inside  sheathing  is  put  on  fill  space 
between  the  sill,  plate,  studding,  outside 
and  inside  sheathing  with  coarse  sand,  well 
tamped.  Do  not  use  gravel  or  stone. 

Roof:  Rafters:  2x4  in.,  spaced  24  in.  c.  to  c. 

Sheathing,  1-in.  plank. 

Roofing:  No.  24  galv.  corrugated  iron. 

Cornice:  (Under  eaves)  No.  26  galv.  flat  iron.  To 

make  roof  bullet-proof  from  above,  nail 
plank  on  rafters  and  fill  with  sand. 

Iron  Covering:  Sides  and  ends  to  be  covered  with  No.  24  or 
No.  26  black  or  galv.  flat  or  corrugated  iron. 

Door:  3-in.  hardwood,  covered  on  outside  by 

%x62x40  in.  steel  plate.  All  hinges  to  be 
secured  by  bolts  passing  through  to  inside. 

Ventilation:  3-in.  or  4-in.  globe  ventilator  in  roof.  Ven- 

tilator holes  to  be  cut  in  foundation. 

COST. 

For  storing  1,000  Ibs.,  size  6x6  ft $40  to  $  60 

For  storing  2,000  Ibs.,  size  6x7  ft 50  to       80 

For  storing  3,000  Ibs.,  size  7x7  ft 60   to        90 

For  storing  4,000  Ibs.,  size  7x8  ft 70   to     100 

F  or  storing  5,000  Ibs.,  size  8x8  ft 80   to     120 

Distance  from  ground  to  floor,  3  feet.  From  floor  to  eaves, 
6  feet. 

Brick  Magazine.  These  have  8  in.  walls,  have  floors  of  and  are 
lined  with  %-in.  plank,  and  have  roof  covered  with  corrugated 
galvanized  iron. 

COST 


For  storing  1,000  Ibs. 
For  storing  2,000  Ibs. 
For  storing  3,000  Ibs. 
For  storing  4,000  Ibs. 
For  storing  5,000  Ibs. 


size  7x  6  ft $  60  to  $  80 

size  7x  7  ft 70  to  100 

size  7x  8  ft 80  to  110 

size  7x  9  ft 90  to  130 

size  7x10  ft 100  to  140 


324 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


FIRE  EQUIPMENT 


CHEMICAL    ENGINES, 

This  engine,  Fig1.  125,  has  proved  to  be  a  most  valuable  piece 
of  fire  fighting  apparatus  for  use  in  warehouses,  factories,  lum- 
ber yards,  private  residences,  etc. 

The    construction    consists    of    a    forty    gallon    steel    cylinder, 


Fig  125.     Chemical    Engine. 

tinned  inside  and  out,  set  up  on  two  suitable  wheels  42  inches 
in  diameter,  either  of  the  sarvan  or  all  steel  wide  tire  pattern, 
the  cylinder  being  properly  balanced  between  the  two  wheels 
so  that  when  the  engine  is  set  upright  on  its  bottom  the  wheels 
clear  the  floor  or  ground;  suitable  handles  are  provided  by  which 
the  engine  is  easily  run  from  place  to  place  and  when  required 
for  village  fire  department  use  a  suitable  drag  rope  is  furnished. 
The  equipment  consists  of  50  ft.  %  in.  chemical  hose  with 


Tabor       American 
Spanner.    Spanner. 


Fig.  126.     Standard  Underwriter  Equipment. 


FIRE  EQUIPMENT 


325 


couplings  and  shut-off  nozzle.  Dimensions,  height  52  inches, 
diameter  16  inches,  width  over  hubs  of  wheels  35  inches,  track 
29  inches. 

Finished  in  aluminum,  bronze  or  any  color  Japan. 

Charge  consists  of  17  Ibs.  bi-carbonate  of  soda  and  10  Ibs.  sul- 
phuric acid. 

The  price  of  this  engine,  tinned  inside  and  out  is  $175.00  net, 
lead  lined,  $210.00  net. 

STANDARD  UNDERWRITER  EQUIPMENT. 

(As  illustrated  in  Fig.  126.)  Price  Net 

Steel  crowbar $   1.50  each 

Fire  hooks,     6   ins.  long 1.25  each 

Fire  hooks,  12  ins.  long 1.75  each 

Fire  hooks,   16  ins.  long ,. 3.50  each 

Fire  axe  with  pick  back,  heavy 21.00  doz. 

Fire  axe  with  pick  back,  light 16.80  doz. 

Fire  axe  holder,  polished  brass 90  set 

Tabor  hose  spanner 2.10  doz. 

American  hose  spanner 2.10  doz. 

Galvanized  iron  pails,  12  qts 3.00  doz. 

Galvanized  iron  pails,  12  qts.,  round  bottom 4.35  doz. 


Fig.  127.     Hose   Nozzle   and    Expansion    Ring   Couplings. 


TABLE    121—  HOSE    NOZZLE    AND    EXPANSION    RING 

COUPLINGS. 

Hose   Nozzles,   Plain. 

Size   (Ins.) 

Length 

Price  per  Doz. 

%  net 

6 

$  2.80 

8 

3.60 

iy2 

10y2 

7.20 

2 

11 

11.40 

2y2 

12 

18.24 

Hose  Nozzles,  Screw  Tip. 

Size  Coup.  (Ins.) 

Length 

Price  per  Doz. 

'M. 

8 

$  4.00 

12 

5.00 

1 

8 

5.00 

12 

6.00 

iy2 

12 

12.50 

20 

18.00 

2 

12 

19.00 

20 

25.00 

2y2 

15 

26.25 

326  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

EXPANSION  RING  HOSE  COUPLINGS. 

1%    in $0.95  net.         Medium   2   in $2.00  net 

Medium  iy2    in 1.60  net.        2y2    in 1.35  net 

2    m 1.05  net.         Medium   2  y2    in ...    2.60  net 

EXTRA   HEAVY   EXPANSION   RING   COUPLINGS. 

Price 

Underwriter  Approved   Type    per  set  net  $2.10 

Fire    Department    Service per  set  net     2.10 

Navy  Bronzed  Pattern   .  .per  set  net     3.10 

Mill    Type    1.85 

FIRE   EXTINGUISHER. 

Made  in   three   gallon  size    (Fig.    128).      Guaranteed   tested   350 
Ibs.  pressure. 

Price,  Net 

3-Gallon,    polish    copper $9.00 

3-Gallon,   red   Japanned 9.30 

3-Gallon,   nickel    plated 9.60 


Fig.  128.  Fig.  129. 

TUBE    FIRE    EXTINGUISHER,    DRY    POWDER. 

The  Dry  Powder  Fire  Extinguisher,  illustrated  (Fig.  129),  con- 
sists of  a  tube  22  inches  long  and  2%  inches  in  diameter,  filled 
with  a  dry  chemical  compound,  the  chemicals  being  deadly  to  fire 
but  absolutely  harmless  to  anything  else.  Price,  $1.05. 


FIRE  EQUIPMENT 


327 


Fig.  130.     Linen    Fire    Hose. 


LINEN  FIRE  HOSE. 

Hose   to  Withstand  a  Pressure   of  300   Lbs.    (Price  per  Ft.) 

1-in.                     1%-in.                       2-in.                    2%-in.  3-in. 

$0.09                        $0.13                        $0.15                        $0.17  $0.24 

Hose  to  Withstand  a   Pressure  of  400  Lbs.    (Price  per  Ft.) 

1-in.                     1%-in.                       2-in.                    2^-in.  3-in. 

$0.12                        $0.15                        $0.18                        $0.21  $0.30 


Fig.  131.     Swinging    Hose    Rack.  Fig.  132.     Swinging    Hose    Reel. 

HOSE  RACK. 
(Figs.  131  and  132.)  Price 

Brass,   size    7-8-9 $9,00 

Iron,  aluminum  finish,  7-8-9 2.75 

Malleable  iron  with  wall  plates,  aluminum,  gold  bronze  and 
Japanned,  any  color,   size  7-8-9 4.70 


328 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


FORGES 


Small  rivet  forges,  with  pans  18"  to  24"  and  blower  fans  about 
12"  in  diameter,  weigh  from  110  to  130  Ibs.  and  cost  from  $33.00 
to  $20.00.  (Fig.  133.) 


Fig.  133. 

Larger   forges,    suitable    for    horse    shoeing    and    small    repair 
work,  cost,  complete,  with  water  tank,  as  follows: 


Size  of  Firepan  Weight 

Kind   of  Blower  (Ins.)  (Lbs.) 

Hand    blower    28x40  265 

Electric,  with  motor 28x40  285 

Hand  and  electric    28x40  300 

Without  tank,  less  $4.00. 


Price 

$   27.00 

$60.00   to        75.00 
90.00   to     105.00 


A    first-class    blacksmith    forge    for    a    permanent    blacksmith 
shop,  costs,  complete,  $125.00. 


FORKS 


Stone  or  Ballast  Porks.     Net  prices  for  extra  grades  stone  or 
ballast  forks  in  quantities,  at  Chicago,  are  as  follows: 


No.  Tines 


Length 
Tines 
(Ins.) 
.    13% 
.    13% 
.    14% 


Width 

Fork 

(Ins.) 

1154 

14% 
13% 


Weight 

per  Doz 

(Lbs.) 

76 

88 

96 


Price 

per  Doz. 

$12.00 

15.00 

17.40 


The  above  prices  are  for  forks  with  natural  finish,  wide  strap 
ferrules  and  heavy  caps,  with  wood  "D"  ash  handles. 


FORMS 


Used  for  the  assembling  of  column  and  girder  forms.  (Fig.  134.) 
ADJUSTABLE    STEEL    FORM    CLAMPS. 


Clamp  No. 
22 

30    '.'.'. 
36    ... 

42     . 


Grip 

(Ins.) 
.    22 
.    30 


42 


Wt.  100  Pieces 
(Lbs.) 
592 
680 
647 
933 


Price 
$29.70 
S2.85 
36.00 
41.40 


330 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

FURNACES  AND  KETTLES 


A  gasoline  lead  or  leadite  furnace  (Fig.  135),  having  a  melting 
pot  capacity  of  325  Ibs.  of  lead  or  50  Ibs.  of  leadite,  weighs, 
crated,  170  Ibs.,  and  costs  $50.00. 


Fig.  135. 


Fig.  136.     Asphalt  and  Tar  Kettles. 

Asphalt  and  tar  kettles  (Fig.  136)  of  very  heavy  steel  plate, 
reinforced  with  angle  irons,  for  burning  wood  or  coal,  cost  as 
follows: 

Kettle,   38  ins.  diameter,   21   ins.   deep $21.00 

Mantle,  40  ins.  diameter,  36  ins.  deep 18.75 

Mantle,  with  door  and  grate  for  burning  coal 37.50 


FURNACES  AND  KETTLES 


331 


Fig.  137.     Portable  Asphalt  and   Tar 
Melting  Furnace. 

Asphalt  or  tar  melting  furnaces  (Fig.  137)   cost  as  follows: 

Price 

Capacity  (Gals.)                                                   Not  Mounted  Mounted 

50                                                                $42.50  $   63.75 

100     ,                             63.75  85.00 

150                                                                           85.00  114.75 

200 148.75 

250   ...' 191.25 


Fig.   138.     Lead   Melting    Furnace. 
Lead  melting  furnace  (Fig.  138). 


Price,  including  pot,  bar,  grate  and  ladle: 

On  Wheels  On  Legs 

18-inch    $21.00  $16.25 

24-inch    24.50  19.5-1 

30-inch    31.50  24.40 

Asphalt    and    tar   kettle   of    100    gallons    capacity,    mounted   on 
wheels,  complete,   $135.00.      (Fig.  139.) 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.  139.     Asphalt  and  Tar 
Kettle. 


Fig.  141.     Tar  Furnace. 


Standard  flre  wagon,  mounted  on  wheels,  length  of  body  5 
feet  iy2  inches,  width  2  feet  6^  inches,  depth  1  foot;  complete, 
?95.00.  (Fig.  140.) 


Fig.  140.    Standard  Fire  Wagon. 


GLASS 


Skylig-ht  Glass.     The  prices  range  as  follows: 

Thickness   (Ins.)  Price  per  Sq.  Ft. 

%     .......................................  $0.07 


%     ........................................  15 

Wired  skylight  glass,  %-in.  thick,  is  $0.25  per  sq.  ft. 

Vault  tig-lits.  Contractors  furnishing  their  own  moulds  can 
obtain  glass  at  from  4  to  5  cents  per  pound.  Bull's  eyes,  3  in. 
in  diameter,  are  3  cents  each,  and  square  lights,  3^x3%,  are  5  to 
6  cents  each. 

Plate  Glass.  On  plate  glass  there  is  a  discount  of  89%  from 
list.  In  the  accompanying  table  the  net  price  of  polished  plate 
glass  is  figured  at  this  discount.  These  prices  apply  to  the  glass 
only,  an  extra  charge  being  made  for  boxing  or  cutting  to  special 
sizes. 

Window  Glass.  The  discount  from  jobbers'  list  is  90%  and  5%. 
This  quotation  is  not  strictly  adhered  to.  The  net  prices  per  box 
of  50  sq.  ft.,  at  the  discount  named,  are  as  follows: 


AMERICAN  WINDOW  GLASS. 

Size  of  Glass  (Ins.)  A  B. 

6x  8   to   10x15  $2.27  $2.16 

12x14 

12x13   to  14x20  .' 2.37  2.27 

18x22 

20x20  to  20x30  2.70       2.50 

15x36  to  24x36  2.80       2.55 

26x28  to  24x36  2.95       2.65 

26x34 

28x32  to  30x40  3.27       2.85 

30x30 
32x38 

34x36  to  30x50  3.80       3.25 

30x52  to  30x54  4.05       3.55 


333 


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3S4 


GRADING  MACHINES 


(See  also  Elevating  Graders.) 

Machines  which  move  earth  by  sliding  or  rolling  over  the 
ground  and  by  either  pushing  the  earth  before  them  or  into  them 
by  a  combination  of  the  two  actions,  thereby  conveying  the  earth 
to  the  place  of  deposit,  are  known  variously  as  scrapers,  road 
machines,  graders,  spreaders,  levelers,  etc.,  and  are  of  many 
types. 

RAILROAD    GRADER. 

A  machine  mounted  on  standard  gauge  trucks,  which  spreads 
and  grades  the  earth  in  railroad  embankment  work  and  is  oper- 
ated by  compressed  air  taken  from  the  train  line,  needs  only  one 
man  to  operate  the  machine  itself.  The  theoretical  capacity  of 
the  spreader  is  179  20-yd.  cars,  or  3,580  cu.  yds.  in  13  minutes. 
It  will  make  17  yds.  of  heavy  stone  fill  in  one  hour.  The  oper- 
ating power  required  is  a  17x24  locomotive,  but  a  20x23  is  better. 
The  machine  weighs  6,500  Ibs.  and  costs  $3,000.  Allowing  $25.00 
per  day  for  the  engine  and  crew  and  $3.00  for  the  machine  crew, 
the  cost  of  operation  is  $28.00  per  day,  or  16  cents  per  cubic 
yard  for  stone  filling. 

The  commonly  used  scrapers  are  of  three  kinds:  wheel,  drag 
and  buck  or  Fresno.  In  all  three,  as  in  the  case  of  all  scrapers 
and  levelers,  except  where  the  soil  is  very  sandy  and  loose,  the 
earth  must  first  be  loosened  by  plows  or  picks.  In  the  three 
kinds  of  scrapers  the  cutting  edge  of  the  machine  digs  into  the 
soil,  thereby  loading  itself,  and  the  drag  scraper  slides  over  the 
ground  carrying  its  load,  the  wheel  scraper  rolls  along  carrying 
its  load  and  the  Fresno  scraper  both  drags,  and  carries  and 
pushes  a  load  in  front  of  it. 

Drag  scrapers  are  efficient  for  a  short  distance  only,  from  50 
to  100  feet,  while  Fresno  scrapers  can  be  used  economically  up 
to  about  275  feet,  when  wheel  scrapers  should  be  substituted. 
The  drag  scraper  is  pulled  by  two  horses  and  the  driver  dumps 
the  scraper  as  well  as  drives.  An  extra  man  is  usually  needed 
for  loading.  In  the  case  of  the  Fresno  scraper,  which  is  usually 
puiled  by  three  or  four  horses,  the  driver  is  able  to  both  load 
and  dump  the  machine  and  to  spread  the  earth  to  the  proper 
depth  while  dumping  it.  The  wheel  scraper,  however,  needs  a 
loader  and  an  extra  snatch  team  at  the  pit. 

WHEEL    SCRAPERS. 

The  sizes  of  wheelers  most  frequently  used  are  Nos.  2,  2%  and 
3,  of  which  the  ideal  size  for  average  work  is  No.  2*£.  The 
capacity  of  scrapers,  as  rated  in  the  catalogues,  can  never  be 
attained  in  actual  work,  the  actual  being  about  one-half. 

335 


336  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Listed  Capacity 
List  Cu.  Ft.  Price  Weight,  Lbs. 

No.   1    9  25.50  330  to  400 

No.   2    12  37.50  500   to   600 

No.  3    16  $42.75  650  to  750 

Add  $6.00  to  No.  2  and  No.  3  for  automatic  tail  gate,  and  add 
10%  for  patent  hubs  an'd  spring  draft. 

Repairs.  Six  new  wheel  scrapers:  first  cost,  $45.00  to  $50.00. 
Repairs  for  6  months  averaged  $2.50  per  scraper  per  month; 
life,  4  years.  Second-hand  wheel  scrapers,  original  cost  $45.00  to 
$50.00.  Repairs,  blacksmith  at  $3.50  per  day  over  a  period  of 
8  months,  averaged  $3.50  per  scraper  per  month;  life,  4  years. 
These  scrapers  were  two  or  three  years  old  when  these  data 
were  collected. 

DRAG    SCRAPERS. 

Drag  scrapers  likewise  hold  about  half  the  listed  contents. 
TABLE  123. 

2  £        .2  As      w 

*i  -o°     0->; 

~-  K  £  +l  **         ^        ^  fij-t 

"fl  p  g  fc        £        fcO-g 

-E  p  a  iifcn* 

Q  0  £  O      J  P4 

Drag  Scrapers. 

6  No.  1  American  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners  56x40x27  630  540  35  7  $3.60 

6  No.  2  American  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners  56x36x26  567  480  30  5  3.30 

6  No.  3  American  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners 54x34x24  535  450  25  3  3.10 

6  No.  1  Imp.  Cham.  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners 56x40x31  715  618  40  7  3.75 

6  No.  2  Imp.  Cham.  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners 56x37x30  630  540  35  5  3.45 

6  No.  3  Imp.  Cham.  Scrap- 
ers, with  runners 55x35x30  535  450  33  3  3.25 

6  No.  1  Slusser  Scrapers, 

with  runners 54x27x41  635  540  35  7  3.60 

6  No.  2  Slusser  Scrapers, 

with  runners 54x27x38  570  480  33  5  3.30 

6  No.  3  Slusser  Scrapers.  .53x26x35       537       450       27       3          3.10 

American  and  Improved  Champion  Scrapers  are  of  steel  with 

round  back. 

Slusser  Scrapers  are  of  steel  with  square  back 

Four  drag  scrapers,  originally  costing  $7.00,  had  a  life  of  three 

years  in  good  loam  and  others  lasted  but  one  year  and  a  half  in 

sand.     In  an  average  taken  over  four  months  of  work,  repairs  to 

scrapers  amounted  to  20  cents  per  month  each. 

FRESNO  SCRAPERS. 

This  type  of  scraper  is  ideal  for  building  railroad  embank- 
ments from  side  ditches  and  for  wasting  earth  taken  from  cuts 
when  the  earth  is  free  from  large  stones  and  roots.  It  has  been 
the  author's  experience  that  if  the  scraper  is  pulled  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  the  plow  furrows  the  loading  will  be  com- 


GRADING  MACHINES  337 

pleted  in  a  much  shorter  time   than  when  the  scraper  is  pulled 
parallel  with  the  furrows. 

No.    1,    5-foot    cutting   edge,    capacity    18    cu.    ft., 

weight    300    Ibs $14.00  to   $18.00 

No.    2,    4-foot    cutting    edge,    capacity    14    cu.    ft., 

weight    275    Ibs ;...    13.50  to     17.50 

No.    3,   3% -foot   cutting  edge,   capacity   12   cu.   ft., 

weight   250   Ibs 13.25  to     17.00 

The  listed  capacity  of  the  Fresno  Scraper  has  been  found  by 
the  author  to  be  about  twice  the  actual  place  measure  capacity. 

TONGUE   SCRAPERS. 

This  machine  is  composed  of  a  wooden  platform  drawn  at  an 
angle  of  about  60°  with  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  the  horses 
are  hooked  to  the  pole.  It  is  a  very  valuable  machine  for  filling 
ditches,  leveling  roads  or  other  uneven  places.  The  author  has 
found  it  an  extremely  economical  machine  for  spreading  top- 
soil  which  had  been  previously  stacked  in  piles.  It  has  a  steel 
cutting  edge  48  inches  wide,  which  can  be  easily  replaced.  The 
weight  is  120  Ibs.  and  the  price  $6.15. 

THE  DOAN  SCRAPER. 

This  machine  is  very  useful  for  cleaning  out  and  back  filling 
ditches  or  leveling  uneven  surfaces.  Manufacturers  claim  that 
it  will  back  fill  as  much  earth  as  50  men  with  shovels.  Price, 
$4.50. 

Keystone  Drag-  Scraper — Price,  $12.00. 

Happy  Thought  Road  Scraper — Price,  $15.00. 

Beach  All  Steel  Scraper  for  dragging  dirt  roads  can  be  drawn 
at  any  angle.  Price,  $15.00. 

GRADERS  AND   ROAD  MACHINES. 

The  difference  between  graders  and  scrapers  is  that  the  scrap- 
ers pick  up  a  load,  transport  it  a  certain  distance  and  unload  it 
at  one  place,  while  the  road  machine  is  used  mainly  for  cutting 
off  high  places  and  filling  up  the  adjacent  low  places  while  the 
machine  is  in  motion.  Another  function  of  the  grader  is  that 
of  moving  earth  into  winrows,  or  of  spreading  it  from  winrows 
in  thin  layers. 

The  following  machines  are  drawn  by  two  horses  and  operated 
by  the  driver  alone: 

20th  Century  Grader  (Fig.  143)  is  a  machine  on  two  small  steel 
wheels,  with  a  6-foot  blade,  which  may  be  raised  or  lowered,  tilted 
or  set  at  any  angle  by  the  driver,  who  occupies  a  seat  directly  be- 
hind the  wheels.  This  machine  is  very  valuable  for  light  road 
grading,  crushed  stone  spreading  and  for  any  work  that  does  not 
require  the  very  heavy  standard  road  machine.  It  weighs 
about  600  Ibs.  and  costs  $150.00  delivered  anywhere  in  the  United 
States. 

The  Little  Yankee  Grader  (Fig.  146)  is  a  machine  weighing 
about  900  Ibs.,  on  four  small  wheels,  with  a  blade  5^  feet  wide. 
It  is  used  for  light  grading  and  leveling  and  for  spreading  crushed 


338  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

stone.  Price,  $135.00,  complete  with  diggers  and  fenders;  $125.00 
without  the  diggers  and  fenders. 

The  Shuart  Grader  (Fig.  148)  is  a  three-wheel  machine,  of  a 
type  similar  to  the  Little  Yankee  Grader.  It  weighs  525  Ibs.  and 
costs  $47.50. 

Indiana  Reversible  Road  Drag-  (Fig.  150).  Price  $15.00.  Blade 
7  ft.  long. 

Panama  Road  Drag1  (Fig.  151).  Price  $23.00,  with  lever  for 
changing  vertical  angle  of  blade. 

Humane  Tongfueless  (Fig.  152).  Price,  $35.00,  with  lever  for 
changing  vertical  angle  of  blade. 

Panama  Junior  Reversible  Leveler  (Fig.  153).  Price,  $40.00. 
Adjustable  for  pitch  and  angle. 

Panama  Senior  Reversible  Leveler  (Fig.  154).  Price,  $125.00. 
Adjustable  for  pitch  and  angle. 

The  following  machines  need  one  or  more  men  besides  the 
driver  for  operation: 

The  Steel  Reversible  Road  Machine  is  made  in  two  sizes.  The 
standard  size  has  a  blade  of  direct  draft  and  can  be. set  at  any 
angle  and  can  be  shifted  30  inches  outside  of  the  wheels.  Price, 
$175.00.  The  small  size  weighs  1,400  Ibs.  and  has  a  6xl5-inch 
blade.  Price,  $125.00. 

The  Buckeye  Reversible  Road  Machine  is  made  of  steel,  weighs 
2,000  Ibs.  and  costs  $260.00. 

The  Reversible  Steel  Road  Machine  weighs  2,400  Ibs.,  costs 
$175.00  and  is  drawn  by  two  horses  under  ordinary  conditions. 
The  small  size  weighs,  1,400  Ibs.  and  costs -$125.00. 

The  American  Champion  Reversible  Road  Machine,  designed 
for  hard,  rough  work,  weighs  2,000  Ibs.  and  costs  $210.00. 

The  Little  Winner  Reversible  Road  Grader  is  drawn  by  two 
horses  and  needs  one  operator  besides  the  driver.  It  has  a  blade 
six  feet  long,  weighs  1,500  Ibs.  and  costs  $125.00. 

A  Gravel  Spreader  was  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Colo- 
rado River  Levee.  This  spreader  was  built  on  an  ordinary  flat 
car  and  is  of  extremely  simple  construction.  A  small,  well- 
braced  tower  is  built  in  the  center  and  on  each  side  8x17  in.  pine 
stringers  are  firmly  bolted  to  the  side  sills  and  to  stringers  laid 
across  the  top  of  the  car  body.  Ten  1*4  in.  eyebolts  run  up 
through  these  stringers  and  from  these  are  suspended  two 
isosceles  triangular  wings,  one  on  each  side  of  the  car.  These 
wings  are  raised  and  lowered  by  means  of  ropes  and  blocks  at 
the  point  of  the  wings  and  at  the  top  of  the  tower  and  are 
raised  by  braking  the  car  and  hauling  on  the  line  by  a  loco- 
motive. On  the  outside  the  wings  are  faced  with  iron  and  have 
a  reach  of  15  feet.  The  45-yard  side-dump  cars  were  unloaded 
when  standing  still,  so  that  the  top  of  the  dumps  on  either  side 
were  from  3  to  4  feet  above  the  tracks.  In  spreading  this  ma- 
terial the  machine  is  put  through  the  entire  length  at  a  speed 
from  7  to  10  miles  per  hour.  Several  trips  with  the  wings  at 
different  heights  are  sometimes  necessary.  The  cost  of  spread- 
ing material  per  yard  is  about  1/10  cent,  the  cost  of  construct- 
ing machine  about  $300.00,  and  its  operation  requires  the  service 
of  a  locomotive  and  of  four  men  to  handle  the  wings. 


GRADING  MACHINES 


339 


Fig.  142.     No.  2|/2  Patent  Wheeler 


Fig.  143.     20th  Century  Grader 


Fig.  144.     Fresno  Scraper. 


340  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.  145. 


Fig.  146. 


Fig.  147. 


GRADING  MACHINES 


341 


Fig.  149.     Beach  All  Steel   Drag. 


Fig.  150.     Indiana  Reversible  Scraper 


Fig.  151.     Panama   Road  Drag. 


342  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Fig.  152.     Humane  Tongueless  Scraper. 


Fig.  153.     Panama  Junior  Reversible  Leveler. 


Fig.  154.     Panama  Senior  Reversible  Leveler. 


GRADING  MACHINES 


343 


Fig.  155.     McCann  Spreader  and  Grader. 


Fig.  156.    All-Steel  Slusser  Scraper. 


Fig.  157.     Doan   Scraper. 


344  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

JORDAN    SPREADER. 

On  the  Hudson  Division  of  the  New  York  Central  &  Hudson 
River  R.  R.,  where  considerable  double  tracking  work  was  in 
progress,  the  Walsh-Kahl  Construction  Company  were  using  a 
dump  car  train  and  Jordan  spreaders  (Fig.  158)  to  widen  out 
shoulders  sufficiently  to  lay  a  construction  track  so  as  to  clear 


Fig.  158.     Jordan  Spreader  in  Use  on  Four  Tracking. 

the  present  main  line  tracks.  With  a  good  locomotive  and  crew 
a  train  load  of  150  to  200  cu.  yds.  of  ordinary  material  can  be 
leveled  so  as  to  clear  passing  trains  in  8  minutes  and  can  be 
leveled  down  to  2  ft.  below  top  of  rail  in  from  10  to  15  minutes. 
The  cost  per  day  of  a  spreader  may  be  estimated  as  follows, 
assuming  all  items  liberally  to  insure  their  covering  the  cost  in 
any  case: 

Depreciation   on    $5,000   machine   at    15    years   life,    250   days 

per  year $1.33 

Interest  at  5  per  cent 1.00 

Repairs  at  $50  per  year 20 

Labor,    1    operator 2.50 

Oil,   waste,   etc 10 

Total    $5.13 

This  does  not  include  cost  of  locomotive  and  crew. 

This  will  indicate  what  may  be  the  cost  of  using  a  spreader. 
If  the  machine  is  taken  care  of  it  should  be  sold  at  the  end  of  15 
years  for  a  reasonable  price,  but  no  account  is  taken  of  the 
scrap  value  in  this  estimate. 

The  machine  can  easily  handle  all  material  which  can  be  sup- 
plied by  trains  which  might  be  anywhere  from  1,000  to  20,000 
yards  per  day. 


GRADING  MACHINES  345 


COST    OF    LEVELING    GROUND    WITH    AIT    ELECTRIC    DRAG 
SCRAPER. 

By  James  C.   Bennett.* 

The  gold-dredging  industry  of  California  has  given  rise  to  a 
method  of  leveling  ground  that  offers  possibility  of  a  con- 
siderably more  general  application  than  has  been  developed  to 
date.  The  method,  by-  the  electric  drag  scraper,  was  originated 
in  the  Oroville  field,  where  one  of  the  dredging  companies  was 
required  by  the  municipality  to  restore  to  an  approximately  level 
surface  the  ground  that  it  had  dredged  within  the  city  limits. 
Although  some  such  leveling  had  been  done  by  means  of  horses 
and  scrapers,  prior  to  the  development  of  the  electric  drag 
scraper,  it  had  been  on  small  tracts  only,  and  the  cost  had  been 
almost  prohibitive  when  the  acreage  involved  amounted  to  more 
than  one  or  two,  or  possibily  three,  acres. 

A  few  months  ago,  the  writer  .was  called  upon  to  arrange  for 
grading  a  piece  of  ground.  The  work  involved  leveling  down 
some  piles  of  gravel  to  a  grade  suitable  for  building  lots,  making 
a  roadway  60  ft.  wide  by  600  ft.  long,  half  the  width  being  a 
cut  and  the  remainder  a  fill,  and  filling  a  large  water  hole  to  a 
grade  above  the  level  of  standing  water.  Practically  all  previous 
work  had  been  done  by  owners  on  force  account,  and,  since  the 
only  object  to  be  gained  was  to  level  the  ground  to  any  con- 
venient grade,  no  attempt  had  been  made  to  determine  the  yard- 
age involved,  hence  no  unit  cost  was  available.  The  nearest 
approach  was  based  on  the  cost  per  acre,  which  ranged  from 
$175  to  $200  per  acre.  In  this,  however,  it  was  impossible  to 
secure  any  suggestion  even  as  to  the  approximate  yardage 
represented. 

In  preparation  for  the  proposed  work,  an  attempt  was  made  to 
determine  the  approximate  yardage  involved  by  a  rough  measure- 
ment, but  without  success.  Some  idea  may  be  gained  of  the  diffi- 
culties of  making  measurements  on  ground  of  this  character 
from  the  statement  that,  for  purposes  of  railroad  construction  in 
this  field,  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  cross-sections  at  10-ft. 
intervals.  An  estimate  based  on  previous  acreage  costs  would 
be  unreliable  in  this  instance,  owing  to  the  necessity  of  working 
to  grade.  The  writer  and  the  contractors  made  a  joint  estimate 
of  the  time  required  to  do  the  work.  As  the  approximate  daily 
expense  was  known  within  fairly  narrow  limits,  this  afforded  the 
most  equitable  basis  of  cost. 

Seventy-five  working  days  was  agreed  upon  as  sufficient  time 
to  complete  the  work.  This  was  to  include  lost  time  on  account 
of  repairs,  setting  deadmen,  moving  lines  and  blocks,  and  moving 
machine  from  one  position  to  another.  During,  and  upon  com- 
pletion of  the  work,  the  following  data  were  obtained  : 

*  Abstracted  from  Engineering  News. 


346  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Daily  Expenses 

1  Winchman $5.00 

2  Helpers   @    $2.50 5.00 

1   Horse  (for  moving  lines,  etc.) 1.00 

133.33  kw-hr.   @   2 ^   cents 3.00 


Making  a  total  daily  cost   uf $14.00 

Time  Required 

No.  days  actually  scraping 62 

No.  days  moving  lines  and  winch  and  making 

repairs    10 

Making  total  days  worked 73 

No.  working  days  in  which  no  work  was  done  10 

Making  elapsed   working   time   days 82 

Costs 

72    days    @    $14.00 $1,008.00 

Repairs,   materials  only 35.00 

4-horse     team,     man     and     scraper,     surfacing 

street  grade,   1   day 1000 

600   ft.   second  hand,   Hi-in.   hauling  line 54.00 

600   ft.   second  hand,    %-in.   back  line 30.00 

Depreciation  at  10  per  cent 120.00 

Making  a  total  cost  of $1,257.00 

In  the  foregoing  figures,  as  will  be  noticed,  a  charge  is  made 
against  the  job  for  the  full  cost  of  the  ropes.  In  doing  this,  the 
job  is  being  charged  with  a  little  more  than  is  really  legitimate, 
as  the  same  ropes  are  good  for  probably  two  to  three  thousand 
yards  additional.  Also,  the  depreciation  charge  is  probably  lib- 
eral, as  there  is  very  little  severe  wear  and  tear  on  anything  but 
the  scraper. 

A  close  tally  was  kept  of  the  number  of  trips  made,  or  loads 
hauled,  and,  from  time  to  time,  the  loads  were  measured.  An 
average  of  1^4  cu.  yd.  per  trip  is  believed  to  be  very  nearly 
correct.  The  total  amount  of  material  moved,  based  on  the 
number  of  trips  made,  was  15,300  cu.  yds.  The  actual  cost  per 
cubic  yard  was  thus  8.2  cents. 

For  the  62  days  of  actual  scraping,  the  average  running  time 
was  seven  hours  per  day. 

Average  length  of  haul   175  ft. 

Average  day's   duty . 247  cu.  yds. 

Largest   day's   duty    ; 425  cu.  yds. 

Average  hourly  duty   35.2  cu.  yds. 

The  equipment  consisted  of  a  winch,  motor,  transformers,  drag 
scraper,  hauling  and  back  lines,  and  snatch  blocks.  The  winch 
was  of  the  type  commonly  used  on  gold  dredges,  having  been 
taken  from  a  dismantled  dredge.  It  was  driven  by  a  50-h.  p. 
motor,  through  one  belt  and  two  gear  reductions,  giving  a  rope 
speed — both  lines — of  about  130  ft.  per  minute.  There  was  but 
one  drum  on  the  winch,  having  a  central  flange  to  separate  the 
ropes.  The  hauling  speed  proved  a  very  satisfactory  one,  but  the 
return  rope  should  have  been  speeded  up  to  at  least  150  ft.,  and 
possibly  would  have  worked  satisfactorily  at  175  ft.  per  minute. 


GRADING  MACHINES  347 

In  fitting  up  the  winch  for  the  scraping  work,  the  original  cast- 
iron  frame  was  discarded  in  favor  of  a  much  lighter  timber 
frame,  in  which  skids  were  made  a  part  of  the  machine.  For 
transmitting  power  from  the  transformers  to  the  motor,  an 
armored  three-conductor  cable  was  used.  This  permitted  the 
winch  to  be  moved  about  the  field  with  its  own  power,  and  made 
unnecessary  any  moving  of  transformers.  During  the  execution 
of  the  work,  the  winch  was  moved  twice,  that  is,  had  three  posi- 
tions, including  the  original. 

The  transformers  were  not  disturbed  after  being  originally 
connected,  as  the  nature  of  the  ground  permitted  the  selection  of 
a  location  within  reach  of  the  several  positions  of  the  winch. 
The  power  company  made  no  extra  charge  for  running  the  neces- 
sary pole  line — some  five  or  six  hundred  feet — and  connecting 
the  transformers  and  motor. 

The  scraper  was  made  of  2-in.  planks,  the  cross-section  being 
of  the  shape  shown  by  the  accompanying  sketch  (Fig.  159).  The 


Fig.  159.     Section  Through  Bucket  Used  on  Electric  Drag  Scraper. 

inside  measurements  were  18x18  in.  and  it  was  12  ft.  wide.  A 
little  experimenting  was  necessary  at  the  beginning  of  the  work 
to  determine  the  correct  angle  at  which  the  bail  irons  should 
be  set.  It  was  found  necessary  to  make  one  or  two  changes  of 
this  angle  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  owing  to  different 
conditions  of  ground  and  material.  The  planks  were  well 
strapped  together  with  bar  steel,  and  the  ends  were  of  steel 
plate.  One,  and  some  of  the  time  two,  pieces  of  rail  were 
fastened  to  the  top  of  the  scraper  for  added  weight.  Both 
hauling  and  back  lines  were  second-hand  mine  hoist  ropes,  in 
very  good  condition,  but  discarded  for  mine  use  in  compliance 
with  state  mining  laws.  With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  small 
portions  of  the  work,  the  hauling  line  ran  over  only  one  snatch 
block,  while  the  back  line  ran  over  three  blocks  a  large  portion 
of  the  time.  A  fairly  liberal  use  was  made  of  deadmen,  it  being 
more  economical  than  to  move  the  winch. 


348  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HANDLES 


Shovel  Handles.  Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  white  ash  "D" 
shovel,  spade  and  scoop  handles  are  as  follows: 

Per  Doz. 

Shovel,   bent   and   riveted $2.55 

Spade,  bent  and  riveted , 2.46 

Scoop,  bent  and  riveted 2.55 

Ditching  spade,  bent  and  riveted 3.00 

Shovel  or  spade,  straight,  riveted 2.46 

Shovel,  straight,  Maynard  pattern 2.46 

The  net  prices  for  long  shovel,  spade  and  scoop  handles  are  as 
follows  : 

Per  Doz. 

4%-ft,  shovel,  bent $2.40 

4%-ft.,  spade,  bent 2.10 

4%-ft.,   scoop,   bent 2.40 

4^5-ft,  shovel,  straight,  Maynard  pattern 2.10 

Malleable  "D"  with  wood  head  and  malleable  fork  and  socket 
can  be  bought  for  $1.00  per  dozen.  Malleable  "D's"  with  iron 
head  cost  $1.25  per  dozen. 

Tool  Handles.  Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  tool  handles  in  full 
crate  quantities  are  as  follows:  Per  Doz. 

Nail  hammer,  adze  eye,   14-in $0.45 

Riveting   hammer,    12-in 40 

Riveting  hammer,   14-in 40 

Blacksmith,    18-in 50 

Blacksmith,   20-in 60 

Hatchet,   regular,    14-in 45 

Hatchet,  broad,   18-in 60 

The  above  are  for  second  growth  hickory  with  wax  finish, 
clear  and  white,  and  free  from  all  imperfections.  They  are 
packed  5  dozen  to  the  case.  The  net  prices  for  hickory  axe 
handles,  both  single  bitted  and  double  bitted,  36  in.  long,  are 
$2.45  per  dozen  for  extra  grade  and  $1.25  for  No.  1  grade.  Rail- 
road pick  handles,  36  in.  long,  can  be  bought  at  $2.88  per  dozen 
for  extra  grade  second  growth  hickory,  at  $2  for  second  growth 
ash,  and  at  $1.50  for  second  growth  hickory,  plain  finish.  The 
net  prices  for  sledge,  tool  and  maul  handles  are  as  follows: 

Price  per  Dozen 
Length,  Ins.  Extra  Grade       No.  1  Grade 

24     $1.00  $0.70 

28   1.25  .80 

30 1.40  .95 

36   1.70  1.15 

Grub  hoe  handles,  36  in.  long,  of  second  growth  hickory,  with 
wax  finish,  can  be  bought  for  $2.90  per  dozen.  Adze  handles  can 
be  bought  for  $2.52  per  dozen. 

Cross-Cut  Saw  Handles.  Supplementary  for  one  man  saw,  $1.00 
per  dozen. 

One  man $1.85  per  doz. 

End  handles    6    to   25   cents   per  pair 


HARROWS 


A  light  gardener's  tooth  harrow,  with  runners  on  the  upper 
side,  costs: 

With  25  teeth   .  .  $6.00 

With  30  teeth 6.50 

A  common  square,  harrow  of  simple  but  strong  construction 
costs: 

With  15   teeth,   for  one  horse   $6.00 

With  19  teeth,  for  one  horse,  heavy 6.25 

With  23  teeth,  for  two  horses    7.00 

A  hinge  harrow  with  runners  on  the  reverse  side,  made  in  two 
sections  hinged  together,  has  40  teeth  and  costs  $9.50. 

A  steel  disc  smoothing  harrow,  with  a  frame  6  ft.  8  in.  by  6  ft., 
has  4  sets  of  rollers  and  58  discs,  8  in.  in  diameter.  Price,  $17.00. 

A  flexible  disc  or  cutaway  harrow  of  steel,  regulated  from  the 
driver's  seat,  costs  as  follows: 

Two  horse,  with  twelve  12  to  16-inch  discs,  6  feet  wide.  ..  .$20.00 
Whiffle  trees  and  neck  yoke. . 1.50 

A  tooth  harrow,  original  cost  $25.00,  averaged  for  repairs  for 
3  months,  $1.30  per  month.  Cultivators,  which  cost  $12.00  to 
$15.00  when  new,  averaged  $1.05  per  month  for  repairs  during 
3  months. 


349 


HEATERS 


A  heater  consists  of  a  steel  framework  (Fig.   160)   the  sides  of 
which  are  built  up   of  perforated   shelves   arranged   so   that  the 


dftribratel 

Plate 


Fig.  160.     A  Portable  Gravel  and  Sand  Heater. 

gravel  or  stone  drops  from  one  shelf  to  another  and  is  heated  by 
a  fire  built  beneath.  It  will  dry  gravel  or  stone  up  to  2  in.  in 
size,  but  cannot  be  used  for  drying  sand. 

Capacity          Weight 
No.  Cost     Tons  per  Hour        Lbs.  Delivered 

1    $250  6  1,600  At  once 

2     225  5  1,240  10  days 

3 200  4  1,035  10  days 

4     175  3  775  10  days 

A  portable  heater  for  warming  stone  for  bituminous  surfacing 
of  highways  (Fig.  161),  which  may  be  had  arranged  with  a  self- 
contained  batch  mixer  and  binder  melting  tank,  consists  of  a 
revolving  steel  cylinder  with  concentric  walls,  engine  and  an  oil 
heater  with  compressor  for  vaporizing  the  fuel,  all  mounted  on 
heavy  steel  trucks.  This  machine  has  a  capacity  of  150  cu.  yds. 
per  day,  heating  stone  to  250°  F.  It  can  be  heated  by  coal,  but 
this  is  not  recommended.  It  consumes  1  gallon  of  oil  or  10  Ibs. 
of  coal  per  hour.  Weight  with  engine,  22,600  Ibs.;  price,  $3,000; 
weight,  without  engine,  20,000  Ibs.;  price,  $2,500.  Equipped  with 
mixer  and  heating  tank  for  bitumen,  $1,000  extra. 

350 


HEATERS 


351 


This  machine  may  also  be  obtained  in  the  large,  semi-portable 
type  for  $2,850,  without  engine  or  mixer. 

A  combination  sand,  stone  and  water  heater  is  herewith  illus- 
trated (Fig.  161  A).  It  was  used  to  heat  the  materials  used 
in  constructing  concrete  culverts  on  the  New  York  Central  & 
Hudson  River  R.  R.  It  consists  of  a  semi-cylindrical  sheet  of 
steel  10  ft.  long  and  2  ft.  high.  One  end  of  the  arch  is  closed 


Fig.  161. 

and  a  short  umokestack  is  erected  on  top.  On  the  o.ther  end  a 
water  tank  having  a  capacity  of  97  gallons  and  with  a  radia- 
tion of  12  square  feet  is  constructed.  A  wood  fire  is  built  under 
the  work  and  the  sand  and  gravel  to  be  heated  are  heaped  on 
the  top  and  sides.  It  weighs  1,200  Ibs.  and  can  be  built  for 
about  S50.00. 


IDL 


ti 

'       WATCH  TANK        ! 
a  CAPACITY  97  OAl.  t» 
)          RADIATION             1 
4          12  SQ.FT.            *• 

1                                          l" 

•AND  CAPACITY  80  CU.YD. 
RADIATION  38   SQ.FT. 

1 

j                     !< 

i. 

J= 

t'    i 

i 

SIDE  ELEVATION 


flRE  END 


COMBINED  WATER,  SANO 

AND  STONE  HEATER  FOR 

CONCRETE  WORK  IN 

WINTER 


PLAN 

Fig.   161A.     Combined   Water,  Sand  and  Stone   Heater  for  Concrete 
Work    in    Winter. 


352  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


HODS 


Mortar  and  Brick  Hods.  The  net  prices  for  wooden  mortar 
and  brick  hods  in  quantities  at  Chicago  are  as  follows:  Mortar 
hods,  carrying  150  Ibs.,  80  to  90  cents  each,  or  $8  to  $9  per  dozen; 
wooden  brick  hods,  carrying  90  Ibs.:  60  to  70  cents  each,  or  $6  to 
$7  per  dozen.  The  hods  have  tin  lined  shoulder  blocks  and 
rough  hickory  handles.  Steel  mortar  and  brick  hods  can  be 
bought  at  the  following  net  prices  at  Chicago:  Brick  hods, 
23x7x10  in.,  weighing,  with  handle,  about  8  Ibs.,  $1  each,  or  $10 
per  dozen;  mortar  hods,  24x11  %x!2  in.,  weighing,  with  handle, 
about  11  Ibs.,  $1.20  each,  or  $12  per  dozen. 


HOES 


The  net  prices  at  Chicago  for  garden  or  field  hoes,  forged  from 
the  best  hoe  steel,  with  4^ -ft.  selected  white  ash  handles  and 
7%-in.  blade,  are  $4.35  per  doz.  for  hoes  with  solid  socket  and 
$3.90  per  doz.  for  hoes  with  solid  shank.  Grub  hoes,  adze  eye, 
can  be  bought  at  the  following  net  prices: 

Price 

No.  Weight,  Lbs.         Size,  Ins.  Price,  Each  per  Doz. 

1  3%  3%xlO%  $0.295  $2.95 

23  4     xll%  .31  3.10 

3  4%  4%xll%  .315  3.15 

GARDEN  OB  FIELD   HOES. 

Contractors'  special  caisson  grub  hoes,  heavy  pattern,  5  Ibs. 
weight,  4^4xll%-in.,  can  be  bought  at  the  net  price  of  60  cts. 
each,  or  $6  per  doz.;  an  extra  heavy  pattern  for  hard  pan,  8  Ibs. 
in  weight  and  3x12  ins.  in  size,  can  be  bought  at  the  net  price 
of  $1.50  each,  or  $15  per  doz. 

Mortar  Hoes.  The  following  are  net  prices  at  Chicago  for 
mortar  hoes  forged  from  best  hoe  steel,  with  6  ft.  selected  white 
ash  handles  and  solid  shanks. 

Mortar  hoes,  weighing  45  Ibs.  per  dozen,  55  cts.  each  or  $5.75 
per  dozen;  mortar  mixing  hoes  with  two  holes,  60  cts.  each  or 
$6.25  per  dozen. 

Stone  Hooks.  Hop  or  stone  hooks  in  quantities  can  be  bought 
at  Chicago  at  the  following  net  prices:  4-tined,  diamond  backed, 
extra  heavy  hook,  5  ft.  handle,  at  $9  per  dozen;  4-tined  diamond 
backed,  light  hook,  4%  ft.  handles,  at  $5.80  to  $6.80  per  dozen. 


HOISTS 


Material  elevators  constructed  so  that  one  platform,  is  moving 
up  at  the  same  time  that  the  other  is  moving  down  are  built  of 
wood  reinforced  with  iron.  The  price  includes  all  the  necessary 
sheaves  and  %-in.  6x19  crucible  steel  rope. 


J^tJIlgLIl     UX              f—  VV  ClgllL    ill    J-IUO.  <, 

Guides            With                Without 

With                    Without 

(Ft.) 

Guides               Guides 

Guides 

Guides 

80 

2,200                    1.200 

$140.00 

$100.00 

95 

2,400 

,200 

150.00 

105.00 

110 

2,600 

,200 

160.00 

107.00 

120 

2,700 

,200 

170.00 

110.00 

135 

2,800 

.200 

175.00 

115.00 

150 

3,000                       ,200 

180.00 

120.00 

Fig.  162. 


The   sizes,    prices,    etc.,    below    are    those    of    a    bucket,    rope, 
sheaves,  etc.,  but  do  not  include  the  engine. 


Size 

1 

3 
4 


Capacity,  Cu.  Ft. 
10 
20 
30 
40 


Weight,  Lbs. 

500 

750 

1,000 

1,250 


Price 

$   70.00 

75.00 

100.00 

125.00 


The  following  prices  are  those  of  a  hoist  which  was  used  to 
deliver  concrete  in  a  ^-cu.  yd.  bucket  175  ft.  above  the  mixer. 
The  round  trip  was  made  in  35  seconds,  160  cu.  yds.  were  actually 
raised  in  10  hours,  using  a  hoisting  engine  having  a  speed  of 
300  ft.  per  minute. 

353 


354  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Bucket,  300  ft.  of  rope  and  friction  clamps  ...............  $150.00 

Tower  to   197   ft.   high  complete  ..........................    450.00 

Steam  winch,  new   ......................................    650.00 

The  following  prices  are  those  of  a  hoist  complete,   including 
gasoline  engine,  winch  and  all  fittings. 


Capacity,  Lbs.  Engine  H.  P.  Speed  Price 

Jon  f/2  f100  to 

,500  <  ._._„  Tv-j 
000                                5 


,  ._._„  Tv-^ut, 

2,000  5  335.00 

A  contractor's  or  builder's  portable  material  elevator  furnished 
with  an  overhead  horse  made  of  strong  pine  supporting-  the 
upper  sheaves,  and  strongly  braced  and  having  two  cages  with 
ash  platforms  4x6  ft.  in  size,  costs  complete  with  the  necessary 
%-in.  rope  for  the  four  wire  guides  and  %-in.  hoisting  rope  as 
follows  : 

50-ft.  Guides  ...................................  $100.00 

75-f  t.  Guides  ...................................    140.00 

80-ft.  Guides  ...................................    145.00 

90-ft.  Guides  ...................................    150.00 

100-f  t.  Guides  ....................................    155.00 

120-f  t.  Guides  ...................................    175.00 

A  builder's  hand  power,  double  acting  hand  elevator  with  a 
capacity  to  a  height  of  four  stories  of  20,000  to  30,000  brick  in 
ten  hours.  Space  required,  3  ft.  6  ins.  x  6  ft.  3  ins.  Each  cage 
carries  2  hods.  Price  complete  with  overhead  horse  and  sheave, 
winch,  2  cages,  lower  sheaves,  rope  for  hoisting  and  guides,  10 
brick  hods  and  5  mortar  hods,  $180.00. 

The  labor  cost  of  unloading  and  building  an  elevator  tower  50 
or  60  ft.  high,  and  placing  in  condition  ready  for  work,  is  about 
$50  or  $60,  with  an  extra  charge  of  about  $1  for  each  additional 
foot  in  height. 


AUTOMATIC  CONCRETE  ROLLER  HOIST. 

This  concrete  elevator  is  carried  under  the  mixer  at  the  bottom 
and  dumped  into  a  hopper  at  the  top,  these  movements  being 
positive  and  automatic.  The  bucket  is  controlled  by  steel  guide 
angles  bolted  to  top  and  bottom  ends  of  vertical  wooden  guides, 
whose  direction  controls  the  position  of  the  bucket  when  being 
filled  or  dumped.  The  tower  is  constructed  of  wood  throughout. 
Complete  equipment  includes  bucket,  wire  rope  sheave  in  bucket 
bail,  and  set  of  5  angle  guides. 

Capacity  Weight  Wire  Rope  H.  P.  at 

Cu.  Ft.                   Lbs.  Required  60  Ft.  per  Min.  Price 

12                          445                        %-in.                              9  $60.30 

18                          530                        %-in.                            12  63.00 

27                          665                        %-in.                            18  XI .  00 

36                        975                       %-in.                           24  90.00 


HOISTS  355 

COMBINATION    HOIST. 

This  is  a  platform  elevator  with  a  detachable  automatic  con- 
crete bucket.  With  the  bucket  removed  the  frame  is  large  enough 
to  carry  wheelbarrows  or  carts.  Complete  equipment  includes 
elevator  frame  and  bucket  assembled  with  wire  rope  sheave  in 
bail  of  frame.  Wooden  guides  control  the  dumping  of  the  bucket. 

Capacity  Weight  Wire  Rope  H.  P.  at 

Cu.  Ft.  Lbs.  Required  60  Ft.  per  Min.  Price 

12                          640                        %-in.                              9  $64.80 

18                          750                        %-in.                            12  67.50 

27  1,000                        %-in.                            18  85.50 

36  1,150                        %-in.                            24  99.00 

Hoisting  frame  only,  $34.50,  weight  435  Ibs. 


RECEIVING    HOPPERS. 

These  hoppers  are  economic  when  the  lead  from  the  elevator 
to  the  dump  is  great,  as  the  elevator  is  not  delayed  thereby. 
They  are  easily  set  in  place. 

Dimensions  and  prices  of  hoppers  with  gate: 

Capacity, 

Cu.  Ft.  Weight,  Lbs.  Gate  Opening  Price 

24  425  12x8  in.  $58.50 

30  465  12x8  in.  63.00 

40  635  12x8  in.  72.00 

54  725  12x8  in.  85.50 

Hopper  gate  only  $11.70;  weight  55  Ibs. 

STANDARD    SHEAVE   SETS. 

For  use  particularly  in  connection  with  the  foregoing  concrete 
hoists. 

DIMENSIONS — OVERHEAD  SHEAVE  SET. 

Diam.  of  Diam.  Weight 

Sheave  of  Shaft  per  Set  Size  Wire 

(Ins.)  (Ins.)  (Lbs.)  Cable                        Price 

12  1-&  50  %-in.                          $8.10 

14  lS  65  %-in.                           9.90 

DIMENSIONS— BOTTOM  SHEAVE  SET. 

Diam.  of  Diam.  Weight 

Sheave  of  Shaft  per  Set  Size  Wire 

(Ins.)  (Ins.)  (Lbs.)  Cable                        Price 

12                          1  36  %-in.  $3>.60 

14                          1^4  42  %-in.  4.50 

CONCRETE   CHUTES. 

The  concrete  is  usually  elevated  by  hoist  to  a  hopper  placed  at 
the  proper  height  to  give  sufficient  fall  or  head  to  the  line,  the 
chute  leading  off  from  this  hopper  by  the  special  "Hopper  End 


356  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


1725 


Fig.  163. 

Item 

No.         Item  Length 

1703     Closed    Chute     3' 

1705     Closed    Chute 5' 

1710     Closed    Chute     10' 

1805     Open  Chute 5' 

1810     Open  Chute   10' 

1721  Flexible  Chute 12'   6" 

1722  Extra  Flexible  Joints 1'   9" 

1723  Hopper  End  Section 2'   6" 

1724  Turning    Section 1'   5" 

1725  Swivel  Section 2' 

1726  Remixer 2'   6" 

1750     Chute   Hooks    

Spouting  made  of  No.    14  blue   annealed   steel 
ins.  for  each  joint. 


Wt.  per  pc. 

(Lbs.)  Price 
30 
45 
83 
50 
97 
125 
17 
40 
22 
33 
67 


plate. 


$1.80 
2.70 
4.95 
2.70 
4.95 
9.90 
1.44 
2.70 
2.00 
4.50 
6.75 
.15 
Allow  6 


HOISTS  357 

Section"  attached  to  the  hopper  gate.  The  joints  are  made  by 
inserting  the  end  of  one  chute  into  the  end  of  another  with  three 
chains  on  one  chute  and  three  corresponding  hooks  on  the  other. 
The  diameters  of  the  chutes  are:  Open,  7%  ins.;  closed,  8%  ins. 
The  bail  of  the  chute  is  hung  over  "Chute  Hooks"  tied  to  the 
ends  of  small  ropes  running  through  blocks  fastened  to  a  cable  at 
distances  corresponding  to  the  length  of  chute  to  be  used.  This 
makes  easy  the  adjusting  of  the  slope  of  the  chute,  and  relieves 
the  joint  of  all  strain.  The  "Turning  Section"  and  "Swivel  Sec- 
tion" are  used  for  sharp  turns  or  feeding  dependent  lines.  The 
concrete  is  spread  by  the  "Flexible  Chute  Section"  the  upper 
end  of  which  is  attached  to  a  "Swivel  Section."  If  found  desir- 
able, the  concrete  is  dropped  from  the  end  of  the  line  through 
the  "Remixer,"  where  the  throwing  of  the  concrete  against  the 
side  of  the  box  sets  up  a  rotary  movement  in,  and  ensuing  re- 
mixing of  the  mass.  This  box  may  also  be  used  as  a  head 
chute  to  receive  the  concrete  direct  from  the  mixer  when  the 
work  is  below  grade. 

The  inclination  of  the  chute  at  the  hopper  should  be  about  45°. 
The  subsequent  grade  is  determined  by  the  consistency  of  the 
mixture,  the-  head  available  and  the  necessities  of  the  work.  The 
minimum  grade  should  be  about  25°,  average  35°,  and  maximum 
50°.  With  the  closed  chute  a  better  head  can  be  maintained. 


358  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HOISTING  TOWERS 

A  wooden  tower  was  used  for  placing  the  concrete  In  a  grand 
stand  built  at  the  University  of  Chicago.  The  grand  stand 
was  484  ft.  long  by  114  ft.  wide,  and  It  was  necessary  to  move  the 
tower  four  times  in  order  to  place  all  the  concrete.  The  tower 
was  72  ft.  high  and  8x8  ft.  In  section  (See  Fig.  164).  A  % 


Fig.  164.     Movable  Wooden  Tower  for  Concrete  Chutlng  System. 


HOISTING  TOWERS  359 

cu.  yd.  mixer  was  set  on  the  bottom  framework  of  the  tower  so 
that  it  would  discharge  into  a  bucket,  which  in  turn  elevated 
the  concrete  to  a  hopper  on  the  side  of  the  tower,  60  ft.  above. 
The  chutes  were  of  the  open-trough  type,  10x12  ins.  in  size,  of 
galvanized  iron,  and  were  suspended  from  cables  run  from  the 
tower  over  the  grand  stand.  The  tower  was  placed  on  6-in.  wooden 
rollers  placed  on  a  plank  runway,  power  for  moving  being  sup- 
plied by  a  cable  from  the  hoisting  engine.  Six  men  were  re- 
quired to  place  rollers,  runway  and  cables  while  moving.  A 
move  of  50  ft.  occupied  about  4  hours.  The  cost  of  the  tower, 
including  labor  and  material  for  erection  and  labor  for  dis- 
mantling was  about  $600. 

COMPARISON  BETWEEN    TOWERS    OF    STEEL    AND    WOOD. 

The  cost  of  a  wooden  tower  is  about  $600.  If  we  figure  that 
it  will  be  good  for  only  one  job,  that  job  must  be  large  enough  to 
warrant  the  expenditure  of  $600  to  avoid  using  the  ordinary 
wheelbarrow  method.  The  difference  in  cost  of  placing  concrete 
by  the  two  methods  is  usually  about  75  cts.  per  cu.  yard  of 
concrete  so  that  if  we  have  a  job  containing  more  than  800  cu. 
yds.,  or  say  1,000  cu.  yds.,  the  chuting  system  will  be  the  more 
economical.  If  the  tower  is  built  carefully  and  so  that  it  may 
again  be  erected  on  other  work  it  will  pay  to  build  one  for 
smaller  jobs.  It  will  cost  about  $200,  however,  to  erect  such  a 
tower  on  any  job,  so  that  on  a  job  containing  less  than  200  cu. 
yds.  it  would  not  be  practicable  to  use  a  tower,  especially  a 
tower  of  such  size. 

There  will  be  no  difference  in  the  cost  of  concreting  as  between 
wooden  and  steel  towers,  as  their  operation  is  practically  the 
same.  The  difference  in  first  cost  is  the  main  consideration  and 
for  towers  75  ft.  high  this  is  about  $400.  The  wooden  tower  can 
not,  however,  be  expected  to  maintain  its  rigidity  for  more  than 
a  half  dozen  jobs  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  if  a  permanent 
tower  is  desired,  a  steel  tower  will  be  more  economical  than  a 
wooden  tower  after  five  or  six  jobs  have  been  built.  This  is  very 
well  illustrated  by  comparing  the  cost  of  setting  up.  Assuming 
that  the  cost  of  the  erection  of  the  wooden  tower  is  $200  and 
the  cost  of  erecting  the  steel  tower  is  $100,  we  have  added  $800 
to  the  original  cost  of  the  wooden  tower  by  the  time  it  has  been 
erected  for  its  fifth  job.  The  money  invested  in  it  then  is  $600+ 
$800  or  $1,400.  By  the  time  the  steel  tower  is  erected  for  its 
fifth  job  the  money  invested  in  it  is  $1,000  +  $400  or  $1,400,  an 
equal  amount  to  that  invested  in  a  wooden  tower.  The  wooden 
tower  may  still  be  in  fair  condition  but  it  is  reasonable  to  believe 
that  the  steel  tower  will  remain  in  good  condition  for  a  much 
longer  time  and  it  will  cost  only  about  half  as  much  to  erect. 
We  may  assume,  therefore,  that  a  portable  wooden  tower  is 
economical  for  jobs  above  1,000  cu.  yds.  and  until  it  has  been 
erected  five  times,  and  that  a  portable  steel  tower  would  be  more 
economical  if  its  use  is  contemplated  for  more  than  five  jobs. 


360 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  first  towers  used  for  hoisting  concrete  were  naturally  of 
wood  and  were  located  entirely  within  an  area  to  which  chutes 
could  be  run  in  all  directions.  Later,  auxiliary  towers  were  used 
in  connection  with  very  high  main  towers  to  carry  concrete  to  a 
considerable  distance,  this  distance  always  being  controlled  by  the 


Fig.  165.    View  of  Concreting  Tower. 

angle  of  the  chute  (about  23°  to  30°),  and  the  height  of  the  main 
tower.  The  steel  tower  was  primarily  substituted  for  the  wood 
tower  to  provide  a  permanent  "knock  down"  structure  which  could 
be  used  over  and  over.  Its  rigidity  as  compared  with  the  wooden 
tower  has  finally  led  to  the  portable  feature.  This  feature  makes 


HOISTING  TOWERS  361 

the  steel  tower  more  economical  than  wooden  towers  as  auxiliary 
towers  and  also  makes  the  steel  tower  more  economical  than  a 
fixed  wooden  main  tower  under  the  conditions  illustrated  in  Fig. 
165,  which  pictures  the  construction  of  a  thirty-stall  concrete 
roundhouse  for  the  Lake  Shore  &  Michigan  Southern  Railway, 
and  is  described  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  August  2,  1912. 
Here,  it  was  at  first  planned  to  build  three  wood  towers  for  the 
construction  of  this  roundhouse,  which  is  405  ft.  in  diameter. 
These  were  estimated  to  cost  at  least  $2,200,  as  against  $1,000 
for  a  single  steel  tower,  which  could  be  moved  from  place  to 
place. 

Other  towers  built  for  this  purpose  will  no  doubt  be  improved, 
as  the  experience  with  this  one  has  shown  to  be  advisable.  A 
swivel  post  should  be  placed  at  the  top  to  fasten  the  guys,  so 
that  the  tower  may  be  turned  around  more  easily,  and  probably 
some  sort  of  truck  placed  underneath  would  facilitate  the  shifting 
of  the  tower. 

Figure  165  shows  the  construction  of  the  tower  which  is  72 
ft.  high.  The  steel  work  is  carried  on  wooden  skids  which  lie 
across  two  railway  rails  forming  a  truck.  On  the  bottoms  of  the 
skids,  where  they  rest  on  the  rails,  are  steel  plate  shoes  which 
are  fitted  with  clamp  butts  for  anchoring  the  tower  to  the  rails. 
The  tower  is  also  guyed,  the  guys  running  through  blocks  at  the 
deadmen. 

Referring  to  Fig.  165,  it  will  be  seen  that  attached  to  the 
tower  is  a  main  spcut  60  ft.  long  consisting  of  a  U-shaped  trough 
10  ins.  across  at  the  top  and  10  ins.  deep,  made  of  galvanized 
sheet  iron.  This  trough  is  open,  except  at  its  lower  end,  where  it 
discharges  into  the  30-ft.  swivel  pipe  leading  to  the  forms.  The 
concrete  can  be  spouted  95  ft.  with  this  arrangement  of  110  ft. 
with  an  extension  pipe,  which  is  kept  at  hand.  This  trough  is 
supported  by  a  light  steel  truss,  which  is  shown  in  the  photo- 
graph. A  special  feature  is  the  support  of  this  spout  and  truss 
by  a  40-ft.  boom  which  is  rigged  from  the  top  of  the  tower  and 
held  in  place  by  a  steel  cable  running  to  a  winch  placed  at  the 
foot  of  the  tower.  The  construction  of  the  trough  on  top  of  the 
truss  is  such  that  the  wearing  parts  may  be  easily  removed  and 
replaced  without  disturbing  the  truss  itself. 


A  PORTABLE   PLANT  FOB  MIXING  AND    CONVEYING   CON- 

CRETE    FOB   FOUNDATION   WORK;    LABOR    COSTS 

OF  36,000  CU.  YDS.  OF  WOBK.* 

The  accompanying  photograph  (Fig.  166)  illustrates  a  portable 
concrete  mixing  and  conveying  plant  which  was  used  by  the  Great 
Lakes  Dredge  &  Docks  Co.  on  foundation  work  for  a  blast  fur- 
nace plant  near  Chicago.  The  concrete  plant  is  built  on  a  plat- 
form 20  ft.  square  which  is  mounted  on  rollers.  On  the  platform 


*  Data  taken  from  a  table  appended  to  paper  by  Victor  Win- 
dett,  presented  to  Western  Society  of  Engineers  on  June  7,  1911, 
published  in  Engineering  and  Contracting  July  5,  1911. 


362 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


a  75  h.  p.  horizontal  boiler  is  mounted  which  furnishes  steam  for 
the  operation  of  the  Ransome  mixer  and  Lidgerwood  hoist.  The 
1-yd.  mixer  is  placed  near  the  rear  of  the  platform  and  a  hopper 
bin  is  erected  above  it,  which  has  a  capacity  of  10  cu.  yds.  of 
stone  and  5  cu.  yds.  of  sand.  The  bins  were  filled  from  cars  on 
a  parallel  track,  by  means  of  a  locomotive  crane  and  clamshell 


Fig.  166.     View  of  Portable  Mixer  and  Conveyor  Used  for  Massive 
Foundation    Work. 


bucket.  Storage  is  provided  for  500  bags  of  cement  on  the 
platform  at  one  side  of  the  mixer.  The  material  from  the  storage 
bins  is  dumped  into  a  1-yd.  batch  hopper.  From  the  mixer  the 
concrete  is  delivered  to  a  Ransome  tower  bucket  which  is  raised 
75  ft.  and  delivered  into  the  chute.  The  chute  consists  of  a  12- 
in.  galvanized  pipe,  supported  by  two  80-ft.  booms.  From  the 
ends  of  the  booms  lines  run  to  equidistant  points  on  the  chute 
thus  supporting  it  uniformly  and  keeping  it  in  a  straight  line. 
The  booms  are  swung  horizontally  over  the  work  by  hand.  The 
lower  60  ft.  of  pipe  is  made  in  movable  lengths  of  8  ft.  The 
plant  itself  is  pulled  along  on  its  rollers  by  attaching  a  line 
to  a  deadman  and  taking  it  in  on  the  hoist. 

The  concrete  work  consisted  of  foundations  for  power  house 
and  blast  furnace  buildings.  The  work  was  started  in  1910  and 
continued  through  the  winter  and  spring  of  1911. 

The  work  on  the  blast  furnace  building  was  massive  concrete 


HOISTING  TOWERS 


363 


work,  th©  blast  furnace  foundations  consisting  of  concrete  slabs 
50x70  ft.  square,  and  having  a  firebrick  core  averaging  23  ft. 
in  diameter.  There  were  10,809  cu.  yds.  of  concrete  placed  at  a 
complete  labor  cost  as  given  below: 

Sq.  ft.  forms  per  cu.  yd 7.57 

Sq.   ft.   footing  surface    (no   forms) 8.54 

Total    days    work 110 

Actual  concreting  time,  days 88 

Labor  days  of  9  hours 5,020 

Concrete  placed  per  day  of  concreting  days   (yds.) 123 

Concrete  placed  per  day  of  total  time  (yds.) 98.5 

Labor  cost  per  cu.  yd.  per  day  per  man $      0.46 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd $      1.43 


Fig.  167. 

The  work  on  the  hot  blast  stove  and  boiler  foundations  was 
massive  work,  including  10,064  cu.  yds.  of  concrete  placed  during 
the  summer  at  the  following  cost: 


Sq.  ft.  form  surface,  per  cu.   yd 9.74 

Sq.  ft.  surface  without  forms,  per  cu.  yd 16.1 

Total   days   work 79 

Total    days    concreting 57 

Total  labor  days  of  9  hours 3,977 

Concrete  per  day  of  total  time  (yds.) 128 

Concrete  placed  per  day  of  concreting  time  (yds.) 172 

Cost  per  cu.  yd.  per  man,  per  day $      0.40 

Total  labor  cost  per  yd $      1.24 


This  work  was  done  in  the  winter.  The  power  house  founda- 
tions consisting  of  light  piers,  floors  and  some  massive  piers, 
including  in  all  some  3,733  cu.  yds.,  were  placed  as  follows: 


364  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Sq.  ft.  form  surface  per  cu.  yd 12.8 

Sq.  ft.  surface  without  forms,  per  cu.  yd 14.4 

Total    days    work 75 

Total  days  concreting 36 

Total  labor  days  of  9  hours 2,310 

Yds.  concrete  per  day  of  total  time 49.6 

Yds.  concrete  per  day  of  concreting  time 103.5 

Cost  per  cu.  yd.  per  man  per  day $       0.62 

Total  cost  per  cu.   yd ?      2.02 

The  casting  machine  building  foundations  were  built  in  the 
spring.  These  consisted  of  light  piers  and  walls  amounting  in  all 
to  1,225  cu.  yds.  This  concrete  contained  no  reinforcement. 

Sq.  ft.  form  surface  per  yd 14.2 

Sq.   ft.  surface  without  forms 

Total  days  work 17 

Total   days   concreting 14 

Total  labor  days  of  9  hours 922 

Yds.  concrete  per  day  of  total  time 72 

Yds.  concrete  per  day  of  concreting  time 87.5 

Cost  per  cu.  yd.  per  man  per  day $0.75 

Total  cost  per  cu.  yd $2.32 

The  work  on  the  wharf  consisted  of  3,344  cu.  yds.  of  concrete 
in  massive  work.  Two  rows  of  piles  were  capped  with  concrete 
forming  a  base  for  the  walls  supporting  the  rails  of  the  unload- 
ing crane.  This  work  was  done  in  the  winter  and  early  spring, 
The  data  on  the  work  are  as  follows: 

Sq.  ft.  form,  surface  per  cu.  yd. 6.1 

Sq.  ft.  surface  without  forms,  per  cu  yd .; 

Total  days  worked 24 

Total  days  concreting 20 

Total   labor   days    1,290 

Yds.  of  concrete  per  day  of  total  time 139 

Yds.  of  concrete  per  day  of  concreting  time. 167.5 

Cost  per  yd.  per  day  per  man $      0.39 

Total   cost  per   yd $      1.21 

The  construction  of  the  piers  for  the  steel  trestle  consisted 
of  moderately  heavy  work  amounting  in  all  to  6,971  cu.  yds.  of 
concrete.  The  work  was  done  in  the  winter  and  the  chuting 
system  was  not  used.  Instead  the  concrete  was  delivered  in 
hand  pushed  Koppel  cars  of  1  cu.  yd.  capacity. 

Sq.  ft.  form  surface  per  cu.  yd 8.69 

Sq.  ft.  surface  without  forms,  per  cu.  yd 14.7 

Total   days    worked    70 

Total    days    concreting 62 

Total    labor   days 3,900 

Yds.  concrete  per  day  of  total  time 100 

Yds.  of  concrete  per  day  of  concreting  time 113 

Cost  per  yd.  per  day  per  man $      0.56 

Total  cost  per  cu.   yd $      1.74 

The  general  averages  and  totals  taken  from  the  above  data 
furnish  the  following  :  . 

Total  yds.   concrete  placed 36,146 

Sq.  ft.  forms  per  cu.  yd 9.0 

Sq.  ft.  concrete  surface  without  forms   (per  yd.) 13.0 


HOISTING  TOWERS  365 

Total  days  worked   375 

Total  days  concreting   277 

Total  labor  days  of  9  hours 17,419 

Yds.  concrete  placed  per  day  of  total  time 96.5 

Yds.  concrete  placed  per  day  of  concreting  time 130 

Cost  per  yd.  per  man  per  day $        0.482 

Total  average  cost  per  cu.  yd $        1.49 

Included  in  the  above  labor  costs  is  the  placing  of  500,000 
Ibs.  of  steel  reinforcement,  or  about  14  Ibs.  per  cu.  yd.  of  concrete, 
and  the  labor  for  erecting  and  dismantling  the  plant  for  handling 
the  concrete.  The  rate  of  wages  paid  averages  $0.344  per  man 
per  hour  including  the  entire  force  employed. 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HORSES  AND  MULES 


The  price  of  horses  and  mules  varies  very  greatly  with  the 
locality,  season  of  the  year  and  also  from  year  to  year.  Gen- 
erally speaking,  a  good  horse  or  mule  costs  from  $200  to  $350. 
A  mule  weighing  1,100  Ibs.  will  do  as  much  work  as  a  horse 
weighing  1,400  Ibs.,  and  is  less  liable  to  sickness,  can  stand 
harder  treatment,  and  eats  slightly  less  than  a  horse.  Twenty- 
eight  mules  bought  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri  in  1910  were  of 
an  average  weight  of  1,100  Ibs.,  average  age  6  years  and  cost  on 
an  average  of  $255,  including  expenses  of  transporting  to  New 
York.  As  a  rule  a  mare  mule  is  more  desirable  than  one  of  the 
other  sex.  A  freight  car  load  of  horses  or  mules  contains  22, 
an  express  car  load  28.  It  takes  about  three  weeks  to  acclimate  a 
green  animal.  The  annual  depreciation  of  a  horse  used  on  con- 
struction work  is  about  15  per  cent.  In  figuring  the  cost  of 
feeding  horses  on  construction  work  it  should  be  appreciated  that 
the  horses  will  eat  hay  the  whole  year  round,  while  they  will 
require  grain  only  during  the  period  when  they  are  actually  work- 
ing. Hay  necessary  for  one  horse  for  one  day  is  14  Ibs.  of  hay 
grown  by  irrigation  or  22  Ibs.  of  cultivated  timothy  and  red  top 
or  30  Ibs.  of  native  hay.  One  horse  or  mule  eats  as  much  as  three 
burros  or  jacks. 

The  average  daily  feed  of  each  horse  or  mule  used  by  the  H.  C. 
Frick  Coke  Company  during  a  period  of  six  years  was  26  ears  of 
corn  (70  Ibs.  per  bu.),  6  qts.  of  oats  and  16%  Ibs.  of  hay.  A 
water  supply  sufficiently  large  to  give  14  gallons  of  water  to  each 
horse  should  be  allowed  for. 

In  the  southern  portion  of  the  United  States  horses  on  large 
jobs  may  work  almost  every  day,  but  in  the  north  it  is  ordi- 
narily possible  to  obtain  180  days'  work  each  year. 

In  a  Brooklyn  St.  Ry.  cost  of  feeding  2,000  horses  was  $20.00 
per  month  each  and  the  depreciation  per  horse  was  considered 
to  be  25%  per  annum.  Besides  about  4  gallons  of  water  per  day 
each  animal  consumed  the  following  amounts  of  food: 


Feed  Consumed. 
Oats     
Hay                    

Total  (Ibs.). 

..14,281,172 
9,991,330 

Pounds 
per  Horse. 
7,690 
5,385 

Cost 
per  Horse. 
$108.50 
48.75 

Per  Day. 
$0.2975 
.1334 

Straw    .  .     .  :  

.  .    1,893,633 

1,020 

7.72 

.0198 

Bran 

775  396 

418 

4.26 

.0116 

Meal   

95,041 

51 

.85 

.0023 

Salt 

122,267 

66 

.46 

.0012 

Corn    

29,219 

16 

.25 

.0007 

$170.79 


$0.4665 


According  to  some  records  in  Manhattan,  Bronx  and  Brooklyn, 
the  cost  with  the  average  number  of  horses  kept  for  this  period 


HORSES  AND  MULES  .  367 

were  as  shown  below,  the  costs  and  averages  being  figured  on  the 
basis  of  385  days  per  year: 

Totals  and 

Manhattan.  Brooklyn.  Averages. 

Average  number  of  horses  kept ....  1,174                  681  1,855 

Stable   rental    $   41.44          $   19.94  $   33.50 

Stable  labor    237.00            268.00  248.00 

Feeding   and   bedding 171.00            171.00  171.00 

Shoeing     18.36               17.75  18.12 

Veterinary    5.63                 9.08  6.89 


$473.43          $475.77 

Mr.  Richard  T.  Fox  of  Chicago,  in  a  report  to  the  Street 
Cleaning  Department  of  Boston,  gives  the  following  figures: 

Total  number  of  horses  owned  by  the  department 128 

Maintained  directly  by  the  department 95 

Boarded  by   the   Sanitary  Department 33 

Net    cost    per    horse    per    year    for    rent,    repairs,    shoeing, 

veterinary  services,  medicine  and  feed $517.83 

Mr.  Fox  found  that  S.  S.  Pierce  &  Co.,  wholesale  grocers  of 
Boston  paid  $27.65  per  horse  per  month  for  maintenance  and 
shoeing,  veterinary  services  and  boarding  in  a  public  stable. 

For  shoeing,  the  Street  Cleaning  Department's  bill  amounted 
to  $33.43  per  year  per  horse.  He  found  that  Pierce  &  Co.  paid  a 
little  less  than  $12.00  per  year  for  veterinary  services  and 
medicine. 

In  constructing  the  water  purification  works  at  Springfield, 
Mass.,  the  teaming  and  horse  work  was  done  mainly  by  teams 
owned  by  the  company  or  hired  and  kept  by  it.  The  greatest 
number  of  horses  owned  was  43  and  the  greatest  number  hired 
and  kept  was  10.  Hired  horses  cost  $1.00  per  day  per  horse  for 
rent.  A  stable  100  ft.  long  by  30  ft.  wide  was  constructed,  and 
the  equipment  consisted  of  20  bottom  dump  wagons,  -6  wheel 
scrapers,  caravans,  express  wagons,  etc.  The  roads  were  in  bad 
shape  and  had  very  heavy  grades.  All  the  horses  were  young 
and  cost  on  an  average  $230  each,  cost  of  shoeing  and  keeping 
these  horses,  including  all  expenses,  was  as  follows: 

COST  OF  TEAMING  WORK— 72,474   HORSE-HOURS. 

Buildings.  Per  Horse-hour. 

Cost  of  materials  used  in  building  stable $0.006 

Cost  of  labor  on  same 0033 

Cost  of  proportion  of  material  used  in  blacksmith  shop...      .0001 
Cost  of  labor  on  same 0010 

Total  cost  of  buildings $0.0104 

Depreciation  and  Repairs: 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  horses,  including  freight $0.041 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  harnesses  and  repairs  on  same 01 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  wagons  and  repair  parts  for  same.     .01 
Cost  of  labor  on  wagon  repairs .0036 

Total  cost  of  depreciation  and  repairs $.0646 


368  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Cost  of  insurance    $0.006 

Cost  of  rent  paid  for  hired  horses 02 

Cost  of  teamsters  and  barn  men 1137 

Cost  of  labor  shoeing $0.0055 

Cost  of  materials  shoeing 002  .0057 

Cost  of  fodder  of  all  kinds 0845 


Grand    total    cost    of    keeping    horses    per    horse-hour 
actually   used    $0.3067 

Cost  of  single  teams  per  hour $0.39 

Cost  of  double  teams  per  hour 605 

The  entire  cost  of  the  stable  and  a  fair  proportion  of  the  cost 
of  the  blacksmith  shop  is  charged  against  this  one  season's 
work.  Had  the  horses  been  kept  for  the  two  seasons,  the  figure 
would  be  reduced  one-half. 

The  depreciation  on  the  horses  represents  the  value  of  five 
horses  lost  and  shrinkage  in  value  of  the  remainder  after  one 
season's  work.  This  figure  would  also  probably  show  some  im- 
provement if  extended  through  two  or  more  seasons. 

The  wagons  received  rather  severe  usage  under  the  steam 
shovel,  and  repair  bills  were  correspondingly  large. 

A  4-horse  team  averaged  16%  miles  per  day  over  fine  macadam 
roads  as  follows: 

Case  I.  Case  II. 

Loads  per  day 14  7 

Length  of  lead,  ft 3,000  6,200 

Level,  ft ' 2,400  2,400 

5%    Grade,    ft 600  3,800 

Gross  load,  tons 3.65  3.15 

Ton     0.65  0.65 

Net  load,  tons. 3.00  2.50 

Tractive  force  on  level,  Ibs 255.5  220.5 

Tractive  force  on  5%  grade,  Ibs 646.0  578.0 

Duty  per  day,  foot  pounds 16,000,000  21,000,000 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  has  maintained  teams  at  the  following  per 
month  per  team: 

%   Ton  of  hay,    @    $10.00 $   5.00 

30  Bu.  of  oats,   @   35  cents 10.50 

Straw   for  bedding    1.00 

Shoeing  and   medicine 2.00 

$18.50 

Twenty-five  horses  working  for  a  period  of  12  months  on  road 
construction  in  San  Francisco,  cost  per  horse  per  day  as  follows: 

28  Lbs.  wheat  hay @  $15.50  per  ton  $0.215 

12  Lbs.  rolled  barley @  24.10  per  ton  0.150 

1%  Lbs.  oats  @  27.40  per  ton  0.020 

%  Lb.  bran @  2.20  per  ton  0.003 

1%   Lbs.   straw  bedding @  13.80  per  ton  0.009 

$0.397 
Wages  of  stableman  ($775  for  12  mos.)  and  hauling  forage 

($281  for  12  mos.) 0.113 


HORSES  AND  MULES  369 

Material  packed  on  animals  should  be  divided  into  two  equal 
portions  and  slung  on  each  side  of  the  back.  A  fair  load  for  a 
horse  is  300  pounds,  for  a  mule  200  to  300  pounds,  for  a  burro  100 
to  150  pounds,  for  a  South  American  llama  50  to  75  pounds.  How- 
ever, the  proper  load  for  a  pack  animal  varies  with  the  size  of 
the  animal  and  the  condition  and  grade  of  the  road  to  be  traveled. 


370  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HOSE 

Rubber  water  hose,   regular  construction. 

, Price  per  Foot , 

%  Inch  Diameter.          1  Inch  Diameter. 

2  Ply    $0.10  $0.12% 

3  Ply    12%  .20 

4  Ply    15  .25 

6  Ply     22V2  .37% 

Diameters  run  from  %  inch  to  8  inches. 
Rubber  steam  hose,  regular  construction. 

t Price  per  Foot N 

%  Inch  Diameter.  1  Inch  Diameter. 

3  Ply  $0.23  $0.35 

4  Ply '. 28  .43 

5  Ply  35  .53 

6  Ply  42  .64 

7  Ply  49  .75 

8  Ply  56  .85 

Diameters  run  from   %   inch  to  3  inches. 

The  following  table  shows  the  proper  ply  hose  for  pressures  of 
from  30  to  100  pounds: 

Heat  Gen- 
erated. 

30  Lbs.     =    274°  %"  3-ply  1"  4-ply  1^4"  4-ply  1%"  5-ply 

50   Lbs.     =    298°  %"  4-ply  1"   5-ply  1%"   5-ply  1%"  6-ply 

60   Lbs.     =    307°  %"  5-ply  1"   5-ply  1%"   6-ply  1%"  6-ply 

80   Lbs.     =    324°  %"  5-ply  1"  6-ply  1%"   7-ply  1V2"  8-ply 

90   Lbs.     =    331°  %"  6-ply  1"   6-ply  1%"   S-ply  1%"  9-ply 

100  Lbs.    =    388°  %"  6-ply  1"   7-ply  Ifc"   8-ply  iy2"10-ply 

Seamless  cotton  rubber  lined  hose. 

Internal  diam.      1"    1%"    1%"      2"       2^4"  2%"     3"       3%"     4" 
Price    $0.17   $0.22   $0.25   $0.30   $0.33   $0.35   $0.50   $0.75   $1.00 

These  prices  do  not  include  couplings.  Unlined  linen  hose  costs 
about  half  of  the  above. 

Coverings  for  rubber  hose  designed  to  protect  it  from  excessive 
wear  may  be  woven  cotton,  wire  wound,  marlin  woven  or  marlin 
wound.  The  disadvantages  of  various  covers  are  as  follows:  In 
wire  wound  hose  the  wire  is  liable  to  cut  the  hose  when  the 
latter  is  stretched,  woven  cotton  and  marline  absorb  moisture  and 
rot,  marlin  wound  covering  is  liable  to  become  loose  as  soon  as 
one  strand  is  cut.  These  coverings  add  about  15  per  cent  to  the 
price  of  plain  hose. 

Metal  tube  hose  consists  of  a  metal  armor  with  asbestos  pack- 
ing and  a  rubber  coating.  It  is  adapted  for  use  with  steam,  gas, 
oil,  or  any  fluid  which  has  a  tendency  to  cause  rubber  to  de- 
teriorate rapidly. 

Size,   diameter %"  %"         1"  1%"         1%" 

Price  per  foot    $0.90         $0.95         $1.20         $1.50         $1.80 


HOSE  371 

A  flexible  metallic  hose  designed  especially  for  hot  water  is  a 
peculiarly  prepared  rubber  cover  with  non-rustable  metallic 
armor. 

Size,  diameter   1%"         2"  2^4"         2%" 

Price,  per  foot $0.70        $1.10         $1.25        $1.40 

A  flexible  metallic  hose  designed  to  withstand  the  action  of  oil 
and  air  and  fitted  for  rough  service  is  covered  with  braided 
wire. 

Size,  diameter    *4 "       %"       %"     1"         l1^"     1%" 

Price,   single   cover $0.18     $0.25     $0.30     $0.44     $0.69    $0.79 

Price,  double  cover 22        .30        .37         .53        .79        .96 

An  expecially  strong  flexible  hose  is  armored  inside  and  out, 
adapted  for  hard  service  with  drills,  etc. 

Size,   diameter   ...      %"     %"  1"       1%"  \Vz"  1%"  2"       2V2"  3" 
Price,   per  foot.  .  .    $0.45  $0.55  $0.70  $0.80  $0.97  $1.25  $1.50  $2.00  $2.50 

Suction  hose  reinforced  spirally  with  flat  wire  is  made  with 
smooth  bore  for  use  on  large  dredges  and  centrifugal  pumps  and 
rough  bore  for  use  on  diaphragm  and  small  steam  pumps. 

Internal    diameter    %"  1"         l1/^"     2"         3"         5" 

Price  per  foot,  rough  bore.$0.28    $0.36    $0.60    $0.92    $1.60    $3.00 

Price  per  ft.,   smooth  bore.      .32  .40         .68       1.05       1.80       3.40 

Internal  diameter 6"        8"  10"       12"       15"       20"       21" 

Price  per  foot, 

rough  bore $3.80    $6.00  $8.00  $   8.80 

Price   per   foot, 

smoothbore    $4.20    $6.35  $9.00  $10.80  $16.00  $27.00  $30.00 


372  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

HYDRAULIC  MINING  GIANTS 


The  nozzles  first  used  in  hydraulic  mining  ranged  from  plain 
pipe  or  hose  to  simple  nozzles.  The  first  improvement  in  dis- 
charge pipes  was  a  flexible  horizontal  iron  joint  formed  by  two 
elbows,  one  working  over  the  other,  with  a  coupling  joint  be- 
tween them.  These  elbows  were  called  "Goose  Necks."  These 
joints  were  very  defective,  the  water  pressure  causing  them  to 
move  hard  and  "buck."  The  evolution  of  the  hydraulic  nozzle 
was  from  the  "Goose  Neck"  to  the  "Globe  Monitor";  then,  suc- 
cessively, the  "Hydraulic  Chief,"  "Dictator,"  and  "Little  Giant." 
The  "Hydraulic  Giant"  is  a  modification  of  the  Little  Giant,  and 
is  shown  in  Fig.  168. 


_, 


Fig.  168.     Hydraulic  Mining  Giant. 

Under  high  pressure  the  "deflector,"  which  is  fitted  to  the  butt 
of  the  discharge  and  carries  the  nozzle,  should  be  used.  By 
means  of  the  "deflector"  the  Giant  can  be  turned  with  the 
greatest  ease.  In  the  table  of  sizes,  weights,  etc.,  of  Giants,  the 
column  headed  "Approximate  Amounts  of  Gravel  Washed  in  24 
Hours"  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  water  carries  about 
2.86  per  cent  of  solid  material.  This  percentage  varies  widely  and 
depends  upon  a  number  of  conditions,  but  mainly  upon  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  direction  of  washing,  and  slope  of  the  sluices.  Under 
extremely  favorable  conditions  it  is  possible  to  carry  as  large  a 
percentage  as  20  or  25,  but  in  many  cases  the  proportion  of  earth 
to  water  is  as  1  to  200  or  more. 


Size  Number. 


Diam.  of  Pipe 
Inlets   (Ins.). 


Diam.   of  Butts 
with     Nozzle 
Attachment. 
(Inches.) 

Effective  Head 
in  Feet. 


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373 


374  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


JACKS 


TABLE   125— HYDRAULIC   JACKS. 

Plain  Jacks: 

Tons  lift    4  7  10  20 

Run    out,    inches 12  18  24  18 

Height,    inches    24  32  39  33 

Price,    dollars 48  58  88  116 

Weight,  pounds   50  75  110  155 

Broad  Base   Jacks: 

Tons  lift    4  7  10  20            30            50 

Run   out,   inches 12  18  18  18            18            1* 

Height,  inches    25  31  31  32%        33            28 

Price,    dollars     50  60  70  110          150          190 

Diam.    of  base,    inches.      9%  10  12  13            13*4        15 

Weight,   pounds    65  97  130  206          260          320 

Screw  Jacks: 

Number     1  4  8  13*         17 

Diam.    of  screw,    inches     1*4  1%  1%  2              2% 

Height  when   down,  in.      8  12  16  20            24 

Net   rise,   inches 4  '7  10  13            18 

Whole    height,    in 12  19  26  33            4? 

Est.  lift  cap.,  in 5  8  12  15            20 

Weight,  pounds    9V2  22  33  45            82 

Price    $2.00  $3.00  $4.00  $6.40    $10.40 


LABOR  AND  WAGES 


UNION  WAGES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY 

The  following  table  shows  the  prevailing  rate  of  wages  for 
various  classes  of  union  labor  in  New  York  City.  When  not 
otherwise  stated  the  rate  given  is  per  day: 

April  6,      April  5, 

1910.  1911. 

Asbestos  workers    $  4.50  $  4.50 

Asbestos  workers*  helpers 2.80 

Architectural    iron    workers 4.80  4.80 

Bluestone  cutters    4.50  4.50 

Bluestone   cutters'    helpers 2.80  3.00 

Blasting  foremen    4.00  4.00 

Bricklayers  and  masons,  per  hour 70  .70 

Blacksmiths,   average    4.06  4.00 

Boiler  makers,   Brooklyn 3.25 

Boiler  makers,  Queens,  per  hour 32  ... 

Boiler  makers,    Richmond 3.20  

Building  material  handlers,  per  1,000 40  .40 

Caisson  and  foundation  workers 3.50  3.50 

Carpenters  and  joiners,  Brooklyn 4.50  4.50 

Carpenters  and  joiners,  Queens 4.00  4.00 

Carpenters  and  joiners,  Manhattan 5.00  5.00 

Carpenters   and   joiners,   Bronx 4.50  4.50 

Carpenters  and  joiners,  Richmond 4.00  4.00 

Cement  masons,   all   boroughs    5.00  5.00 

Cement  and  asphalt  laborers 2.80  3.00 

Cement  workers    2.80  2.80 

Chandelier  makers   3  00 

Coppersmiths    4.50 

Derrickmen  and  riggers 3.75  3.75 

Double  drum  hoister  runners 4.00  4.00 

Drop  forgers 3.50  3.50 

Dock  builders,   average 4.00  4.00 

Decorative  glass  workers,  average 3.50 

Decorative  glass  art  workers 500 

Electric  linemen    4.00 

Electric  linemen,  Brooklyn    4.00 

Electric  linemen^   Manhattan    4!oO 

Electric  linemen,   Richmond    4.00 

Electric  inside  wiremen   4.50  4.50 

Electric  fixture  workers 4.50  4.50 

Electric    helpers    2.20  2.20 

Elevator  constructors    4.50  5  00 

Elevator  constructors'  helpers 3.20 

Excavators,  per  hour 22  22 

Engineers,  portable    5.50  5  50 

Engineers,   stationary    4.50  4.50 

Engineers   (marine)    3*27 

Framers    5.00  5.00 

Firemen,  Queens 2.60 

Firemen,  Bronx,  average,  per  trip 4.25 

Firemen,    Richmond 204 

Granite  cutters 4.50  $4.50  &  $5 

Housesmiths     4.80  4.80 

Hpusesmiths  and  bridgemen    4.80  500 

Highway  laborers    2.25  2. 25 

House  shorers  and  movers 3.50  350 

House  shorers'  helpers    265 

Iron  workers    5  00 

Iron  workers'  helpers 3^50 

Iron  workers'  apprentices 300 

Lathers,  Brooklyn,  per  bunch 27%c  27%c 

375 


376  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

UNION  WAGES  IN  NEW  YORK  CITY— Continued. 

April  6,  April  5, 

1910.  1911. 

Lathers,  Queens,   per  1,000 2.75  2  75 

Lathers,   Manhattan    4.50  4.50 

Lathers,   Bronx    4.50  4.50 

Lathers,    Richmond    3.25  3.25 

Laborers,  Brooklyn,  per.  hour 37 y2c 

Laborers,  Manhattan,  per  hour 37^c 

Laborers,  Queens,  per  hour 37^c 

Laborers,  Richmond,  per  hour 37^c 

Machine   stone   workers 4.25  4.00 

Marble  cutters  and  setters    5.00  5.00 

Marble  carvers 5.50  5.50 

Marble  bed  rubbers 4.50  5.00 

Marble   sawyers    4.75  4.75 

Marble  cutters'  helpers 3.00  3.00 

Marble  polishers    4.25  4.50 

Machinists,    Brooklyn    3.75 

Machinists,  Manhattan 5.00 

Machinists'  apprentices,  average,  per  week 7.00 

Metallic  lathers    5.00 

Millwrights     4.50 

Mosaic  workers 4.50 

Mosaic  workers'  helpers 3.00 

Paper  handlers,  average,  per  week 15.00  15.00 

Painters  and  decorators,  Brooklyn 4.50  4.50 

Painters,  Queens 3.28  3.28 

Painters  and  decorators,  Manhattan 4.50  4.50 

Painters,    Bronx    4.00  4.00 

Painters,  Richmond   3.00  3.00 

Paperhangers    6.00  Price  list 

Pavers,  Brooklyn    5.00  5.00 

Pavers,  Manhattan    5.00  5.00 

Pipe  calkers  and  tappers    4.00  4.00 

Plasterers,  Brooklyn   5.50  5.50 

Plasterers,  Queens 5.50  5.50 

Plasterers,    Manhattan 5.50  5.50 

Plasterers,  Bronx   5.50  5.50 

Plasterers'  laborers   3.25  3.25 

Plate  and  sheet  glass  glaziers 3.50 

Plumbers,  Brooklyn    5.00  5.50 

Plumbers,   Manhattan    5.00  5.50 

Plumbers,  Bronx    5.00  5.00 

Plumbers,  Richmond    5.00  5.50 

Plumbers'  laborers    3.00  3.00 

Rock  drillers    3.50  3.50 

Roofers,   Brooklyn    4.00  4.00 

Roofers,   Queens    4.50  4.50 

Roofers,   Manhattan    4.75  5.00 

Roofers,  Richmond    4.00  4.00 

Rockmen,  per  hour 30  .30 

Riggers    3.50  4.00 

Stone  cleaners  and  pointers   3.06  3.06 

Stone  cutters,  Brooklyn,  per  hour 62Vfcc  621/&c 

Stone  cutters,  Manhattan   4.00  4.00 

Steam  shovel  cranemen,  per  month    124.00  124.00 

Stair  builders   5.00  5.00 

Steam   fitters    5.00  5.00 

Steam  fitters'  helpers    .  .  . 3.00  3.00 

Stone  masons,  Brooklyn,  per  hour 55  .55 

Stone  masons,  Manhattan,  per  hour 55  .55 

Stone  setters   5.50  5.50 

Stationary  firemen    2.00  2.00 

Tar.  felt  and  waterproof  workers .      3.75  3.75 

Tile   layers    5.00  5.00 

Tile  layers'  helpers 3.00  3.00 

Terra  cotta  workers,  average 2.95  2.95 


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PENNSYLVANIA—  Continued. 

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HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


UNION  WAGES  IN  CHICAGO. 

From  Engineering  News   we   reprint   the   following  list   of  posi- 
tions in  the  Engineering  Service,  Class  "B,"  city  of  Chicago,  1912  : 

No.  of  Average 
Positions.           Salaries. 

Assistant  architectural  draftsman 8  $1,095.00 

Draftsman     9  1,187.00 

Laboratory  engineering  assistant 3  1,080.00 

Map  draftsman    19  1,131.00 

Rodman     41  1,116.00 

Totals  and  average,  grade  1 80  $1,131.00 

Architectural  draftsman   10  $1,566.80 

Assistant  engineering  chemist   6  ,500.00 

Clerk  of  the  works 5  ,500.00 

Electrical  engineer 1  ,620.00 

Engineering  draftsman 11  ,535.00 

Junior  engineer 31  ,521.00 

Map   engineering  draftsman 9  ,487.00 

Mechanical  engineering  draftsman    12  ,510.00 

Plan  examiner 2  ,830.00 

Title  searcher    2  1,800.00 

Totals  and  average,  grade  II 89  $1,535.00 

Architectural   designer    6  $2,093.33 

Arcnitectural  engineer    8  2,220.00 

Assistant  engineer   24%  2,102.00 

Assistant  superintendent  of  construction.  ...  4  2,600.00 

Bridge  designing  engineer    3  1,788.00 

Building  inspector  in  charge.  . .  .' 1  2,500.00 

Chief  draftsman,  maps  and  plats 1  1,740.00 

City  forester 1  2,000.00 

Deputy  smoke  inspector  in  charge 1  1,800.00 

Designing  engineer   1  1,794.00 

Electrical  designing  engineer 1  2,400.00 

Engineering  chemist   2  1,960.00 

Examiner  of  efficiency  (technical) 3  1,920.00 

Expert  asphalt  chemist   1  2,400.00 

Heating  and  ventilating  designing  engineer.  1  2,400.00 

Mechanical  designing  engineer   2  1,800.00 

Sanitary  designing  engineer 1  1,920.00 

Totals  and  average,  grade  III 61%  $2,111.00 

Assistant  chief  engineer,  sewers 1  $2,700.00 

Assistant  chief  engineer,  streets 1  2,700.00 

Chief  architectural  designer   1  3,600.00 

Chief  deputy  smoke  inspector 1  3,000.00 

Chief  street  engineer 1  3,600.00 

City   architect    1  4,500.00 

Deputy  commissioner  of  buildings 1  4,000.00 

Engineer  (harbor,  wharves  and  bridges) %  3,000.00 

Engineer  in  charge  of  bridges 1  5,000.00 

Engineer  of  bridge  construction  and  repairs  1  3,000.00 

Engineer  of  bridge  design   1  3,600.00 

Engineer  of  tests   1  3,000.00 

Engineer  of  track  elevation    1  4,200.00 

Engineer  of  water  surveys    •  2  3,000.00 

Engineer  of  water  works  construction 1  4,000.00 

Engineer  of  water  works  design 1  3,600.00 

Expert  on  system  and  organization 3,000.00 

Mechanical  engineer  in  charge 7,500.00 

Secretary  and  engineer 1  3,600.00 

Superintendent  of  construction 1  3,200.00 


LABOR  AND  WAGES  393 

UNION  WAGES    IN  CHICAGO— Continued. 

No.  of  Average 

Positions  Salaries 

Superintendent,  maps  and  plats 1  4,000.00 

Superintendent,  water  pipe  extension    1  4,500.00 

Supervisor    mechanical     engineer    and    chief 

deputy  inspector   1  3,000.00 

Third  assistant  superintendent  of  streets  in 

charge  of  street  repairs   1  3.6QO.OO 

Totals  and  average,  grade  IV 24%  $3,695.00 

Architect,  board  of  education 1  $6,000.00 

Assistant  architect,  board  of  education 1  4,000.00 

Assistant  city  engineer 1  5,000.00 

City  engineer   1  8,000.00 

Engineer,  board  of  local  improvements 1  3,600.00 


Totals  and  average,  grade  V 5  $5.320.00 

Total  number  of  positions 270 

Total  salaries .$484,354.00 

Average  salaries 1,796.00 

The  hours  of  labor  established  by  law  in  California  are  eight, 
and  the  following  are  the  rates  paid  by  the  San  Diego  County 
commission  on  highway  work  during  1910. 

Camp  superintendents   (foremen),  per  month  and  board. .  .$125.00 

Sub-foreman,  per  month  and  board 70.00 

Blacksmiths,  per  month  and  board 75.00 

Timekeepers,  per  month  and  board 50.00 

Cooks,  per  month  and  board , 60.00 

Flunkeys  or  scullions,  per  month  and  board 35.00 

Corral  bosses,  per  month  and  board 40.00 

Night  watchman,  per  month  and  board 35.00 

Freight  drivers,  per  month  and  board 40.00 

Water  wagon  drivers,  per  month  and  board 40.00 

Carpenters,   per  day 4.00 

Carpenters'  helpers,  per  day 2.25 

Teamsters  (2  or  4  horses  per  day) 2.25 

Teamsters  (6  horses  or  more),  per  day 2.75 

Plow  holders,  per  day 2.75 

Wheeler  loaders,  per  day 2.50 

Wheeler  dumpers,  per  day 2.50 

Snatch  drivers,  per  day 2.50 

Drillers,  per  day   2.25 

Blacksmith  helpers,  per  day 2.25 

Fresno  loaders,  per  day 2.00 

Cart  drivers,  per  day 2.00 

Common  laborers,  per  day 2.00 

Team  of  2  animals  and  harness,  per  day  and  board 1.00 

Team  of  2  animals,  harness  and  driver,  per  day  and  board.  3.25 

Team  of  2  animals,  harness  and  driver,  per  day 4.25 

Compressed  air  workers  in  New  York  City  have  made  a  new 
wage  agreement  with  the  contractors  whereby  they  will  be  paid 
in  accordance  with  the  air  pressure  rather  than  the  depth  to 
which  the  caissons  are  sunk.  The  new  scale  is  as  follows:  $3.50 
a  day  for  six  hours'  work  at  22  Ibs.  pressure;  $3.75  a  day  for  six 
hours  at  30  Ibs.  pressure;  $4.00  a  day  for  four  hours  at  30  to  35 
Ibs.  pressure;  $4.25  a  day  for  three  hours  at  35  to  40  Ibs.  pressure, 
and  $4.50  a  day  for  1  hour  20  min.  work  at  40  to  45  Ibs.  pressure. 


394  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

On   B.   &  O.   R.    R.   bridge   across    the   Susquehanna   River  the 
above  were  paid  as  follows  : 

Elevation  0  to  —55  ft.: 

Foreman,  eight  hours $4.00 

Laborers,   eight   hours 2.75 

Elevation  — 55  to  — 70  ft.: 

Foreman,    six   hours $4.25 

Laborers,   six   hours 3.00 

Below  —70  ft.: 

Foremen,  four  hours $4.50 

Laborers,   four  hours 3.25 

Locktenders  (outside),  per  hour 20 


LADDERS 


Straight  rung  ladders  of  seasoned  spruce  or  pine,  with  white 
ash  or  oak  rungs,  20  cents  per  foot.  Extension  ladders,  furnished 
with  improved  lock,  30  cents  per  foot. 


LEAD 


Lead  costs  about  6  cents  per  Ib.  in  ton  lots. 

Lead  Wool  is  put  up  in  strands  which  should  be  placed  in  the 
joint  one  at  a  time  and  each  strand  thoroughly  caulked  before 
the  next  strand  is  added.  It  is  extremely  valuable  where  the 
trench  is  wet  or  where  the  pipe  is  under  pressure,  as  it  can  be 
used  under  water,  whereas  molten  lead  cannot.  Caulking  is 
somewhat  difficult  if  ordinary  methods  are  pursued,  but  by  the 
use  of  an  outfit  such  as  is  described  under  "Air  Compressors" 
this  difficulty  is  obviated.  The  manufacturers  claim  a  saving  in 


Fig.  169.     Section  of  13-mile  Pipe  Line  Installed  at  Reedsville,  Pa. 
Gasoline  Furnace  in  Foreground. 

amount  necessary  to  caulk  a  joint  as  compared  with  cast  lead, 
as  shown  by  the  following: 

Diam.  of  pipe,  inches.    3        4        6       8     10     12     16     20     24     30     36 
Cast     lead      required, 


Pounds   5 

Maximum  amount  of 
lead  wool  required, 
Pounds  


9      13      17      20      30      40      65      90   103 

6      10      12      14      20      28      40      60      65 
It  costs,   in  lots   of  not  less   than   200   Ibs.,   including  caulking 
tools,   9   cents  per  Ib.,  and  in  ton  lots  8%   cents  per  Ib.,   f.   o.  b. 
New  York.      (See  Air  Compressors.) 

Leadite,  a  substitute  for  lead,  used  in  Jointing  cast  iron  water 
mains,  comes  in  powder  form,  packed  in  sacks  of  100  Ibs.  and 
barrels  of  350  Ibs.  One  ton  of  this  material  is  equivalent  to 
four  tons  of  lead  and  requires  no  caulking.  Price  for  less  than 
•car  load,  10  cents  per  Ib.,  f.  o.  b.  Philadelphia, 

395 


396  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


LEVELS 


An  architect's  or  builder's  dumpy  level  with  an  11-in.  telescope, 
weighs  4  Ibs.  and  costs  $35.00.  The  tripod  weighs  6  Ibs.  An 
architect's  or  builder's  Y  level  with  an  11-in.  telescope  weighs 

5  Ibs.   and  costs   $45.00;    with  compass,    $60.     The   tripod   weighs 

6  Ibs. 

An  architect's  or  builder's  convertible  Y  level  with  11^-in. 
telescope  weighs  6  Ibs.  and  costs  $60;  with  compass,  $75.00.  The 
tripod  weighs  6  Ibs. 

An  engineer's  dumpy  level  with  15  to  18-in.  telescope,  weighs 
7%  Ibs.  and  costs  $100.  The  tripod  weighs  8  Ibs. 

An  engineer's  railroad  Y  level  with  15  to  18-in.  telescope  weighs 
10  Ibs.  and  costs  $110.  The  tripod  weighs  8  Ibs. 

An  engineer's  Y  level  with  15  to  18-in.  telescope  weighs  11  Ibs. 
and  costs  from  $100  to  $150,  averaging  $135.  The  tripod  weighs 
9  Ibs. 

Precision  levels  with  18-in.  telescopes,  weighing  12  pounds,  cost 
from  $150  to  $300.  Tripods  weigh  9  to  15  Ibs. 


LIGHTS 


Some  construction  work  must  be  done  at  night,  and  much  of 
it  can  be  expedited  if  certain  portions  are  done  after  the  regular 
day  shift  has  knocked  off. 

For  instance,  a  macadam  road  must  be  finished  in  a  limited 
time,  the  road  to  be  surfaced  is  straight-away  from  the  quarry, 
dock  or  siding  where  the  stone  is  procured  and  the  only  econom- 
ical way  of  hauling  the  stone  is  along  the  finished  road.  It  is 
almost  impossible,  or  at  least  very  difficult,  to  use  more  than 


Fig.  170. 


one  gang.  In  such  a  case  it  is  obvious  that  if  the  stone  is  un- 
loaded, hauled  and  spread  at  night  the  work  will  be  facilitated. 
There  is  no  reason  why  this  should  not  be  done.  Proper  lights 
are  necessary  however. 

Many  steam  shovels,  cranes  and  derricks  are  operated  at  night. 
Darkness  offers  no  obstacle  to  the  working  of  cableways,  belt 
conveyors  and  other  conveying  machinery  if  the  loading  and 
unloading  places  are  properly  illuminated.  The  means  of  light- 
ing work  may  be  anything  from  candles  to  electric  light.  Kero- 
sene consumes  five  times  and  candles  seven  times  as  much 
oxygen  as  acetylene.  Kerosene  gives  off  nine  and  candles  ten 
times  the  product  of  combustion  given  off  by  acetylene.  The 
light  of  kerosene  and  candles  is  obscured  by  the  smoke  given  off 
by  them;  whereas,  the  light  of  acetylene  and  electricity  is  not 
thus  interfered  with. 

397 


398  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

CONTRACTORS'   LIGHTS  AND   TOUCHES. 

Contractors'  lights  are  made  in  a  number  of  different  types 
of  which  we  illustrate  the  most  important. 

Kerosene  Burning1  Lig-hts  (Fig.  170)  are  made  by  several  com- 
panies and  the  usual  form  consists  of  a  cylindrical  tank,  with 
proper  valves  and  feed  pipes,  and  a  support  for  the  burner.  They 
can  be  used  for  heating  as  well  as  lighting,  and  are  very  useful 
as  paint  burners,  for  boiler  repairs,  and  for  melting  lead  joints 
in  water  pipe. 


Catalog 
Size. 

No.    3.. 
No.    5 .  . 


Length 

Candle       of        Gals,  of 
Power.  Flame.  Oil  per  Hr. 
2,000       30"       1     — 1% 
4,000        36"        1%— 2 


Gross       Net 

Size      Weight  Weight 

of  Tank,  in  Lbs.  in  Lbs.  Price. 

1_%'X2'        220        120        $53.00 

1—  %'x2'        220        130          58.00 


Fig.   171.     Carriage  for  light,   $14.50.     Tripod  outfit,   $9.50. 


Fig.  171. 


Carbide  Burning1  Lamps  consist  of  an  outer  tank  holding  water, 
an  inner  tank  holding  carbides,  and  the  pipe  and  burner.  These 
lights  are  not  usually  affected  by  wind  or  rain  and  burn  water 
and  calcium  carbide  in  about  even  proportions.  Calcium  carbide 
costs  about  4  cents  per  Ib.  in  100  Ib.  drums. 


Fig.    172   illustrates    a   light   of  this 
of  which  are  given  below. 


Catalog 
Size. 
No.    2... 
No.    3... 
No.    6  ... 
No.    55.. 

Candle 
Power. 
1,000 
3,000 
5,000 
10,000 

Burning 
Capacity. 
10  hrs. 
10  hrs. 
10  hrs. 
10  hrs. 

Net 
Weight. 
60  Ibs. 
65  Ibs. 
75  Ibs. 
90  Ibs. 

type    the   capacities,    etc., 

Gross     Carbide 

Weight.  Consumed.  Price. 

100  Ibs.          6  Ibs.  $38.40 

110  Ibs.        10  Ibs.  52.80 

120  Ibs.        18  Ibs.  60.00 

150  Ibs.        35  Ibs.  96.00 


LIGHTS 


399 


No.  5  S,  similar  to  No.  5,  but  equipped  with  25  feet  of 

armored  hose  $  77.00 

No.  55  S,  similar  to  No.  55,  but  equipped  with  25  feet  of 

armored  hose  120.00 

Extra  tripod  attachment  with  hose  and  extra  reflector,  $27.00. 


Fig.  172. 


Fig.  173. 


Another  lamp   of  this   type  is   illustrated   in  Fig.    173   and  its 
particulars  follow. 


Catalog.           Candle 
Size                  Power. 
No    2.  ...-  -    2  000 

Dap.   tance,  " 
Hrs.  Lit.  Ft. 
5        1,000 
5        1,500 
5        1,500 
9        1,500 
12        3,000 
8%    3,000 
10 
10 
armored  ho 

No.   2W. 
No.  3X.. 
No.   3W. 
No.    4Z.  . 
No.    4W. 
No     1.  .  . 

.  .    3,000 
..    5,000 
..    5,000 
.  .10,000 
..10,000 
50 

Builders    .  .       100 
Tripod  and  25  ft.  of 

Burn.    Dis-    snip'g    < 

ght,  Consumed 


Lbs. 

85 

85 
125 

225 

223 

250 

15 

28 


Lbs. 


18 
18 
32 
32 

2 

2' 


Price. 

$   50.00 

65.00 

83.00 

98.00 

114.00 

146.00 

13.50 

25.00 


Equipment. 
Standpipe 
3  ft.  hose 
Standpipe 
25  ft.  hose 
Standpipe 
2  ft.  hose 
Hand  lamp 
Hand  lamp 

$18.00 


An  Electric  liffht  especially  designed  of  low  voltage,  for  use 
on  construction  work  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  174  and  consists  of 
a  steam  turbine  engine  directly  connected  to  a  dynamo  (weight 
327  Ibs.,  size  30  ins.  x  18  ins.  x  18  ins.),  and  these  in  turn 
connected  by  cable  to  a  portable  arc  lamp  with  a  special  reflector 
in  a  waterproof  case  (weight  92  Ibs.).  Carbons  which  cost  about 


400  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

2%  cents  each  burn  from  eight  to  nine  hours.  That  part  of  the 
lamp  most  likely  to  wear  is  the  cummutator  brush,  which  may 
need  renewing  after  three  weeks'  work.  Price  of  outfit  com- 
plete, $220.  This  lamp  gives  a  steady  light  and  is  unaffected 
by  wind  or  rain. 

Oil  and  Vapor  Torches,  familiarly  known  as  banjo  torches,  con- 
sisting of  a  pan  shaped  tank  for  holding  the  kerosene  or  gasoline 


Fig.  174. 

fuel,  a  gravity  feed  pipe,  and  a  burner,  for  use  in  lighting  small 
spaces  are  manufactured  in  many  varieties,  but  are  alike  in  the 
general  method  of  operation.  A  novel  use  of  these  torches 
was  for  heating  green  concrete  sewer  pipe  during  cold  weather. 
Price,  per  dozen,  1  gallon  tank,  $12.00;  6-qt.  tank,  $15.00. 


LIME  AND  PLASTER 


New  York  Prices.  The  following  are  the  wholesale  current 
prices  in  500  bbl.  lots  or  more  delivered  to  the  trade  in  New  York 
City.  For  the  retail  prices  or  prices  for  the  material  delivered 
to  the  contractor's  jobs  in  truck  load  lots  as  required,  about  25 
cents  per  bbl.  should  be  added  to  these. 

LIME. 

State  common,  cargo  rate,  per  bbl @  $  0.75 

Rockland-Rockport,  com.,  per  bbl .92 

Rockland-Rockport,   L.,  per  bbl $1.02          .... 

Rockland-Rockport,  special,  320  Ibs 1.37 

Select  finish,  per  350  Ibs.,  net 1.60 

Terms  for  Rockland-Rockport  lime,  2  cents  per  bbl.  discount, 
net  cash,  ten  days  for  500  bbl.  lots. 

West  Stockbridge,  finishing,  325  Ibs $   1.40 

New  Milford  lime 1.30 

New  Milford   (small  barrel) 1.00 

Hydrated,  per  ton $8.00  9.00 

PLASTER  PARIS. 

Calcined,  city  casting,  in  barrels,  250  Ibs 1.45 

In  barrels,  320  Ibs 1.65 

In  bags,  per  ton $8.50  10.00 

Calcined,  city  casting,  in  barrels,  250  Ibs 1.45 

In  barrels,  320  Ibs 1.65 

Neat  wall  plaster,  in  bags,  per  ton* '. 

Wail  plaster,  with  sand,  per  ton 5.25 

Browning 5.25 

Scratch.                    6.25 


*When  sold  in  bags  a  rebate  of  6*4   cents  per  bag  returned  is 
allowed. 


401 


402  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


LOCOMOTIVES 


The  tractive  force  or  drawbar  pull  of  a  locomotive  is  its 
pulling  strength  in  pounds  measured  by  a  dynamometer.  The 
larger  the  cylinders  and  the  greater  the  steam  pressure,  the 
greater  the  tractive  fortfe;  the  larger  the  diameter  of  the  driving 
wheels,  the  less  the  tractive  force. 

Let  T  represent  the  tractive  force. 

Let  D  represent  the  diameter  of  the  cylinders  in  inches. 
Let  L  represent  the  length  of  stroke  of  the  pistons  in  inches. 
Let  0.85  p  represent  85  per  cent  of  the  boiler  pressure  in  pounds 
per  square  inch. 

Let  d  represent  diameter  of  the  driving  wheels  in  inches. 

D2  X  L  X  0.85  p 
Then  T  = 


Example:  To  find  the  tractive  force  of  a  locomotive  with 
cylinders  10  ins.  in  diameter  by  16  ins.  stroke,  150  Ibs.  boiler 
pressure,  and  driving  wheels  33  ins.  in  diameter: 

102X  16  X  0.85  X  150 

T  = =  6,182  Ibs. 

33 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  says:  "It  is  very  commonly  stated  that 
20  Ibs.  is  the  force  required  to  pull  a  2,000-lb.  load  over  light 
rails.  This  may  be  so  over  carefully  laid,  clean  track,  with  ties 
close-spaced  and  with  car  wheels  well  lubricated;  but  over  the 
ordinary,  rough,  contractor's  track  20  Ibs.  is  much  too  low-  an 
estimate. 

"In  the  'Coal  and  Metal  Miners'  Pocket  Book'  is  a  table  giving 
actual  results  of  traction  tests,  including  several  hundred  sep- 
arate tests  ui\der  varying  conditions.  From  these  tables  I  have 
summarized  the  following: 

Per  Short  Ton. 

Pull  to  start  mine  cars  (old  style)  loaded 90  Ibs. 

Pull  to  start  mine  cars   (new  style)   empty 80  Ibs. 

Pull  to  keep  up  41/^-mile  per  hour  speed  (old  style  empty)  56  Ibs. 

Pull  to  keep  up  4%-mile  per  hour  speed   (old  style  full).  66  Ibs. 

Pull  to  keep  up  41/<>-mile  per  hr.  speed   (new  style  empty)  30  Ibs. 

Pull  to  keep  up  4^-mile  per  hour  speed  (new  style  full).  38  Ibs. 

"The  foregoing  was  for  trains  of  1  to  4  cars,  but  with  a  train 
of  20  cars  the  pull  was  46  Ibs.  for  old  style  cars  and  26  Ibs.  for 
new  style  cars  per  short  ton  on  a  level  track.  The  mine  cars 
used  had  a  wheel  base  of  3^  ft.;  they  weighed  2,140  to  2,415  Ibs. 
empty  and  7,885  to  9,000  Ibs.  loaded.  The  diameter  of  the  wheels 
was  16  ins.,  and  of  axles  2%  ins.  for  old  style  car  to  2%  ins. 
for  new  style  car,  with  a  steel  journal  5%  ins.  long,  well  lubri- 


LOCOMOTIVES  403 

cated  in  all  cases,  in  fixed  cast-iron  boxes.  The  new  style  cars 
had  better  lubrication,  the  importance  of  which  is  well  shown  by 
the  results  of  the  tests.  The  track  in  the  mine  was  level  and 
in  good  condition.  We  know  of  no  tests  on  car  resistance  of 
small  cars  that  are  as  extensive  and  trustworthy  as  the 
foregoing." 

Based  upon  these  data,  and  upon  the  assumption  that  the 
resistance  to  traction  is  40  Ibs.  per  short  ton,  an  8-ton  dinkey  is 
capable  of  hauling  the  following  loads,  including  the  weight  of 
the  cars: 

Total  Tons 
Level  track 70 

1  per  cent  grade 46 

2  per  cent  grade ' 33 

3  per  cent  grade 26 

4  per  cent  grade 21 

5  per  cent  grade 17 

6  per  cent  grade 14 

8  per  cent  grade 10 

Note:  On  a  poor  track  not  even  as  great  loads  as  the  above  can 
be  hauled. 

Due  to  the  accidents  that  frequently  occur  from  the  breaking  in 
two  of  trains  on  steep  grades,  and  from  the  running  away  of 
engines,  it  is  advisable  to  avoid  using  grades  of  more  than  6 
per  cent. 

When  heavily  loaded,  a  dinkey  travels  5  miles  per  hour  on  a 
straight  track;  but  when  lightly  loaded,  or  on  a  down  grade, 
it  may  run  9  miles  an  hour. 


TABLE   127. 

"Four  coupled"  saddle  or  side  tank  locomotives  of  any  gauge 
from  30  ins.  up*  with  150  Ibs.  pressure,  cost  about  as  follows: 


5x10               24  2'  9"  100              4%  1,322  $2,100 

6x12               24  3'   4"  110               6  2,286  2,200 

7x12               26  3'   4"  150               7  2,870  2,400 

8x12               28  3'10"  200  10  3,483  2,650 

9x14               30  4'   6"  250  12  4,800  2,850 

10x16               33  5'   0"  400  15  6,100  3,150 

12x16               33  6'  0"  500  20  8,800  3,450 

The  load  in  tons  of  2,240  Ibs.  which  these  engines  will  haul  is 
as  follows: 


404  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


0 

0 

J%% 

1% 

—  \ju  vj-ra.1 
1%% 

ae  01  — 
2% 

2V2% 

3% 

5x10 

110 

52 

33 

23 

18 

10 

11 

6x12 

200 

90 

55 

40 

30 

25 

20 

7x12 

240 

115 

70 

$0 

40 

30 

25 

8x12 

300 

140 

90 

65 

50 

40 

30 

9x14 

400 

185 

115 

85 

65 

50 

40 

10x16 

515 

240 

150 

110 

85 

65 

55 

12x16 

700 

330 

210 

150 

95 

95 

75 

"Six  coupled"  switching  locomotives  with  saddle  or  side  tanks, 
of  any  gauge  from  30  ins.  up,  with  boiler  pressure  of  150  Ibs., 
cost  about  as  follows: 


B« 
C0M 

S-S 

i 

£* 

§ 

I 

OJ  * 

&  % 

S 

7j  ^^ 

V 

•Op 

Elfl 

_ 

03-2"^ 

JS 

£ 

&S 

o> 

G>0 

.5? 

o 

9 

Q 

i**1 

.«  Q  ^ 

£ 

cS  t^^^ 

'£ 

2 

0 

Q 

£ 

0 

p 

h 

PH 

7x10 
8x12 

24. 
26 

4'10" 
5'   5" 

200 
300 

8 
10 

2,590 
3,750 

$2,750 
3,000 

9x14 

30 

5'   8" 

350 

13 

4,800 

3,250 

9x16 

33 

6'   9" 

400 

15 

4,980 

3,100 

10x16 

33 

'T  5" 

450 

18 

6,150 

3,700 

12x18 

37 

8'   1" 

550 

25 

8,890 

4,300 

The 

load   In 

tons   which 

these 

engines   will   haul 

is   about  as 

follows 

: 

•d 

0 

cS 

1 

eJM 

•3 

C  *- 

OJ 

~cc 

On  Grade 

of 

s 

-c 

'  l/z% 

1% 

2%        J 

5%%          3% 

7x10 

240 

110 

70 

50 

38 

30              25 

8x12 

355 

165 

105 

75 

59 

47              39 

9x14 

455 

210 

135 

95 

75 

60              50 

9x16 

475 

220 

140 

100 

78 

62              51 

10x16 

590 

270 

170 

125 

95 

76              63 

12x18 

855 

395 

250 

180 

135 

110               90 

Prices  of  Mogul  locomotives,  with  the  firebox  between  the 
middle  and  rear  axles,  and  a  boiler  pressure  of  160  Ibs.,  complete 
with  tender,  are  about  as  follows: 


LOCOMOTIVES 


405 


Diam.  of 

Cylinder      Drive 

and 

Wheels 

Wheel 

Weight 

Tractive 

Stroke 

(Ins.) 

Base 

(Tons) 

Power 

Price 

9x16 

33 

13'  7" 

14 

5,340 

$5,200 

10x16 

33 

16'  2" 

17 

6,590 

5,500 

11x18 

37 

17'  5" 

21 

8,000 

5,850 

12x18 

37 

17'   8" 

24 

9,520 

6,250 

13x18 

37 

17'10" 

26 

11,150 

6,600 

14xi8 

41 

18'  4" 

29 

11,700 

6,900 

The  load  in  long  tons  which  these  engines  will  haul  is  about 
as   follows: 


"CM 

6 

0 

y2%         i%      i%%         2%      2%% 

3% 

9x16 

425 

195 

120               80 

60 

45 

35 

10x16 

525 

235 

145            100 

75 

55 

45 

11x16 

650 

295 

180             125 

95 

70 

55 

12x18 

750 

340 

210             145 

310 

85 

65 

13x18 

850 

385 

235            165 

125 

95 

75 

14x18 

940 

430 

265            185 

140 

105 

85 

Prices 

of  Consolidated 

locomotives  with 

long  firebox  over  rear 

driving 

axle,   complete   with 

tender,   are   about   as    follows: 

Diam.  of 

Cylinder 

Drive 

and 

Wheels 

Wheel 

Weight 

Tractive 

Stroke 

(Ins.) 

Base 

(Tons) 

Power 

Price 

13x18 

37 

17'; 

10" 

29 

11,150 

$6,900 

14x18 

37 

17'" 

LO" 

32 

12,930 

7,300 

15x20 

37 

11' 

9" 

40 

16,530 

7,650 

16x20 

42 

IV 

6" 

42 

16,570 

8,050 

17x20 

42 

°» 

46 

18,710 

8,500 

18x20 

42 

13' 

6" 

50 

20,980 

8,800 

The  load  in  long  tons  which  these  engines  are  able  to  pull  is 
about  as  follows: 


|| 

O 
13x18 
14x18 
15x20 
16x20 
17x20 
18x20 

M 

cd 

0 
0 
925 
1,040 
1,330 
1,425 
1,560 
1,715 

420 
470 
605 
645 
710 
780 

1% 
260 
290 
375 
400 
440 
480 

1%%     2% 
185     135 
205     155 
265     20d 
280     210 
310     230 
340     255 

105 
120 
155 
165 
180 
200 

3% 
85 
95 
125 
135 
145 
160 

406  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Mr.  Andrew  Harper  says  that  the  life  of  a  dinkey  locomotive 
used  on  construction  work  is  about  20  years.  During  that  time  it 
will  need  2  or  3  sets  of  driving  tires,  and  brasses. 

Upon  investigation  of  a  very  largo  number  of  locomotives  upon 
the  Great  Northern,  Northern  Pacific  and  other  railroads  made 
by  Mr.  Gillette  for  a  railway  commission,  the  average  life  of  a 
locomotive  in  railroad  service  is  not  far  from  25  years,  so  that. 
a  fair  average  for  depreciation  may  be  4  per  cent  if  figured  on  the 
straight  line  formula.  This  does  not  represent  the  life  of  the 
different  parts  of  the  engine  however. 

On  the  Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  in  six  years  there  was  an  average 
of  49  locomotives  out  of  1,540  vacated  per  year  or  3.2  per  cent, 
which  would  establish  the  life  of  these  locomotives  at  31  years. 

From  July,  1907,  to  June,  1908,  the  cost  of  repairing  locomotives 
for  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission  averaged  about  $81.45  per 
month  per  engine  valued  at  about  $7,500,  or  at  a  rate  of  13  per 
cent  per  year. 

Mr.  R.  Price  Williams  contributed  a  paper  on  the  maintenance 
and  renewal  of  average  railway  freight  locomotives  for  the 
Institute  of  Civil  Engineers  of  Great  Britain,  from  which  have 
been  abstracted  the  following  data  on  the  life  of  various  parts  of 
locomotives: 

Life  in  Train     Life  in 
Miles  Years 

10,000  %      India  rubber  pipe. 

80,000  4          Painting. 

100,000  5          Brass  tubes,  steel  ferrules. 

120,000  6          Crank  axles,  moulds,  etc. 

7  Tires,  pressure  gauges,  buffer  planks,  spin- 
dles, brass  guards,  wash  out  plugs,  etc. 
10  Boiler,  journal  boxes  and  caps,  brasses, 
brass  valves  and  syphons,  firebox  shell 
ends,  tube  plate  and  back  firebox,  copper 
recess  plates,  etc. 

15  Motion  cylinders,  reversing  catchslide 
blocks,  blast  pipe,  ash  pan,  outside  and 
inside  springs,  spring  links,  spring  pins, 
etc. 

17          Lubricator,   shackle,  buffer  plank,  chains. 
20          Clock   boxes,    balls    and   clocks,    feed   pipes, 

smoke-box   door,   etc. 

30  Plain  axles,  wheels,  outside  cranks,  balance 
weights,  slide  bar  brackets,  slide  bars, 
distance  blocks,  eccentric  rods  and  straps, 
reversing  gear  lever  and  bracket,  revers- 
ing rod  shaft,  quadrant  and  collar,  con- 
nection rods  and  straps,  bolts,  framing, 
etc. 

TENDER. 

%     Brake  blocks,  hose  packings  etc. 
3         Painting,  tires,  bolts  and  nuts  for  tender. 
5          Oak  plank. 

"The  standard  value  of  an  engine"  (on  the  parabolic  assump- 
tion) =  %  net  cost,  and  the  normal  dilapidation  %  net  cost. 

The  life  of  locomotive  tubes  is  a  very  important  part  of  this 
question. 

Mr.  W.  Garstang  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  on  the 
Big  Four  the  average  life  of  charcoal  iron  tubes  was  75,000  miles 


LOCOMOTIVES  407 

and  on  freight  service  58,000  miles  taken  from  engines  with 
shallow  fireboxes.  When  the  fireboxes  are  deep  the  tubes  accom- 
plish 15  per  cent  more  mileage.  The  data  were  obtained  from  No. 
11  tubes  weighing  2%  Ibs.  per  foot  and  it  was  the  practice 
to  continue  to  piece  the  best  tubes  until  the  weight  was  reduced 
1.4  Ibs.  The  average  tube  was  pieced  about  10  times  before 
being  condemned. 

Mr.  B.  Haskell,  of  the  Pere  Marquette,  believes  that  the  life  of 
locomotive  tubes  varies  from  5  to  9  years,  depending  upon  the 
quality  of  water  used.  The  tubes  worked  an  average  of  15 
months  in  service  before  being  removed. 

C.  E.  Queen's  experience  was  to  the  effect  that  with  alkali  and 
incrusting  solids  in  the  water  the  tubes  have  failed  in  as  short 
a  time  as  3  months,  while  with  no  scale  and  good  water  the  tubes 
will  last  as  long  as  15  years. 

Mr.  D.  Van  Alstyne,  of  the  Chicago  Great  Western,  says  that 
the  average  run  on  the  road  was  15  months,  with  average  life  of 
7  to  8  years,  steel  tubes  being  limited  to  6  months'  service  in  one 
engine.  Life  of  the  deep  firebox  is  longer  than  that  of  the 
shallow  one. 

Mr.  Thos.  Paxton,  of  the  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.,  does  not  know  of  a 
single  feature  of  locomotive  maintenance  subject  to  wider 
variation  than  tubes.  On  the  Middle  Western  division  of  that 
road,  in  freight  service,  it  was  difficult  to  get  18,000  miles  per 
tube,  while  on  the  west  end  of  the  Chicago  division  80,000  miles 
was  obtained. 

In  the  year  1907  the  cost  of  maintenance  of  engines  on  several 
representative  American  railroads  was  as  follows: 

Maintenance  Maintenance 

Maintenance                 of  Loco,  per  of  Loco,  per  Ton 

of  Loco,  per  Year               Train  Mile  of  Fuel  Burned 

Atchison  ...$2,875                                    12.50c  1.9c 

Chi.  &  Alton  2,599                                     9.85  1.16 

D.,   L.   &  W.    1,460                                       8.16  ..731 

These  show  an  average  of  a  little  over  $2,000  per  locomotive 
per  year,  which  is  probably  not  far  from  20  per  cent  of  the 
original  cost  of  each  engine. 

LOCOMOTIVE  REPAIR  COSTS,   PANAMA. 

The  cost  of  repairs  to  locomotives,  286  in  service,  at  Panama 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1910,  was  as  follows  per  locomotive: 

Item  Cost 

Labor     $    818 

Material    316 


Total    $1,134 

The  total  cost  of  repairs  during  the  6  months  ending  June  30, 
1910,  for  31,955  days'  service  was  an  average  of  $6.94  per  loco-- 
motive  per  day. 

The   following  is   a   detailed   statement  of  the  cost  of  repairs 


408  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT  • 

to  engine  No.  7,  Dansville  &  Mt.  Morris  R.  R.,  under  the  charge 
of  the  author.  This  engine  had  been  operating  for  over  a  year 
with  nothing  but  minor  repairs  and  was  no  longer  in  fit  condi- 
tion for  regular  operation.  These  repairs  include  a  pretty  gen- 
eral overhauling  and  are  about  what  would  be  necessary,  aside 
from  minor  work  that  can  be  done  by  a  roundhouse  man,  to  keep 
it  in  fair  condition  for  one  year  with  a  performance  of  about 
15,000  miles.  This  is  on  a  small  railroad  in  the  central  part  of 
New  York.  The  tractive  power  of  this  engine  was  11,100,  the 
total  weight  43  tons,  and  the  weight  on  the  drivers  29  tons. 

4  New  flgd.  steel  tires  57%-in.  W.  C.   5%x3%,  4,496  Ibs 

@    2%    cents    $123.64 

110  New  steel  tubes  2"xlO'-6%",   @   .10    yg-ft 117.44 

54  New  safe  ends  for  tubes,  @  .08 4.32 

170  New  copper  ferrules  %x2x2y8",  10  Ibs.   @  .22 3.96 

176  New  copper  ferrules   %xiy8x25/32,  35  Ibs.   @   .23%...        8.20 

42  New  stay  bolts   i|x7,    @   .08 3.36 

8  New  stay  bolts,  1x7",  @  .09 72 

5  New  stay  bolts  }|"    iron,  10  Ibs.  @  .05  1/10 51 

13  New  &"  twist  drills  (broken  drilling  stay  bolt  holes).        1.30 

2  New  sheets  &"  tank  steel    (tank  bottom),  820  Ibs.    @ 

1.96   16.17 

1  New  sheet  &"  tank,  52  Ibs.   @   2.20 1.14 

2  New  sheets   C.    R.    jacket   steel   No.    22x28x72",    55    Ibs 

@     2.80     1.55 

1  New  C.  I.  driving  box  shoe  and  wedge,  60  Ibs.   @  .02%        1.50 

Babbitt  metal  for  crossheads,  7%  Ibs.  @  .22 1.65 

Wrought  iron,   72  Ibs   @    .02% ..        1.62 

1"   gas  pipe,   6%    ft 2i 

1  Air  hose  complete  with  couplings 2.00 

2%"  tank  hose,   3   ft.    @    .56 1.68 

1  1"  brass  plug  cock .60 

18   %x2"  bolts  with  nuts  and  washers,  .06 1.08 

32   y8-l%"  bolts  with  nuts  and  washers,  .01% 48 

23    %-l"  bolts  with  nuts  and  washers,   .01% .32 

2  %x!5"  bolts  with  nuts  and  washers,   .07 .14 

4  %x9"  bolts  with  nuts  and  washers,  .05 20 

6  %"  nuts .13 

6  %"    washers    .03 

Nails  20d.,  1  Ib.  .03,   10d.,  dp  1  Ib.  .03 06 

Rivets,    %x%,    9    Ibs 66 

Rivets,   %x%,   24  Ibs 1.43 

Rivets,    %xl,    2   Ibs 10 

Rivets,    %xl%,   2  Ibs 10 

2  16"  square  bastard  files,    @    .16 .32 

1   16"   half  round  bastard  file 18 

6  Candles,   @   .02% 15 

1  Hacksaw    blade    .10 

Coke,    60    Ibs 45 

%   Cord  wood   (heating  tires) 1.00 

Wool  waste,  12  Ibs  @  .04  % 54 

Tar  paper,  38  ft 13 

1  Ball    lamp   wick 09 

1  Sledge  handle 12 

31  Sheets  sand  paper .22 

3  Sheets    emery    cloth 07 

Powdered  emery,   1  %    Ibs .08 

4  Pieces  finished  pine   2x6x19   ft 2.16 

6  Pieces  finished  pine  2x8x19  ft 4.44 

3  Pieces  finished  pine  I%xl0x9  ft 1.17 

1  Piece  finished  oak  2x9x13   ft 1.30 

1  Piece  finished  oak  2x8x10  ft 83 

Asphaltum,    1%    g 32 

Gloss  black,  %  g 23 


LOCOMOTIVES  409 

Drop  black,  8  Ibs 1.96 

Cab  green,    y2   g 1.03 

Turpentine,    1   g .80 

Linseed  oil,   i/i   g 12 

White  lead,  2  Ibs 17 

Red  lead,  2  Ibs 24 

Japan  dryer,    14   g .23 

Varnish,    1%    g 3.06 

Filler,  5  Ibs 50 

Russia  jacket  finish,  1  g 2.50 

Black  engine  finish,  1%  g 3.03 

Aluminum    leaf    .20 

Cylinder  oil,    1   g 41 

Engine  oil,  2%   g 45 

Black  oil,   1  g 15 

Valve  oil,  1  g 14 

Kerosene,   4%   g .51 

Benzine,    4%    g 70 

R.  R.  ticket  for  messenger 7.00 

Total    $333.40 

Applied  labor,   1,540%   hours $347.67 

Overhead  80  per  cent  labor 278.14 

625.81 


$959.21 
10    per    cent 95.92 


$1,055.13 
Credit  for  scrap,  as  follows: 

4   Steel   tires,    2,450   Ibs    @    12.50   C.    T $13-.67 

Tube  and  tube  ends,  404  Ibs.   @    %-cent  Ib 2.02 

92  Second-hand  tubes,  2"xlO'-0",    @   .10% 96.60 

Copper  ferrules,  8  Ibs.   @  .10%   Ib 84 

Stay  bolts,    28    Ibs    @    %-cent   Ib 14 

Tank  steel,   674  Ibs.    @    %-cerit   Ib 3.37 

C.  I.  shoe  and  wedge,  52  Ibs.  at  %-cent  Ib 26 

Brass  plug  cock,   1   Ib 07 

116.97 

$937.50 
This  included  the  following  items  of  repair: 

Examine  and  repair  brasses. 

Two  second-hand  wheel  centers. 

New  3% -in.  tires. 

Examine  crank  pins. 

Take   up   side   motion   in   driving   boxes. 

Turn  engine  truck  tires 

Examine  driving  box  brasses. 

Examine  cylinders. 

Examine  valves. 

Examine   front  end. 

New   studs    for   front    door  ring. 

Cross  head  gibs  babbitted. 

Remove  flues  and  copper  both  ends  when  replaced. 

Examine   stay   bolts   and   drill   tell-tale   holes. 

Examine    boiler    as    per    form    No.    2,    Public    Service    Com.    and 

examine  all  corners  of  mud  ring  for  leaks. 
Examine  flue  sheet. 
Test  steam  gauge  and  pops. 

Take  out    %-in.   air  pump   dry   pipe   and   replace   with    1-in. 
Examine   tender   bottom,    probably   renew. 
Stay  sheets   in  tank  gone,   replaced. 


410  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

LOCOMOTIVE  CRANES 


These  machines  are  commonly  steam  driven,  but  may  be  ar- 
ranged for  driving  by  electricity.  Steam  cranes  are  usually 
equipped  with  double  cylinder  engines.  The  several  motions  of 
rotation,  transfer  on  the  track,  moving  the  load  and  boom,  are 
ordinarily  accomplished  by  use  of  friction  clutches;  the  engine 
then  being  of  the  non-reversing  type.  The  boiler  is  placed  behind 
the  engine,  thus  serving  to  counterbalance  the  crane.  The  fuel 
and  water  tanks  are  also  placed  in  the  rear  for  the  same  purpose. 

The   following   are   the   usual    specifications: 

Gauge  of   track 4   ft.   8  %    ins.    or  8   ft. 

Boiler  pressure 100   Ibs.   to   125    Ibs. 

Cut-off 6/10   to   8/10  of  stroke 

Revolutions   per    min.    (engine) 80    to    200 

Car   wheels    24    in.   diam. 

Track  speed   300  to  500  ft.  per  min. 

Track  power,   level  track 3  to  4  loaded  cars 

Slowing  speed 4  revolutions  per  min. 

Owing  to  the  limitations  of  the  counterweight  the  crane  will 
raise  its  greatest  load  when  working  at  its  shortest  radius. 
These  cranes  are  generally  able  to  pull  several  loaded  cars  on 
level  track.  The  boiler  should  be  large  in  order  to  demand 
only  occasional  attention  from  the  operator. 

One  type  of  locomotive  crane  is  made  in  two  regular  sizes; 
10  and  20-tons  at  10  ft.  radius,  without  counterweight.  These 
machines  are  made  in  3-ft.  6-in.,  standard,  and  8-ft.  gauges,  with 
4  or  8  wheels.  The  manufacturers  claim  the  following  points  of 
superiority. 

Base  of  semi-steel  casting,  not  of  built-up  members;  turntable 
without  a  kingpin,  but  mounted  on  20  to  30  dust-proof  rollers; 
friction  clutch;  and,  on  the  8-wheeled  machine,  a  reciprocating 
drive  shaft  which  drives  always  on  both  trucks,  while  allowing 
them  to  pivot. 

The  price  of  these  machines  fitted  with  the  standard  30-ft. 
radius  boom  is  as  follows: 

Lbs. 

10-ton,   4   wheeled $5,250          Shipping  weight 60,000 

10-ton,    8   wheeled 6,600          Shipping  weight 80,000 

20-ton,   4   wheeled 6,250          Shipping   weight 80,000 

20-ton,    8   wheeled 7,385          Shipping   weight 95,000 

Note:     Working  weight  from  2  to  3  tons  additional. 

With  lifting  magnet  and  generator  the  cost  is  about  $1,000 
to  $2,000  extra. 

A  special  hoisting  drum,  by  which  a  clam  shell  or  orange  peel 
bucket  may  be  hoisted  and  opened  at  the  same  time,  costs  about 
$250  extra. 

The  10-ton  machine  will  hoist  5  tons  at  20-ft.  radius  without 
counterweight,  and  10  tons  at  50-ft.  radius  with  counterweight. 
The  20-ton  machine  will  hoist  10  tons  at  20-ft.  radius  without 
counterweight.  The  boilers  and  engines  are  of  vertical  type. 


MACHINE  TOOLS 


LATHES. 

Twenty-four-inch  swing,  12-foot  bed  engine  lathe,  compound 
rest,  power  cross  feed,  steady  rest,  two  face  plates,  friction 
countershaft,  2-in.  hole  through  spindle  and  cabinet  legs.  This 
machine  is  made  by  the  H.  C.  Fish  Machine  Works,  Worcester, 
Mass.,  and  weighs  5,500  Ibs.  A  second-hand  machine  of  this  kind 
can  be  bought  for  $375. 

Harrington   Eng.    Lathe:      25-in.    swing,    12-ft.    bed,    compound 


Fig.  175. 


McCabe's  Patented  "2-in-1"  Double-Spindle  Lathe. 
Small  Size,  24-40-inch  Swing. 


rest,  power  cross  feed,  complete  with  countershaft  and  full 
equipment.  Price,  $375. 

Pond  engine  lathe:     26-in.  swing,.  10-ft.  bed,  complete,  $500. 

McCabe's  Patented  2-in-l  double%)indle  lathe:  24-in.-40-in.  (See 
Fig.  175),  bed  12-ft.  long,  that  turns  5  ft.  between  centers, 
triple  geared,  complete  with  countershaft  and  full  regular  equip- 
ment. This  machine  has  back  gears,  hand  and  power  feed,  auto- 
matic stop,  quick  return,  wheel  and  lever  feed.  Spindle  is  coun- 
terbalanced. The  table  has  vertical  adjustment  on  column  by 
means  of  handle  operating  gear  in  rack. .  Shafts  are  made  of  steel. 
Gears  are  cut  two  to  one  and  cone  has  four  steps,  3 If  inches 
to  8iV  inches  diameter.  Price  $970. 

A  new  20-in.  Davis  Upright  drill,  with  back  gears,  power  feed, 
quick  return  and  automatic  stop.  This  weighs  700  Ibs.  and  the 
price  net  is  $90.  Fig.  176. 

A  No.  2  Merriman  Standard  Bolt  Cutter  (Fig.  177),  to  thread 

411 


Fig.  176.     20-inch  Davis  Upright  Drill. 


Fig.  177.     Merriman  Standard  Bolt  Cutter. 
1i/2-inch  Plain  Machine. 
412 


Size  No.  2. 


MACHINE  TOOLS  413 

bolts  or  tap  nuts  %-in.  to  1%-in.  right  or  left  hand,  weighs 
1,200  Ibs.  and  can  be  bought  second-hand  for  $175  net. 

A  single  end-punch  or  shear  weighs  about  4,500  Ibs.  and  will 
punch  1-in.  hole  through  %-in.  plate  or  will  shear  4-in.  x  %-in. 
bars.  A  second-hand  one  will  cost  $300  net,  while  a  new  one 
would  cost  about  $500. 

A  new  Curtis  &  Curtis  4-in.  pipe  machine  for  hand  or  power 
takes  from  1-in.  to  4-in.,  right  or  left,  weighs  525  Ibs.  net  or 
650  Ibs.  gross,  and  can  be  bought  for  $170  net. 

A  new  No.  5  Champion  three-geared  ball  bearing  Upright,  self- 
feed  blacksmith  post  drill  weighs  240  Ibs.  and  costs  $18.50  net. 

A  new  circular  saw,  with  wood  table,  weighs  about  300  Ibs. 
and  costs  $50  net. 

A  new  30-in.  band  saw  with  iron  table  weighs  about  850  Ibs. 
and  costs  $100  net. 

Grindstone,  machinist's:  30-in.,  heavy,  mounted  on  an  iron 
frame,  with  shield  and  water  bucket,  weighs  about  1,500  Ibs. 
and  costs  new  about  $50. 


414  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


METALS 


Miscellaneous  Metals.  Small  lots  of  metal  and  metal  products 
can  be  obtained  from  jobbers  in  New  York  at  the  following 
prices: 

Per  Lb. 

Bismuth    $2.25 

Brass  tubes,  iron  pipe  sizes: 

^-in 19 

%   to  3-in 18 

3^-in 19 

4-in 20 

Brass,  sheets 1 4 1/> 

Brass,  rods 14  % 

Solder,   %  and   y2,  guaranteed * 24 

Zinc,    sheets    08  ^ 

Manganese  bronze  rods 16 

Manganese  bronze  in  crucible  form 14 

Monel    metal,    ingot 16 

Old  Metals.  Miscellaneous  lots  of  scrap  metal  amounting  to 
about  a  ton  can  be  sold  to  dealers  in  New  York  at  about  the 
following  prices: 

Cents! 

Copper,  heavy  and  crucible.  . .  ; ,  10.75  to  11.00 

Copper,  heavy  and  wire 10.50  to  10.75 

Copper,  light  and  bottoms 9.75  to'  10.00 

Brass,  heavy 7.25  to     7.50 

Brass,  light 5.75  to     6.00 

Heavy  machine  composition   9.75  to  10.00 

Clean  brass  turnings   7.25  to     7.50 

Composition   turnings    8.25  to     8.50 

Lead,   heavy    3.75 

Lead,  tea 3.50 

Zinc,   scrap    4.00 

Mineral  Wbol.  New  York  City  price  that  contractors  or 
builders  would  pay  for  mineral  wool  is  $21  per  ton.  The  material 
is  packed  in  bags  which  are  charged  extra  at  12  cents  each.  For 
the  middle  west  prices  are  as  follows:  Car  load  lots,  f.  o.  b. 
factory,  South  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  $12  per  ton;  less  than  car  load 
lots,  $14  per  ton. 

The  above  prices  are  all  subject  to  change  on  short  notice  and 
are  here  given  for  purposes  of  rough  comparison  only. 


MIXERS 


Concrete  mixers  are  usually  divided  into  three  classes:  (1) 
Batch  mixers,  (2)  Continuous  mixers,  and  (3)  Gravity  mixers.  In 
batch  mixers  the  ingredients  of  the  concrete  in  a  proper  amount 
or  "batch"  are  placed  in  the  machine,  mixed,  and  discharged 
before  another  batch  is  placed  in  the  mixer.  In  continuous  mix- 
ing, the  materials  are  allowed  to  enter  the  machine  and  the  con- 
crete to  discharge  continuously.  Gravity  mixers  consist  of  es- 
pecially constructed  hoppers,  troughs,  or  tubes  so  arranged  that 
the  ingredients  flowing  through  them  under  the  influence  of 
gravity  are  mixed  together  into  concrete. 

1.  Batch  mixers  are  commonly  of  two  types:  One,  that  in 
which  the  drum  is  tilted  in  order  to  discharge  the  mixture;  the 
other,  that  in  which  the  drum  is  not  tilted,  but  the  concrete  on 
being  raised  in  the  mixer  by  the  mixing  paddles  drops  on  the 
inner  end  of  a  discharge  chute  which  conveys  it  to  wheelbarrows 
or  other  placing  devices. 

The  following  prices,  etc.,  are  those  of  a  tilting  mixer  in  which 
the  drum,  supported  on  horizontal  axes,  is  tilted  in  order  to  dis- 
charge the  concrete.  The  drum  of  this  machine  is  formed  of 
two  truncated  cones  with  their  large  ends  joined  and  the  con- 
crete is  mixed  by  means  of  steel  plate  deflectors: 

No.  0      No.  1    No.  2    No.  2^    No.  4      No.  5 
Listed  capacity   (yds.  per 

hour)     9          20  30  39  46  62 

Horse  power  required....        46  8  10  15  19 

Weight     on     skids     with 

pulley    1,740    2,500      3,600      4,400      6,200      7,900 

Weight    on    trucks    with 

pulley   or  gears 3,200    3,650      4,750      5,500      7,400 

Weight    on    trucks    with 

steam    engine    and 

boiler ..3,750    5,600      7,200      8,600    11,400 

Weight    on    trucks    with 

gasoline  engine 4,000    5,100      7,400      9.300 

Price  on  skids  with  pulley.$300     $410     $525     $575     $720     $875 
On      skids      with      steam 

engine     415       540          690          765          935      1,135 

On  skids  with  engine  and 

boiler    565       725          900      1,000      1,220 

On    skids     with     gasoline 

engine 615       855      1,050      1,220 

On  trucks  with  pulley...    350       480          610         665          820 
On     trucks     with     steam 

engine 465        610          760          840       1,025 

On     trucks     with     engine 

and  boiler   615       780          965      1,085      1,315 

On    trucks    with    gasoline 

engine     665        925      1,115      1,285 

Another  type  of  tilting  mixer  is  one  in  which  the  drum  is 
supported  on  a  frame  and  in  discharging  the  frame  is  tilted, 
thereby  tilting  the  drum.  The  following  prices  and  capacities, 
etc.,  are  those  of  a  machine  of  this  type  whose  drum  is  cubical 
in  shape,  and  the  mixing  is  done  by  the  "folding"  of  the  in- 
gredients caused  by  this  peculiar  shape: 

415 


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'0,0000000000  y; 


416 


MIXERS 


417 


Two    examples    of    the    non-tilting    type  of    batch    mixer    are 
given   below. 

Catalog  Number.  No.  5.  No.  6.  No.  7. 

Size  of  batch  in  yards %  ^           1 

Listed  capacity  in   yards 20  '30  40 

Horse  power  of  engine. . . ., 6  8  12 

Horse  power  of  boiler 7  10  15 

Horse  power  of  electric  motor 1%  10       

Horse  power  of  gasoline  engine 6  9       

Weight  on   truck,   engine   arid  boiler 6,300  8,200  10,000 

Weight  on  truck,   gasoline  engine 5,400  6,800       

Weight  on   truck,   electric   motor 5.100  6,200       

Weight   on  truck,   engine  only 5,100  6,200  8,000 

Weight  on   truck   with  pulley 4.300  4,600  5.800 

Weight  on  skids,  engine  only 4,600  5,600  7,300 

Weight   on   skids   with   pulley 3,900  4,600  5,800 

Weight  of  power  loading  skip 900  1,100  1,800 

Price  on  trucks,  engine  and  boiler $740  $910  $1,150 

Price  on  trucks,  gasoline  engine    765  945  1,215 

Price  on   trucks,   electric  motor 765  945  1,170 

Price   on   trucks,   engine 645  730  875 

Price   on   trucks   with  pulley 555  630  740 

Price  on  skids  with  pulley 520  585  675 

Price  on   skids,   engine    605  700  810 

Price  of  power  loading  skip 160  200  270 


A  No.    6   batch  end   discharge   mixer 
versible    tractions,    steam    power,    price 
record   of    20    cu.    yd.    per   hour    for    37 
pavement    work. 


Catalog  Number. 

Size  of  batch,   cu.  ft . . 
Capacity  per  hr.  in  yds. 

H.   P.   of  engine 

H.  P.  of  boiler 

Weight  on  skids,  pulley 
Weight  on  skids,  engine    2,100 
Weight   on   engine    and 

boiler    3,500 

Weight    on    gasoline 

engine    2,900 

Weight    on    motor 2,600 

Extra  weight  of  trucks.  525 
Price  on  trucks,  pulley.  $325 
Price  on  trks.,  engine..  $500 
Price  engine  and  boiler.  $670 
Price  gasoline  engine. .  .  $695 

Price  motor $700 

Weight  of  batch  hopper  230 
Price  of  batch  hopper..  $45 
Price  of  pivot  hopper..  $220 
Water  measuring  tank. .  20 


of  above  make  with  re- 
complete  $1,535,  has  a 
working  days  on  street 


7 

10 

14 

N  U  I  I  I  I 

21 

28 

40 

80 

7 

10 

14 

21 

28 

40 

80 

7 

10 

14 

21 

28 

40 

80 

4 

6 

6 

8 

12 

20 

35 

6 

7 

9 

12 

15 

25 

50 

1, 

500 

1,600 

2,400 

3 

,500 

4,500 

6,700 

13,000 

2, 

100 

2,450 

3,600 

5 

,200 

6,500 

9,800 

18,900 

4,200   5,600   7,600   9,400   15,000   25,800 


2,300 

2,800 

525 

$400 

$600 

$780 

$845 

$870 

260 

$50 

$250 

20 


4,300 

4,100 

600 

$460 

$700 

$940 

$980 

$920 

300 

$53 

$265 

22 


6,500   8,100 

6,000   6,300 

700      -725 

$550     $600 

$845  $1005 

$1180  $1400 

$1185  $1300 

$1135  $1250 

450       500 

$56       $68 

$280     

25         25 


9,900 
775 

$750 
$1350 
$1800 


18,400 

$1250 
$1900 
$2550 


$760  $2500 
570  1290 
$75  $125 


30 


Above  prices  include  trucks,  except  No.  40  and  No.  80. 
$60.00  when  trucks  are  omitted. 


35 

Deduct 


Special  Machines 


Steam       Electric     Gasoline 


Type     1     street     mixer     No.     14,     with 

'loading  skip  $1,600  $1,575  $1,650 

Type  2  street  mixer  No.  14,  with 

loading  skip  1,575  1,650 

Combination  mixer  and  hoist  No.  21...  1,800  1,750  1,800 


418  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

VERY  SMALL   GASOLINE-DRIVEN   MIXER. 

This  machine  (Fig.  178)  consists  of  a  steel  channel  frame 
mounted  on  steel  wheels.  The  drum  is  of  very  simple  con- 
struction, the  bottom  being  a  semi-steel  casting,  and  upper  part 
sheet  steel.  The  top  of  the  drum  is  open,  and  the  charging  and 
dumping  are  performed  through  this  opening,  the  drum  tilting 
to  the  side  as  desired.  The  manufacturers  state  the  output  as 
25  cu.  yds.  per  day,  mixed  and  placed  with  a  gang  of  6  men.  The 


Fig.  178. 


size  of  the  batch  is  3-4  feet.  Weight  of  machine,  complete. 
1,250  IDS.;  price,  $194,  f.  o.  b.  factory  in  Iowa. 

A  few  mixers  are  made  for  operation  by  hand  or  horse  power. 
These  are  especially  of  use  in  sidewalk  work  or  in  any  con- 
struction which  demands  well  mixed  concrete  in  small  amounts 
and  quantities. 

Following  are  the  details  of  hand  operated  mixers  which  are 
valuable  on  work  where  they  can  be  placed  directly  over  or 
alongside  the  forms. 

Hand  Mixer.  1.  Drum  is  cylindrical,  suspended  in  chains.  In- 
terior of  drum  is  divided  into  chambers  and  the  batch  is  mixed 
by  being  poured  from  one  to  another  when  the  drum  is  rotated 
by  two  men.  When  the  drum  is  rotated  in  a  reversed  direction 
the  concrete  is  discharged.  Weight  800  Ibs.;  capacity  3  cu.  ft. 
per  batch  and  25  batches  per  hour;  price  $150,  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

2.  Drum  is  cubical,  carried  directly  on  the  axle,  but  so  ar- 
ranged that  it  may  be  thrown  out  of  gear  and  operated  as  a  cart. 
A  batch  is  2.7  cu.  ft.,  and  the  manufacturers  claim  a  capacity 
of  15  cu.  yds.  per  8-hour  day  with  two  operators.  The  weight 
is  400  Ibs.  and  price  $100,  f.  o.  b.  factory. 

Continuous  Mixers  are  constructed  in  two  general  forms.    One 


MIXERS 


419 


in  which  the  ingredients  are  placed  in  hoppers  and  automatically 
fed  in  proper  quantities  to  the  mixing  trough,  the  other  in 
which  the  materials  are  shoveled  or  otherwise  placed  directly 
into  the  mixing  drum. 

The  two  examples  given  below  are  of  the  first  form,  but  can 
also  be  furnished  without  automatic  feeding  devices  at  a  slightly 
lower  charge. 


TABLE    127— CONTINUOUS    MIXERS. 


No.   1 

Two   hoppers 


Listed 
Capacity 
per  Hr. 
(Cu.  Yds.) 


No.  2 

Three  hoppers 


No.   2% 
Three  hoppers 


No.  3 

Three  hoppers 


No.  4 

Three  hoppers 


12 


16 


25 


Listed 
Capacity 
per  Hr: 
(Cu.  Yds.) 

3  H.  P.  engine  )  12  to  15 

4  H.  P.  boiler    j 

3%  H.  P.  engine    12  to  15 


Price 

$    650 

775 

775 

745 
765 

785 

965 
965 

990 
1,235 

1,260 
1,325 

1,575 
1,710 


Price 
$    800 
675 


Equipment 


Weight 
(Lbs.) 


Gasoline  engine,   5  H.  P  3,600 
Steam    engine,    5    H.    P. 

and  6  H.  P.  boiler 5,050 

5  H.  P.  electric  motor..  3,240 

5  H.  P.  gasoline   engine.  3,800 

5  H.  P.      steam      engine 

and  6  H.  P.  boiler 5,250 

7%   H.  P.  electric  motor  3,625 

9  H.  P.    gasoline   engine  6,150 

6  H.  P.      steam      engine 

and   7  H.  P.   boiler. . .  7,145 

7%   H.  P.  electric  motor  5,385 

8  H.  P.      steam     engine 

and  10  H.  P.  boiler..  9,160 

10  H.   P.  electric  motor  7,160 
With    steam    traction..  9,950 

12  H.  P.  engine  and  15 

H.  P.  boiler 13,500 

With    steam    traction..  15,000 


Equipment 


Weight 
(Lbs.) 


6  H.  P.  engine      15  to  18        1,050 


On     truck     with     boiler 

and    engine 3,000 

On  truck  with  gasoline 
engine      (pump      $25 

extra) 2,500 

On  truck  with   gasoline 
engine    2,700 


COMPARISON  OF  RENTED  AND  OWNED  CONCRETE 


From  Engineering  Record,  New  York. 

The  figures  in  the  accompanying  tables  have  been  compiled 
from  the  records  of  the  Aberthaw  Construction  Company,  of 
Boston,  who  ran  a  ledger  account  for  each  mixer.  The  oldest 
mixer  is  nearly  seven  years  old.  The  original  cost,  repairs,  and 
other  expenditures  are  charged  against  the  machine  and  it  is 
credited  with  so  much  per  day  for  the  elapsed  time  it  is  on  a 
job.  This  rental  credit  is  based  as  nearly  as  possible  on  what  It 
would  cost  to  rent  this  plant  instead  of  buying  it  outright. 


420 


,    HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Interest  is  figured  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent  per  annum  on. the 
original  purchase  price  and  compounded  annually  Jan.  1.  All  the 
figures  are  brought  up  to  Jan.  1,  1910,  and  the  inventory  value  of 
the  machines  taken  at  this  date.  The  yardage  is  a  very  close 
approximation  of  the  actual  amount  mixed. 

Comparison  of  the  owned  and  rented  plant  costs  for  each  mixer 
shows  that  there  is  very  little  saving  by  owning  the  mixers  when 
they  are  over  5  years  of  age,  as  in  the  cases  of  Nos.  2  and  3.  In 
fact,  No.  2  shows  a  small  balance  in  favor  of  renting.  On  the 
other  hand,  No.  6,  a  comparatively  new  machine,  working  on 
large  yardage,  shows  a  less  economy  than  No.  3.  Mixer  4,  owned 
a  little  less  than  4  years,  rented  62.7  per  cent  of  the  time  and 
working  on  comparatively  small  yardage,  such  as  reinforced 
concrete  buildings,  shows  the  largest  economy  from  an  owner's 
standpoint. 


L— FIRST    COST    AND    REPAIRS    FOR    FOUR    MIXERS. 


Mixer    No. 
Date   of  purchase. 
Original   cost    .... 
Interest  at   6%    to 

Jan.    1,    1910 

Repairs   to  Jan.    1, 

1910     

Total  cost  to  Jan. 

1,    1910    

Inventory    value 

Jan.    1,    1910 

Net    cost    to    Jan. 

1,    1910 

Total   yds.    mixed. 
Plant  cost  per  yd. . 


(Actually   Owned) 

234 
8/18/03      6/10/04 
$     625.00   $     975.00    $ 


6  Totals 

6/7/06        6/5/07 
975.00   $    935.00   $3,510.00 


281.51 

368.90 

220.57 

153.37 

1,024.35 

941.87 

350.29 

216.43 

437.01 

1,945.60 

1,848.38 

1,694.19 

1,412.00 

1,525.38 

6,479.95 

125.00 

325.00 

400.00 

500.00 

1,350.00 

1,723.38 
12,350 
$0.1395 

1,369.19 
15,500 
$0.0883 

1,012.00 
10,500 
$0.0964 

1,025.38 
19,000 
$0.0540 

5,129.95 
57,350 
$0.0894 

2 

3 

4 

6 

Totals 

2,325 

2,029 

1,302 

936 

6,595 

827 

718 

816 

536 

2.997 

28.1 
$2.00 

28.3 

$2.25 

62.7 

$2.25 

57 
$2.25 

45.4 

II.— RENTAL    CREDITS    FOR    FOUR    MIXERS. 

Mixer    No. 
Days       owned      to 

Jan.    1,    1910 

Days       rented      to 

Jan.    1,    1910 

Per    cent    of    days 

rented   

iRental  rate  per  day 
Total       rental       to 

Jan.   1    $3,655.00   $1,616.25   $1,836.25   $1,204.50   $6,311.00 

Total    yds     mixed.         12,350         15,500         10,500         19,000         57,350 
Plant  cost  per  yd.       $0.1340       $0.1042       $0.1748       $0.0634      $0.1100 

III.— COMPARISON   OF    OWNED   AND    RENTED   PLANTS. 
Mixer   No.  2346  Totals 

P1Table°Sl  .^  .^'.'       $0.1395       $0.0833       $0.0964       $0.0540       $0.0894 

P1Table°S2.P?r.yd'.'         0.1340         0.1048         0.1748         0.0634         0.1100 

Per  cent  saving  by 
owning    plant, 

based    on    rental  ,0*o 

cost    4.1  15.25  44.8  14.7  18.72 


MIXERS 


421 


The  cost  of  unloading  and  placing  in  condition  for  work 
averages  about  $65  to  $75  per  mixer. 

Gravity  Mixers.  The  most  common  form  of  gravity  mixers 
consists  of  two  or  four  small  hoppers  (depending  upon  the  size 
of  the  mixer)  set  upon  a  frame  support,  which  latter  also  carries 
a  platform  on  which  the  men  are  stationed  to  load  the  materials 
into  the  hoppers.  Below  these  top  hoppers  three  large  hoppers 
are  set,  one  below  another.  To  operate  the  mixer  after  the 
top  hoppers  have  been  charged  the  gates  of  these  are  opened, 


Fig.   179.     Showing    an   Arrangement  of  the   Mains   Concrete   Mixer. 


and  material  allowed  to  pass  into  the  hopper  below,  where  it  is 
caught  and  held  until  this  hopper  is  full,  upon  which  the  gates 
are  opened  and  the  material  allowed  to  flow  into  the  next 
lower  hopper  and  so  on  until  the  concrete  is  received  in  the 
bottom  hopper  ready  to  be  taken  to  the  forms.  This  is  properly 
a  batch  mixer,  but  the  charging  is  carried  on  while  the  material 
is  being  mixed  in  the  lower  hoppers. 

Only  the  metallic  parts  of  this  mixer,  that  is,  the  hoppers, 
chutes,  gates,  etc.,  and  not  the  wooden  framework,  are  furnished 
by  the  manufacturer. 


422 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Stationary  Gravity  Concrete  Mixer.  (Figs.  179,  180)  Small 
size,  capacity  %  cu.  yd.  per  batch,  weight  of  metallic  parts 
2,840  Ibs.  Price,  f.  o.  b.  nearest  station,  $1,250. 

Medium  size,  capacity  1%  cu.  yd.  per  batch,  weight  of  metallic 
parts  7,060  Ibs.  Price  $1,400. 

This   type  of  mixer  is   also   made  portable    (Fig.    181)    and  is 


z — 


Fig.  180. 


operated  by  being  raised  with  a  derrick  or  elevator.  The  capacity 
of  this  small  machine  is  about  six  cu.  yds.  per  hour  and  %  cu. 
yds.  per  batch.  Weight  1,400  Ibs.,  complete.  Minimum  height 
12  ft.  Price  $550. 

Output  of  Mixers.  On  well  organized  work  a  batch  every  two 
minutes,  or  30  batches  an  hour,  should  be  averaged.  The  real 
capacity  of  any  mixer  is  usually  determined  by  the  speed  with 
which  the  materials  are  delivered  and  taken  away.  In  regard 
to  mixer  efficiency  I  can  do  no  better  than  to  quote  from  Gillette 
and  Hill's  "Concrete  Construction":  "The  most  efficient  mixer  is 
the  one  that  gives  the  maximum  product  of  standard  quality  at 
the  least  cost  for  production." 

Mr.  Chas.  R.  Gow,  in  a  very  complete  paper  read  before  the 
Boston  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  gives  the  cost  of  concrete 
crushing,  mixing  and  placing  plant. 


,     ,     , 

0         I         Z        3        4' 


Fig.    181.     Portable    Gravity    Mixer. 


423 


424 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


This  plant  is  shown  in  Fig.  182.  The  engine  used  was  a  40 
H.  P.  gasoline  engine,  but  a  25  H.  P.  was  all  that  the  plant 
required.  The  crusher  was  a  10x20  in.  jaw  crusher  which  was 
fed  by  hand  with  stone  dumped  by  teams  on  the  crusher  platform. 
The  gravel  and  sand  were  dumped  on  the  platform  and  shoveled 
on  to  an  inclined  grating  which  allowed  the  sand  to  drop  into  a 
34-ft.  bucket  elevator,  while  the  larger  gravel  was  chuted  to  the 
crusher  and  thence  to  the  elevator.  The  rotary  screen  separated 
the  sand  and  stone  into  bins  from  which  it  dropped  to  a  measur- 
ing hopper  and  thence  to  a  skip  car.  This  car  was  provided  with 


CngContg 


Fig.   182.     Plan   of  Screening,   Crushing   and    Mixing   Plant,  Spring- 
field   Filters. 


the  proper  amount  of  cement  from  a  hopper  and  was  hoisted  up 
the  incline  and  its  contents  automatically  dumped  into  a  one- 
yard  mixer  which  discharged  into  a  one-yard  hoisting  bucket  on 
a  flat  car.  These  cars,  which  had  room  for  one  empty  and  one 
full  bucket,  were  drawn  by  cables  along  a  track  to  the  placing 
derricks,  of  which  there  were  two,  with  75-ft.  guyed  masts  and 
80-ft.  booms. 

This  plant  cost  about  $5,000  at  the  factory,  $600  for  freight 
and  transportation  and  $3,900  to  install  and  maintain  in  working 
condition;  total  cost,  therefore,  $9,500.  It  was  capable  of  mixing 
60  cu.  yds.  per  hour,  but  actually  mixed  less  than  15.  The  total 
number  of  yards  of  concrete  placed  was  13,282,  which  was  less 
than  the  smallest  amount  necessary  to  make  the  use  of  such  a 
plant  economical. 


MIXERS 


425 


Cost  per  cubic   yard   for  crushing,   mixing  and  placing: 

Transporting  to  Work:  Per  Cu    Yd 

Freight  of  plant  to  Westfield $0.0139 

Cost  of  unloading  plant  from  cars 0.0148 

Cost  of  teaming  plant  to  work 0.0161 

Total  cost  of  landing  on  job $0.0448 

Final    Removal    of   Plant: 

Cost  of  labor  dismantling  and  loading $0.0302 

Cost  of  teaming  to   railroad 0.0100 

Cost   of   freight    returning 0.0043 

Total  cost  of  removing  plant 0.0445 

Erecting  and  Maintaining  Crusher  and  Concrete  Plant: 

Cost  of  labor $0.1725 

Cost  of  materials  and  supplies 0.1139 

Cost  of  miscellaneous  teaming 0.0054 

Total  cost  of  erection  and  maintenance   

of  plant 0.2918 

Cement  Storehouse,   50  Ft.  by  25  Ft.: 

Cost  of  materials  used $0.0205 

Cost  of  labor  building 0.0120 

Total  cost  of  cement  house ' 0.0325 

Erecting,  Moving  and  Removing  Derricks  and  Hoisters: 

Cost   of   labor $0.1008 

Cost  of  miscellaneous  supplies ,. .  0.0033 

Cost   of   miscellaneous    teaming 0.0011 

Total  cost  of  derricks 0.1052 

Depreciation  on  Plant: 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  concrete  plant $0.1003 

Cost  of  depreciation  on  crusher  plant 0.1370 

Total  depreciation 0.1052 

Coal  and  Oil  Used  in  Mixing  and  in  Operating  Derricks: 

Cost   of  coal    $0.1222 

Cost  of  oil 0.0110 

Total  cost 0.1332 


Grand  total  cost  of  crusher  and  concrete  plant 


$0.8893 


A  large  portable  plant  for  crushing,  mixing  and  placing  con- 
crete on  the  Catskill  Aqueduct  is  described  in  Engineering  and 
Contracting,  Vol.  XXXIV,  No.  23.  This  plant  was  designed  to 
build  30  lineal  feet  of  aqueduct  per  day,  but  improvements  and 
efficiency  of  the  crew  increased  the  capacity  to  60  feet  per  day. 
The  section  on  which  this  plant  was  operated  was  about  1% 
miles  long  and  the  cross  section  of  the  aqueduct  was  of  the  flat 
base  type,  of  interior  dimensions  of  17  ft.  x  17  ^  ft.  and  walls 
from  12  to  24  in.  in  thickness. 

The  plant  consisted  of  two  principal  parts,  the  first  for  crush- 
ing and  mixing  and  the  second  for  handling  forms  and  concrete. 
The  first  part  consisted  of  a  steel  frame  work  mounted  on  two 
60-ft.  steel  flat  cars  placed  side  by  side  and  bolted  together. 
A  gyratory  crusher  with  bucket  conveyor  and  revolving  screen 
crushed  the  material  and  deposited  it  in  a  20-yd.  sand  bin  and  a 
40-yd.  stone  bin.  These  bins  discharged  into  a  Hains  mixer  and 


426 


MIXERS  427 

the  concrete  was  picked  up  by  an  electric  hoist  in  Hains  buckets 
and  conveyed  to  the  forms.  That  part  of  the  plant  used  in 
placing  concrete  and  handling  the  outside  forms  consisted  of  a 
two-truss  steel  bridge  140  feet  long,  upon  which  tra'veled  the 
several  hoists.  The  concrete  bucket  hoist  was  suspended 
beneath  the  bridge  and  equipped  with  one  11  H.  P.  motor  for 
hoisting  and  two  propelling  motors  of  3  H.  P.  each.  On  top 
of  the  bridge  was  a  traveler  equipped  with  tw^  5  H.  P.  motors 
and  overhanging  arms  for  handling  the  forms.  At  the  rear 
support  was  a  chain  hoist  with  a  5  H.  P.  motor  for  moving 
ahead  the  saddles  which  supported  that  end  of  the  bridge.  Steel 
collapsible  forms  were  used  and  were  shifted  by  a  30  H.  P. 
motor-driven  carriage.  Materials  for  the  crusher  were  handled  by 
two  derricks.  All  the  plant  with  the  exception  of  a  small  steam 
boiler  used  for  cleaning  concrete  surfaces  was  operated  with 
a  high  tension  current  supplied  by  a  public  service  corporation. 
This  plant  is  shown  in  Fig.  183.  It  cost  about  $30,000,  and  since 
it  was  built,  nearly  $10,000  was  spent  in  changes  and  repairs. 
The  plant  worked  well,  but  had  only  about  30,000  yards  of  con- 
crete to  place.  It  is  doubtful  whether  such  an  equipment  pays  on 
a  job  of  this  size. 

Lieutenant  L.  M.  Adams,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  in 
"Professional  Memoirs"  for  January-March,  1911,  describes  a 
mixing  and  handling  plant  mounted  on  a  barge  for  use  in  con- 
crete work  in  locks,  dams,  etc.  This  plant  is  supplied  with  sand 
and  gravel  from  barges  alongside  and  the  concrete  is  removed 
from  it  by  a  derrick  set  up  on  the  forms  or  on  a  boat  adjacent. 
The  general  scheme  is  shown  in  Fig.  184.  The  cost  of  such  a 
plant  is  as  follows  : 

Hull  of  barge , $  4,000.00 

Coal,  sand  (20  cu.  yd.)  and  gravel  (40  cu.  yd.)  bins 600.00 

Boiler  house  and  cement  shed  (1,000  barrels)   300.00 

Derrick    (55    ft.    boom)    complete    with    (8%xlO    tandem 
drum)  hoist,  two  duplicate  boilers   (each  30  H.  P.),  8 

strand    19-wire   plow    steel    rope 3,300.00 

1%-yard  clam  shell  bucket   600.00 

Mixer,  complete 1,300.00 

Cement    car    («    bags)    and   hoist 400.00 

Total   $10,500.00 

Labor  cost   of  operation  per   8-hour  day   shift $16.20 

Coal  to  furnish  40  H.  P.  per  shift %   ton 

Capacity,  twenty  1%  cubic  yard  batches  per  24  hours 30  yds. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  in  his  Handbook  of  Cost  Data  describes  a 
mixing  plant  used  in  building  a  concrete  retaining  wall.  A 
batch  mixer  was  used,  the  concrete  being  delivered  by  a  cableway 
of  400'  span.  The  broken  stone  and  sand  were  delivered  near  the 
work  in  hopper-bottom  cars  which  were  dumped  through  a  trestle 
onto  a  plank  floor.  The  material  was  loaded  by  hand  into  one- 
horse  dump  carts  and  hauled  900  ft.  to  the  mixer  platform.  This 
platform  was  24x24  ft.  and  5  ft.  high  with  a  plank  approach  40 
ft.  long  and  contained  a  total  of  7,500  ft.  B.  M.  After  mixing, 


428 


MIXERS  429 

the  concrete  was  dumped  into  iron  buckets  holding  14  cubic  feet 
water  measure,  making  about  one-half  cubic  yard  in  a  batch. 
The  buckets  were  hooked  onto  the  cableway  and  conveyed  to 
the  wall.  Steam  for  running  the  mixer  was  taken  from  the  same 
boiler  that  supplied  the  cableway  engine.  The  average  output  of 
this  plant  was  100  cubic  yards  of  concrete  per  10-hour  day  at  a 
cost  for  labor  and  coal  of  $1.07  per  cubic  yard.  The  plant  had  to 
be  moved  once  per  each  355  ft.  of  wall,  16  ft.  high.  This  took 
two  days  and  cost  $100,  or  about  10  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

In  an  article  by  Mr.  Wm.  G.  Fargo,  of  Jackson,  Mich.,  in  the 
proceedings  of  the  Michigan  Engineering  Society,  several  types  of 
concrete  handling  plants  are  described.  Mr.  Fargo  considers  that 
on  work  requiring  the  placing  of  1,000  cubic  yards  of  concrete  or 
over,  it  is  usually  cheapest  to  install  a  plant  for  handling  the 
materials.  The  wheelbarrow,  on  large  concrete  works,  should 
seldom  be  used.  The  tip  car  with  roller  bearings  will  enable  one 
man  to  push,  on  a  level  track,  from  5  to  8  times  a  wheelbarrow 
load  of  concrete.  Wagons  or  cars  for  bringing  materials  to  the 
mixer  may  be  drawn  by  teams  on  grades  of  2  per  cent,  and  by 
locomotives  on  grades  of  4  or  5  per  cent.  Steeper  grades  will 
require  cable  haulage.  On  long  retaining  walls  or  dams  the 
cableway  is  especially  valuable.  A  cableway  of  800-ft.  span, 
capable  of  handling  a  yard  of  concrete,  will  cost  complete  with 
boiler,  hoist  and  stationary  towers  45  ft.  high,  from  $4,500  to 
$5,000,  and  for  the  movable  towers  about  $1,000  more. 

Such  a  plant  should  be  capable  of  handling  20  cubic  yards  per 
hour.  Where  the  area  is  wide  more  cableways  are  necessary,  but 
if  not  too  wide  derricks  may  economically  rehandle  the  load. 
On  work  where  the  total  width  is  a  large  fraction  of  the  length 
and  where  other  conditions  are  favorable  the  trestle  and  car 
plant  may  be  much  cheaper  than  the  cableway.  When  the  dis- 
tance from  the  mixers  to  further  boundary  is  less  than  500  ft. 
this  is  especially  true.  The  following  figures  give  the  cost  of 
a  car  plant  having  a  capacity  of  200  yards  per  day  with  length 
of  500  ft.  out  from  the  mixers. 

Trestle — Double  track,  24-in.  guage,  6  ft.  between  centers  of 
tracks;  6-in.x8-in.  stringers,  22  or  24  ft.  long;  2-in.x6-in.  ties,  2-ft. 
6-in.  centers,  2-in.xl2-in.  running  boards  between  rails,  12-lb. 
rail. 

Trestle  legs  (30  ft.  average  length)  of  green  poles  at  5  cents 
per  ft.,  will  cost  complete  about  $1.50  per  lineal  ft.  of  double 
track,  or  for  the  150  ft.: 

At   $1.50,   erected • $225.00 

Five  split  switches,  with  spring  bridles,   at   $18.00 90.00 

Two  iron  turntables,  at  $30.00 60.00 

Three    %-yd.   steel  tip  cars,   with  roller  bearings 190.00 

$565.00 

This  outfit,  with  repairs  and  renewals  amounting  to  10  per  cent, 
should  be  good  for  five  seasons'  work.  If  labor  costs  $1.75  per 
day  the  cost  of  handling  200  cu.  yds.  of  concrete  would  be  4% 


430 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


cents  per  yard.     This,  according  to  Mr.  Fargo,  would  be  a  saving 
of  about  5%   cents  per  cu.   yd. 


GROUT  MIXER. 

The  machine  illustrated  in  Fig.   185  is  furnished  in  two  sizes: 
"Low  pressure"  for  work  up  to  150  Ibs.  per  square  inch,  and  "high 


Fig.   185. 

pressure"  for  work  up  to  300  Ibs.  per  square  inch.  The  machine 
is  operated  by  compressed  air,  but  the  manufacturers  do  not 
furnish  a  compressor.  The  prices  are  |175  and  $250,  f.  o.  b. 
works  or  Hoboken,  N.  J. 


NAILS 


Prices.     The  net  prices  in  Chicago  for  nails  in  quantities  are 
as  follows: 

Shingle  Nails. 


3d 
4d 

3d 

4d 

Size 
Size 

Standard                     Approx. 
Gage  and  Length           No.  in  1  Lb. 
1%   in.  No.  13                      380 
IMs   in.  No.  12                      256 

Galvanized  Shingle  Nails. 

Standard                     Approx. 
Gage  and  Length           No.  in  1  Lb. 
1%   in.  No.  13                       429 
iy2   in.  No.  12                      274 

Barbed  Roofing  Nails. 

Price  per 
100  Lbs. 
$2.58 
2.43 

Price  per 
100  Lbs. 
$3.08 
2.93 

Size 

Standard 
Gage  and  Length 

Approx. 
No.  in  1  Lb. 

Price  per 
100  Lbs. 

% 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

%   in.  No. 

13 

648 

$2.88 

7/u 

in. 

barb 

R 

.  F. 

7s 

in 

No. 

12 

413 

2.78 

1 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

1 

in.  No. 

12 

384 

2.73 

1J4 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

1% 

in. 

No. 

12 

339 

2,73 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

in 

No. 

11 

231 

2.68 

1  Vz 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

i1! 

in 

No. 

10 

154 

2.58 

2 

in. 

barb 

R.   F.        2 

in. 

No. 

9 

103 

2.48 

1% 

in. 

barb 

R 

F. 

1% 

in. 

No. 

10 

151 

2.58 

Common 

Steel 

Wire 

Nails 

in  Kegs 

of  100  Lbs. 

Each. 

Standard 

Approx. 

Price  per 

Size 

Gage  and  Length 

No.  in  1  Lb. 

100  Lbs. 

2d 

1 

in. 

No. 

15 

900 

$2.83 

3d 

1  ^4 

in. 

No. 

14 

615 

2.58 

4d 

iy2 

in. 

No. 

13 

322 

2.43 

5d 

in. 

No. 

12 

254 

2.43 

6d 

2 

in. 

No. 

12 

200 

2.33 

7d 

2% 

in. 

No. 

11 

154 

2.33 

8d 

in. 

No. 

10 

106 

2.23 

9d 
lOd 

r* 

in. 
in. 

No. 
No. 

10 
9 

85 
74 

2.23 
2.18 

12d 

314 

in. 

No. 

9 

57 

2.18 

16d 

in. 

No. 

8 

46 

2.18 

20d 

4 

in. 

No. 

6 

29 

2.13 

30d 

4% 

in. 

No. 

5 

23 

2.13 

40d 

5 

in. 

No. 

4 

18 

2.13 

50d 

5y2 

in. 

No. 

3 

13^ 

2.13 

60d 

6 

in. 

No. 

2 

ioy2 

2.13 

Coated  nails  suitable  for  either  machine  or  hand  driving  are 
sold    at    the    same   price   as    the    above. 

431 


432  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Casing  Nails. 


Standard 
Size                        Gage  and  Length 

Approx. 
No.  in  1  Lb. 

Price  per 
100  Lbs. 

2d  1       in.  No.  16 

1,140 

$3.13 

3d  1  %   in.  No.  15 

675 

2.83 

4d  1%   in.  No.  15 

567 

2.63 

6d  2       in.  No.  13 

260 

2.48 

8d   2%   in.  No.  12 

160 

2.38 

lOd  3       in.  No.  11 

108 

2.28 

16d   3%    in.  No.  10 

69 

2.28 

20S  4       in.  No.    9 

50 

2.28 

Finishing  Nails. 

Standard 
Size                        Gage  and  Length 

Approx. 
No.  in  1  Lb. 

Price  per 
100  Lbs. 

2d   1       in.  No.  17 

1,558 

$3.28 

3d   1^4   in.  No.  16 

884 

2.98 

4d   1%   in.  No.  16 

767 

2.78 

6d  2       in.  No.  14 

359 

2.58 

8d   2%    in.  No.  13 

214 

2.48 

lOd   3       in.  No.  12 

134 

2.38 

16d  3  %   in.  No.  11 

91 

2.38 

20d  4       in.  No.  10 

61 

2.38 

Standard  railroad  spikes  

$1.70 

Standard  track  bolts,  base  

2.15 

Pittsburg  quotations  on  spikes  based 

on   $1.60   per 

keg  are  as 

follows: 

Railroad   Spikes. 

4%,  5  and  5%x-&  

$1.60 

3,   3%,   4,   4%    and  5x^  

.Extra     .10 

3%,   4   and  4%x&  

.Extra     .20 

3,   3%,   4   and   4%x%  

.Extra     .30 

.Extra     .40 

21/&,  3  and  3*£x-&  

.Extra     .60 

.Extra     .80 

Boat  Spikes. 

%  in.  square,  12  to  24       in.  long  , 

.Extra     .15 

%  in.  square,     8  to  16       in.  long  
%  in.  square,     6  to  16       in.  long  

Extra     .15 
.Extra     .15 

fa  in.  square,     6  to  12       in.  long  
%  in.  square,     4  to  12       in.  long  , 

Extra     .20 
.Extra     .30 

fs  in.  square,     4  to     8       in.  long  
14  in.  square,     4  to     8       in.  long  
%  in.  square,     3  to     3^  in.  long  

Extra     .45 
.Extra     .75 
.Extra  1.00 

%  and  A  shorter  than  4  in.,  %  cent  extra. 


OIL 


Lubricating-    Oils.      The    following    prices    are    quotations  on 
5-bbl.   lots: 

Cts.  per  Gal. 

"Cylinder,    dark ' 20  to  32 

"Cylinder,   steam,    refined 14  to  25 

Neutral  Oils,  Filtered: 

Stainless  white,   32   to  34   gravity 28  to  29 

Lemons,    33   to   34    gravity '. 17  to  22 

Dark,    32    gravity 15  to  20 

Crank   cast   oil 15  to  20 

Fuel  oil   4  to  10 

Kerosene     11  to  20 

Albany  grease,  per  lb.,  about 10 

*  Prices  according  to  test. 


433 


434 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PAINTS  AND  OILS 


New  York  City  quotations  during  the  year  1913  were  as 
follows: 

Linseed  Oil. 

City  raw,  5  bbls.  or  more $0.46       to  $0.52 

Out  of  town  raw,  5  bbls.  or  more 45       to       .51 

Boiled  oil — 1  cent  in  advance  of  price  of  raw  oil. 
Refined  oil — 2  cents  in  advance  of  price  of  raw  oil. 

Turpentine. 

5  bbls.  or  more $0.41       to  $0.47 

White  Lead. 

100,  200  and  500  Ib.  kegs $0.0725  to  $0.08 

25  and  50  Ib.  kegs 0775  to       .085 

Bed  Lead  and  Litharg-e. 

100   Ib.   kegs $0.07       to  $0.08 

Colors  in  Oil. 

Lamp    black $0.12  to  $0.14 

Chinese  blue 36  to  .46 

Prussian  blue 32  to  .36 

Van  Dyke  brown 11  to  .14 

Chrome  green 12  to  .16 

Raw  or  burnt  sienna 12  to  .15 

Raw  or  burnt  umber 11  to  .14 

Paint  on  an  average  covers  about  600  sq.  ft.  per  gal.  The  main 
cost  of  painting  lies  in  the  labor  of  preparing  the  surface  and 
applying,  not  in  the  cost  of  the  paint.  A  rough  surface  takes 
more  labor  and  a  greater  quantity  of  material.  Paint  should  be 
tested  for  flashing,  cracking,  brushing  qualities,  elasticity,  break- 
ing, blisters  and  acid  and  alkaline  qualities.  It  is  usually  a  mis- 
take to  add  extra  dryer  to  prepared  paints,  as  the  expected  results 
do  not  necessarily  ensue.  Double  boiled  oil  with  a  dryer  is  often 
used  for  shop  coat  work.  In  shop  coat  work  have  all  the 
surfaces  thoroughly  cleaned  of  mineral  oils,  as  otherwise  they 
will  not  dry  and  it  is  necessary  to  have  a  quick  drying  paint 
for  this  purpose. 

The  cost  of  giving  structural  steel  a  shop  coat  is  $1.00  per  ton 
up,  and  one  coat  after  erection  costs  about  $2.00. 


PAPER 


Building1  Paper.     Quotations  in  New  York  during  1913  were  as 
follows: 

Per  roll  of 
500  sq.  ft. 

Rosin  sided  sheathing,  20  Ib $0.28 

Rosin  sided  sheathing,  30  Ib .43 

Rosin  sized  sheathing,   40  Ib 58 

Rubber    Roofing-. 

Per  roll  of 
108  sq.  ft. 

1  ply,  35  Ib $0.90 

2  ply,  45  Ib 1.10 

3  ply,  55  Ib 1.30 

Tarred  felt  was  $1.45  per  100   Ib.  in  1,  2  and  3  ply.     Slaters 
felt  was  60  cts.  per  roll. 


435 


436  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PAILS 


Tar  Pails.     Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  tar  pails  are  as  follows: 

Each. 

Pay-off  pail    $4.50 

Pay-off  pail  spouts  for  wood  or  stone 90 

3-way  spouts  for  brick  or  stone   4.50 

Carrying   pail    2.70 

Prices.     Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  various  kinds  of  pails  are 
as  follows: 

Galvanized,   Regular. 

Weight,  per  Dozen, 

Capacity,   Qts.                                     Lbs.  PerDoz. 

10                                                         24  $2.05 

12                                                           38  2.30 

14                                                           30  2.75 


Galvanized,   Extra  Heavy. 

Weight,  per  Dozen, 

Capacity,   Qts.                                     Lbs.  PerDoz. 

12                                                         39  $3.55 

14                                                         33  3.85 

16                                                           37  4.45 

Galvanized  cement  pails  with  double  braced  bottom,  extra 
heavy,  of  14  quart  capacity,  can  be  bought  at  $8  per  dozen. 
Heavy  oak  pails  with  iron  bails,  14  quart  capacity,  bring  a  net 
price  of  55  ets.  each  or  $5.50  per  dozen.  Common  pine  pails, 
2-hoop,  cost  $2.50  per  dozen;  with  three  hoops  they  cost  $3  per 
dozen. 


PAULINS 


Canvas  coverings  for  protecting  cement,  brick,  machinery,  etc., 
from  the  weather. 

Size,  Feet.              8  Oz.  Duck.  10  Oz.  Duck.  12  Oz.  Duck. 

5V2x  9  $  1.00  $   1.25  $  1.50 

7     x!2  1.65  2.10  2.50 

10     x!6  3.20  4.00  4.80 

12     x!6  3.85  4.80  5.75 

14     x20  5.60  7.00  8.40 

18     x20  7.20  9.00  10.80 

20     x30  12.00  15.00  18.00 

24     x50  24.00  30.00  36.00 


437 


438  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

PAVING  EQUIPMENT 


FETROLITHIC   CONSTRUCTION  EQUIPMENT. 

The  Petrolithic  System  is  designed  to  produce  stable  and 
economic  earth,  sand-clay,  gravel  and  macadam  roads  by  uni- 
formly compacting  them  from  the  bottom  up,  and  also  to  con- 
struct solid  foundations  for  asphalt,  concrete,  brick  and  block 
pavements.  For  further  information  on  this  type  of  construction 
we  refer  to  Engineering  and  Contracting,  June  9,  1909. 

The  following  is  a  list  with  weights  and  prices  of  the  special 
implements  made  by  the  Petrolithic  Company. 

Tamping-  Boiler:  This  machine  is  designed  to  imitate  the  com- 
pacting action  of  sheep's  feet,  and  of  the  small  ended  tamper 


Fig.  186.     Building  Asphaltic  Gravel  Street  in  Whittier,  Cal. 

commonly  used  to  tamp  the  earth  around  posts.  It  will  com- 
pact any  thickness  from  two  to  ten  inches,  but  it  is  not  usually 
economical  to  compact  a  greater  thickness  than  four  to  six 
inches  at  one  operation.  The  material  is  put  into  condition  for 
tamping  by  puddling  with  water  or  some  other  liquid,  but  care 
must  be  taken  to  use  the  proper  amount  of  liquid  in  order  that 
the  mixture  may  be  of  the  proper  consistency.  The  feet  of  the 
roller  are  nine  inches  long.  The  body  is  composed  of  two  wooden 
drums  with  a  tamping  width  of  six  feet.  It  is  usually  drawn 
by  four  horses.  This  machine  is  also  very  useful  in  compacting 
earth  embankments.  Weight  of  machine  4,800  pounds,  price 
$150.  Another  type  is  illustrated  in  Fig.  186. 

Rooter-Scarifier,  or  Gang*  Road  Rooter:  Fig.  187.  This  ma- 
chine is  a  combination  of  plow,  rooter  and  scarifier.  It  is  com- 
monly operated  by  a  traction  engine.  Weight  of  machine  4,000 
pounds,  price  $450. 


PAVING  EQUIPMENT 


439 


Spike  Disc  Scarifier:    Fig.  188.     This  implement  is  constructed 
and    operated    on    the    principle    of    a    disc    harrow,    but    having 


Fig.     187.       Petrollthic     Gang     Rooter.       Combined     Plow,     Rooter 
and  Scarifier  for  Road  or  Other  Heavy  Work. 

peculiarly  shaped  spikes  instead  of  cutting  discs.  It  is  usually 
drawn  by  four  horses.  W[hen  used  in  connection  with  the  rooter, 
its  particular  function  is  to  break  up  and  pulverize  the  clods. 


Fig.   188.     Petrolithic   Rotary  or  Spike  Disc  Scarifier. 

It  is  also  used  to  scarify.  Weight  of  machine  1,300  pounds, 
price  $175. 

Road  Cultivator:  Fig.  189.  This  machine  is  designed  to  thor- 
oughly mix  the  dry  and  liquid  materials.  Weight  of  machine 
700  pounds,  price  $80. 

Road  Asphalt  Distributor:  Fig.  190.  This  is  a  trailing  attach- 
ment operating  on  its  own  wheels,  which  may  be  readily  attached 


440 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


and  detached  from  the  tank  wagon.  The  fluid  is  distributed  under 
the  force  of  gravity.  It  covers  8  ft.  in  width.  Weight  of  machine 
1,200  pounds,  price  $275. 

Asphalt  Distributor:     This  implement  fastens  directly   on  the 


Fig.    189.     Petrolithic    Heavy    Road    Cultivator. 


Fig.    190.     Petrolithic   Trailing    Road-Asphalt   Distributor   Spreading 
Very    Light   Application    on    Crushed    Stone. 

tank  wagon,  and  is  not  readily  detachable.  It  covers  8  ft.  in 
width.  Weight  of  machine  500  pounds,  price  $175. 

Oil  Heater.  This  machine  is  mounted  on  wheels.  Weight 
10,000  pounds,  price  $1,200. 

All  prices  f.  o.  b.  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


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447 


448  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

PHOTOGRAPHY 


No  construction  work,  however  small,  should  be  carried  on 
without  the  assistance  of  the  camera.  For  motion  study  it  is 
indispensable,  and,  as  an  adjunct  to  the  keeping  of  records, 
nearly  so.  Photographs  of  construction  work  have  saved  many 
dollars  to  the  contractor  in  employees'  damage  suits,  and  to  the 
owner  or  contractor  in  other  legal  cases. 

On  unimportant  work,  pictures  less  than  4x5  inches  are  suffi- 
ciently large  for  all  purposes,  as  small  pictures  can  be  enlarged 
to  8x1 0  inches  or  more,  if  necessary.  After  much  experiment- 
ing in  this  line,  the  author  uses  an  Eastman  folding  pocket 
kodak  No.  3,  which  holds  a  6  or  12-exposure  film  roll,  and  takes 
a  picture  31/ix4i4  inches.  This  type  of  camera  is  convenient  as 
it  occupies  very  little  space  when  folded.  The  picture  is  large 
enough  to  show  fair  sized  groups  and  details. 

On  important  work  large  pictures  should  be  taken  not  less 
often  than  once  each  month,  and  more  frequently  if  the  work 
is  of  sufficient  size  and  progress  to  warrant  the  expense.  For 
this  purpose  the  Empire  State  plate  camera,  taking  a  picture 
8x10  inches,  is  recommended.  For  general  use  a  No.  5  Goerz 
Dagor  F:  6.8  or  U.  S.  2.9  lens  is  very  good.  When  this  lens 
is  wide  open  it  covers  a  7x9  inch  plate;  when  open  at  F:16  or 
U.  S.:16  it  covers  an  8x10  inch  plate,  and  at  F:32  or  U.  S.:64  it 
covers  a  12x16.  For  a  wide  angle  lens  the  No.  2,  listed  to  cover  a 
5x7,  has  a  greater  speed  and  better  definition  than  a  regular  wide 
angle  lens.  While  this  lens  is  listed  to  cover  a  smaller  plate 
than  8x10  it  is  actually  large  enough.  This  lens  is  convertible; 
the  full  combination — equivalent  focus  10%  inches — may  be  used 
for  general  work  and  the  back  combination — equivalent  focus  21 
inches — for  objects  at  a  distance. 

For  glossy  prints,  to  show  extreme  detail,  use  glossy  Velox; 
for  general  results,  but  extreme  detail,  velvet  Velox.  In  order  to 
secure  compactness  use  the  ready  made  developer.  The  "Tab- 
loid" brand  is  very  handy.  Always  keep  a  10  per  cent  solution 
of  bromide  of  potash  at  hand  to  slow  down  the  developer.  A 
room  4  ft.  x  6  ft.  is  all  that  is  necessary  for  developing  pictures. 
If  there  is  a  window,  cover  it  with  a  piece  of  red  glass  and  2 
sheets  of  yellow  P.  O.  paper,  or  with  the  red  and  yellow  fabrics 
made  for  photographic  purposes. 

Prices  of  Photographic  Equipment  are  as  follows: 

Eastman  folding  pocket  kodak  No.  3,  with  double  combina- 
tion,   rapid    rectilinear    lens,    ball    bearing    shutter,    and 

rising  and  sliding  front ?1I -2°. 

Black  sole  leather  case  with  strap 1-75 

Film  cartridge,  6  exposures,   314x4% 35 

Film  cartridge,  12  exposures,  31/4x41/4 <i> 

Empire   State   camera,    8x10,    including    1    plate    holder    and 

canvas  carrying  case    28.00 

No.  2  Goerz  Dagor  lens 51.50 


PHOTOGRAPHY  449 

PRICES  OF  PHOTOGRAPHIC  EQUIPMENT— Continued 

No.  5  Goerz  Dagor  lens 91.00 

X  excel  Sector  shutter  for  No.   2  lens,  which  is   dust  tight 

and  will  speed  up  to  1/150  second 17.00 

Same  for  No.  5  lens 20.00 

5  Extra  plate  holders,   @   $1-25 6.25 

1  No.  2  Crown  tripod,  6-inch  top 7.50 

Cramer  isochromatic  plates,  per  dozen 1.85 

Velox  paper,  3^x4  ^4,  per  dozen  15c;  gross 1.50 

Velox  paper,  8x10,  per  dozen  SOc;  gross 9.00 

2  Hard  rubber  trays,  8%xlO%  for  plates,  at  $1.80 3.60 

Universal  hard  rubber  fixing  bath 5.50 

1   4  Ounce  tumbler  graduate  glass 15 

1   16  Ounce  tumbler  graduate  glass 30 

y2  Dozen  32  ounce,  wide  mouth  bottles,  with  cork  stoppers, 

@    12c 72 

Zinc  washing  box  for  plates 2.00 

3  Hard  rubber  trays,  5x7,  for  films,  @   $1.00 3.00 

1  Printing  frame,    8x10 75 

1  Printing  frame,   3*4x41/i 40 

1  Dozen  photo  clips    15 

1  Small  ruby  lamp 1.25 

It  is  not  necessary  to  buy  trays;  wooden  boxes  lined  with  oil- 
cloth are  all  that  are  necessary. 

For  much  of '  the  data  in  the  foregoing  article  I  am  indebted 
to  Mr.  A.  A.  Russell  of  Flushing,  L.  I. 

There  is  an  excellent  article  in  Engineering  News,  Nov.  19, 
1908,  page  552,  on  "Industrial  Photography,"  by  S.  Ashton  Hand. 


450  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PICKS  AND  MATTOCKS 


Net   prices   at   Chicago   for   picks   and   mattocks,   in   quantities, 
are  as  follows: 


RAILROAD    OR    CLAY    PICKS. 

Weight,  Lbs.  Price,  Each.  Price,  Per  Doz. 

7%  $0.52  $5.23 

8%  .54  5.54 

The  above  have  adze  eye,  pick  and  chisel  points,  and  are  made 
of  high  grade  solid  steel.  The  points  are  made  of  crucible  tool 
steel. 


STANDARD    DIRT  PICKS. 

Weight,  Lbs.  Price,  Each.  Price,  Per  Doz. 

5  to  6  $0.32  $3.15 

6  to  7  .34  3.37 

7  to  8  .36  3.60 
9  to  10                                  .45  4.50 


DRIFTING   PICKS. 

WTeight,  Lbs.  Price,  Each.  Price,  Per  Doz. 

±V2  $0.38  $3.85 

6  .45  4.57 

These  drifting  picks  have  adze  eye  and  the  points   are  of  the 
best  grade  of  crucible  tool  steel. 


MATTOCKS    (ADZE    EYE). 

Weight,  Size  Blade,  Size  Cutter,  Price,  Price, 

Lbs.                 Ins.  Ins.  Each.  Doz. 

Short  cutter 5              3%x7V2  2^x4*4  $0.36  $3.60 

Long   cutter 6%          3^x7%  2%x5%  -36  3.60 

Pick  mattocks,  weighing  5%  Ibs.,  with  a  blade  4%x8%  ins.  and 
a  cutter  8^  ins.  can  be  bought  at  a  net  price  of  $4.25  per  doz. 

Asphalt  Mattocks.  The  net  prices  for  asphalt  mattocks  in 
quantities,  at  Chicago,  are  as  follows.  For  a  mattock  with 
crucible  steel  cutter  and  chisel  ends,  weighing  9  Ibs.,  the  cost  is 
90  cts.  each,  or  $9  per  doz.  A  mattock  with  double  cutter,  weigh- 
ing 8  Ibs.,  can  be  bought  for  60  cts.  each,  or  $6  per  doz. 


PIER  AND  FOUNDATION  PLANT 


PIERS   AND    FOUNDATIONS    FOB   THE    CHICAGO,    MILWAU- 
KEE &  FUOrET  SOUND  RY.  BRIDGE   CROSSING 
THE    COLUMBIA   RIVER.* 

The  bridge  crosses  the  Columbia  River  about  420  miles  from 
its  mouth.  At  this  point  the  river  has  a  width  at  low  water  of 
1,050  ft.,  at  average  high  water  of  2,800  ft.,  and  at  extreme  high 
water  of  4,500  ft.  The  bridge  is  2,898.84  ft.  long;  its  approaches 
are  timber  trestle  on  concrete  pedestals  and  are  1,315.58  ft.  and 
323.58  ft.  long  respectively.  The  principal  dimensions  of  the  piers 
are  given  in  Table  I.  All  piers  have  a  batter  of  %  in.  to  1  ft.  on 
the  sides  and  downstream  end  of  3  ins.  to  1  ft.  on  the  cutwaters. 
The  footings  vary  in  width  from  13  to  32  ft.  and  in  length  from 
32  to  60  ft. 


TABLE  I.— TOTAL  COST  OF  THE  PIERS,  DISTRIBUTING  ALL 
GENERAL    AND    INCIDENTAL    EXPENSES. 


Width 

Length 

under 

under 

Height 

Pier 

coping 

coping 

overall 

"A" 

6'  6" 

25'  6" 

34.8' 

1 

8'  0" 

30'  5V8" 

39.1' 

2 

8'0" 

30'  5%" 

39.0' 

3 

8'  0" 

30'5V8" 

39.1' 

4 

8'  0" 

30'  5Vs" 

38.5' 

5 

8'  0" 

30'  5%" 

39.2' 

6 

8'0" 

30'  5%" 

40.1' 

7 

8'  6" 

31'7%" 

43.3' 

8 

9'  0" 

32'  9%" 

59.6' 

9 

9'  0" 

32'  9V2" 

64.0' 

10 

10'  0" 

30'  1" 

91.0' 

11 

10'  0" 

30'  1" 

92.4' 

12 

8'  6" 

31'7%" 

41.0' 

13 

8'  0" 

30'  5%" 

41.5' 

14 

8'0" 

30'5V8" 

38.5' 

"B" 

6'  6" 

25'  6" 

29.4' 

Total    . 

Cost  per 

Height 

Cu.  yds.  of 

Total 

cu.  yd.  of 

overall 

concrete 

cost 

concrete 

34.8' 

290          $ 

5,458.62 

$18.82 

39.1' 

500 

9,933.79 

19.84 

39.0' 

498 

9,709.65 

19.40 

39.1' 

500 

9,644.64 

19.29 

38.5' 

490 

11,391.38 

23.25 

39.2' 

503 

10,953.16 

21.77 

40.1' 

572 

11,692.62 

20.44 

43.3' 

622 

16.369.79 

26.32 

59.6' 

1,404 

42,792.03 

30.48 

64.0' 

1,506 

42,283.20 

28.07 

91.0' 

2,363 

58,078.26 

24.58 

92.4' 

2,452 

63,925.50 

26.07 

41.0' 

584 

13,328.93 

22.82 

41.5' 

528 

11,139.24 

21.09 

38.5' 

487 

9,685.11 

19.89 

29.4' 

240 

5,133.13 

21.38 

13,539 


$331,519.05 


$24.49 


For   12   land  piers,   5.814   cu.   yds. 

yd.  of  concrete 

For  4   river  piers,   7.725   cu.    yds.; 

of  concrete 


an  average  cost  per  cu. 


average  cost  per  cu.  yd. 


$21.40 
26.81 


"•Condensed  from  a 
Northwest  Society  of 
December,  1910. 


paper  by   R.   H.   Ober,   before   the   Pacific 
Engineers.      Proceedings   Vol.    IX,    No.    3, 


451 


452  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Transporting  Construction  Materials.  About  14,000  tons  of 
material  and  supplies  were  required  for  the  construction  of  the 
bridge  substructure  and  of  the  line  near  the  river.  The  cost  of 
freighting-  material  across  country  by  wagon  from  the  nearest 
railroad,  a  distance  of  about  35  miles,  was  estimated  at  $12  per 
ton.  This  cost  and  the  character  of  the  service,  with  its  delays 
and  uncertainties,  made  this  impracticable,  and  it  was  determined 
to  handle  all  freight  by  river  if  possible.  Navigation  between  the 
site  of  the  bridge  and  a  supply  point  on  the  river  below  the 
Cabinet  Rapids,  about  one-half  mile  from  Vulcan  Station  on  the 
Great  Northern  R.  R.  and  8  miles  below  the  Great  Northern  bridge, 
was  considered  to  be  practicable  for  light  draft  river  steamers. 
Arrangements  were  made  for  the  construction  of  a  stern  wheel 
river  steamer  of  the  type  generally  used  on  the  upper  Columbia 
River,  and  the  steamer  St.  Paul  was  built  at  Trinidad  and  placed 
in  commission  on  October  30,  1906.  The  principal  dimensions  of 
the  steamer  are  as  follows: 

Length  of  hull. . 115  ft. 

Beam 22  ft.  6  in. 

Beam  over  guards 25  ft. 

Draft    light about  18  in. 

Draft   loaded about  3  ft. 

Gross  tonnage about  200  tons           x' 

Actual  freight  capacity 112  tons 

Engines,  high  pressure,  non-condensing,  with 
cylinders  10  inches  diameter,  48  inches 

stroke,  boiler  pressure 200  Ibs. 

This  steamer  cost  about  $11,000  to  build  and  was  used  not  only 
for  handling  materials  and  supplies  but  also  for  towing  and 
tending  at  the  bridge,  handling  barges,  etc.  The  operating  ex- 
pense for  a  period  of  about  27  months  was  as  follows: 

Fuel $10,200 

Wages  of  crew  and  charter  of  steamer 28,800 

Total ... $39,000 

The  cost  of  unloading  and  handling  freight  from  the  cars  at 
Vulcan  to  the  steamboat  landing,  about  one-half  mile  distant,  by 
wagon,  was  about  $2  per  ton.  The  cost  of  handling  by  steamer 
from  Vulcan  to  the  bridge,  a  distance  of  about  36  miles,  ranged 
from  about  $1  to  $4  per  ton,  varying  at  different  stages  of  the 
river,  averaging  approximately  $1.80  per  ton,  making  the  cost  of 
freight  from  the  cars  to  the  bridge  about  $3.80  per  ton. 

Contract.  A  contract  was  entered  into,  on  a  percentage  basis, 
for  the  construction  of  the  substructure  and  trestle  approaches, 
and  for  the  erection  of  the  falsework  for  the  superstructure. 

Under  this  contract  the  contractor  furnished  all  tools,  outfit, 
machinery  and  equipment  necessary  for  the  doing  of  the  work, 
with  the  exception  of  equipment  of  a  nature  not  generally  used 
by  the  contractor  and  of  a  character  peculiarly  required  by  the 
nature  of  the  work  to  be  done,  which  latter  equipment  was  fur- 


PIER  AND  FOUNDATION   PLANT  453 

nished   by   the  railway   company.      The   plant   furnished   by   the 
contractor  included  the  following:: 

6  hoisting-  engines. 

5  stationary  engines. 

1  rock  crusher  and  engine. 

2  concrete   mixers. 

2  eight-inch   centrifugal  pumps. 

2  six-inch  centrifugal  pumps. 

4  steam  pumps. 

3  steam  boilers,  40,  60  and  80  h.  p. 
2  steam  drills. 

6  derricks. 

2  pile  drivers. 
1  steam  hammer. 

1  electric  light  engine  and  dynamo. 
12  dump  cars,  1%  cu.  yds. 

6  flat  cars. 

11,000  feet  steel  rails. 

12  steel  hoisting  buckets. 

5  skips. 

2  orange-peel  dredges. 
1  clam-shell  dredge. 

37  coils  of  Manila  rope. 

10,000  lineal  feet  of  %"  wire  rope. 

14,000  lineal  feet  of  %"  wire  rope. 

12,700  lineal  feet  of  %"  wire  rope. 

900  lineal  feet  of  1"     wire  rope. 

Small  tools  and  fittings  as  required. 

The  total  value  of  this  plant  was  approximately  $48,000. 


464  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PILE  DRIVERS 


There  are  three  types  of  pile  drivers: 

1.  Free    fall,    in    which    the    hammer    is    detached    from    the 
hoisting  rope  and   allowed  to   fall   freely  upon  the  pile. 

2.  Friction    clutch,    in    which    the    hammer    remains    always 
attached  to  the  hoisting  rope,  and  by  means  of  a  friction  clutch 
on   the  hoisting  engine   the  drum  is   thrown  into  gear  or  out  of 
gear   at   will. 

3.  Steam   hammer  or  pile  hammer,  which   is   described   under 
that  heading. 

A  free  fall  hammer  strikes  about  7  blows  a  minute  when  the 
fall  is  20  ft.  and  a  hoisting  engine  is  used.  A  friction  clutch 
strikes  about  18  blows  per  minute  when  the  fall  is  12  ft.,  and 
25  blows  per  minute  when  the  fall  is  5  ft.  A  steam  hammer 
strikes  about  300  blows  per  minute.  A  railway  pile  driver  is  a 
heavy  driver  of  the  overhanging  type,  mounted  on  a  flat  car, 
either  drawn  by  an  engine  or  self  propelled.  Similarly,  a  scow 
pile  driver  is  a  pile  driver  mounted  on  a  scow.  A  scow  pile 
driver  will  drive  more  piles  per  day  than  a  railway  pile  driver 
because  there  is  no  delay  engendered  by  the  sawing  off  and 
capping  of  each  pile  in  order  to  allow  the  machine  to  pass 
over  it. 

Pile  drivers  range  in  height  from  30  ft.  up;  the  highest  pile 
driver  in  the  world  in  1908  was  one  108  ft.  high. 

A  large  pile  driver  traveling  on  a  track  was  used  by  the 
government  on  the  Columbia  River  Improvement.  Its  equipment 
consisted  of  boilers  and  engines  for  hoisting  a  5,700  pound  ham- 
mer and  of  boilers,  pumps,  etc.,  for  operating  a  water  jet.  The 
machine  had  a  reach  on  each  side  of  30  ft.  and  the  height  of 
leads  above  the  cut-off  of  the  piles  was  80  ft.  The  largest 
pile  which  the  leads  would  take  was  26  inches  in  diameter 
and  piles  up  to  this  size  were  driven  by  using  the  hammer  in 
combination  with  the  water  jet.  Piles  30  inches  in  diameter 
were  driven  by  resting  the  hammer  on  their  edges  and  driving 
with  the  jet.  Piles  as  long  as  150  ft.  were  driven  on  this  work. 
The  total  weight  of  the  machine  was  60  tons  and  its  cost  about 
$12,000. 

The  Louisville  &  Nashville  R.  R.  Co.  used  a  railway  pile  driver 
of  their  own  make.  Mr.  G.  W.  Hinman  gave  the  cost  of  operation 
per  day  as  follows: 

Foreman  and  10  men $22.00 

Engineer,  fireman  and  watchman 6.80 

Conductor  and  2  flagmen 7.00 

Coal,  oil  and  waste 2.50 

Use  of  locomotive 12.00 

For  use  of  driver  and  tools 2.50 

Total    .  $52.80 


PILE  DRIVERS  455 

The  above  crew  was  used  for  building  short  trestles,  say  of  30 
to  40  piles.  When  longer  trestles  were  built  a  larger  crew 
proved  more  economical  because  of  fewer  delays  to  trains.  This 
pile  driver  was  also  used  as  a  derrick  and  material  of  all  kinds 
was  unloaded  with  it. 

Mr.  Aron  S.  Markley  said  that  the  Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois 
Railway  used  a  Bay  City  pile  driver.  This  was  self-propelling 
arid  made  about  8  miles  per  hour  under  its  own  steam.  It  was 
able  to  haul  5  or  6  cars  on  a  level  grade.  When  the  pile  driving 
was  done  within  1%  miles  of  a  side  track  an  engine  was  rarely 
used  to  haul  it.  The  operator  was  paid  $2.50  per  day.  The 
hammer  weighed  2,800  Ibs.,  and  the  original  cost  of  the  entire 
machine  was  $4,500.  Very  few  repairs  were  necessary;  the 
chains  and  sprockets  being  about  the  only  parts  which  needed 
renewing,  and  they  had  a  life  of  from  1  to  1  %  years.  The 
machine,  when  working,  drove  from  40  to  50  piles  per  day. 

Pile  drivers  mounted  on  sills  for  operation  by  a  steam  engine 
cost  as  follows: 

Price  complete  without  blocks,   lines  or  engine: 


• 

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1  Price 
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1,500 

6^4 

18 

$36.00 

30 

$   86.00 

$135.00 

$220.00 

$22.00 

1,800 

6% 

18 

45.00 

30 

93.00 

135.00 

230.00 

22.00 

2,000 

7^4 

19 

48.00 

35 

111.00 

175.00 

285.00 

27.00 

2,500 

19 

58.00 

40 

148.00 

235.00 

360.00 

27.00 

3,000 

1  2 

20 

66.00 

50 

155.00 

430.00 

590.00 

40.00 

Pile  drivers  mounted  on  sills  are  usually  operated  by  horse 
power.  When  so  operated  the  hammer  on  the  small  sizes  is 
raised  direct;  on  the  large  ones  the  end  of  a  line  is  fastened 
to  a  post  or  other  deadman,  carried  through  a  tackle  block  on 
the  main  hoisting  line,  and  tied  to  the  whiffle  trees.  Winches, 
bolted  to  the  ladder,  can  be  used  to  raise  the  hammer  but  are 
very  slow.  Prices  complete  without  blocks,  lines  or  engine,  are 
as  per  table  on  following  page. 


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PILE  DRIVERS  457 

Adjustable  trips,  for  regulating  the  length  of  stroke,  cost: 
For  hammer  of  2,500  Ibs.  and  over  ............  '.  .  ..........  $18.50 

For  hammer  of  1,200   to  2,000  Ibs  .........................    12.75 

For  hammer  of  1,000  Ibs.  and  under  ......................    10.00 

A  small  pile  driver  30'  high  with  a  hammer  head  weighing 
2,200  Ibs.  was  constructed  at  the  following  cost.  Bill  of  lumber 
for  the  driver  is  as  follows: 

Ft.  B.  M. 
2  Pieces     4"x  6"x30'   (leads)    ......  .  ....................      120 

1  Piece       6"x  6"x  4'   (cross-piece)    .....................        12 

2  Pieces     6"x  6"x1  6'   (base)    ...........................        96 

2  Pieces     2"x  4"x32'   (ladder)     .........................        43 

2  Pieces     2"x  4"x  2'   (ladder  rungs)    ...  ................        24 

1  Piece       4"x  4"x26'   (sway  braces)    ....................        64 

1  Piece       2"x  4"x20'   (long  front  sill)    ..................        13 

1  Piece       2"x  4"xl4'   (short  rear  sill)    ..................          3 

1  Piece     12"xl2"x  4'   (drum)     ..........................        48 

30  Pieces     I"xl2"x  6'   (bull  wheel)    .....................      180 


Total 


Two    carpenters    and    two    laborers    built    this    driver    in    two 
days,    total    cost    was: 

700  Feet  B.  M.  at  $20.00  ..................................  $14.00 

Bolts   and  nails    .........................................  2.00 

Labor   ...................................................  18.00 

1,200-lb.  Pile  hammer  ....................................  50.00 

1  Pair  nippers   ...........................................  5.00 

1  Snatch  block  ...........................................  3.00 

240  Feet  of  1-in.  rope  .....................................  10.00 


Total $102.00 

The  City  of  Chicago  in  1901  constructed  some  intercepting 
sewers  by  day  labor.  Wakefield  sheet  piling  2x12  in.  x  20  ft., 
Norway  and  Georgia  pine  lumber,  surfaced  one  side  and  one 
edge,  was  used.  It  was  found  that  Norway  pine  would  stand 
about  50  per  cent  more  blows  under  a  drop  hammer.  The  city 
built  with  its  own  labor  a  turntable  drop  hammer  pile  driver. 
The  hammer  weighed  3,000  Ibs.  The  driver  was  equipped  with  a 
7x10  inch  double-drum  hoisting  engine  and  a  duplex  steam  pump 
for  jetting.  The  leads  were  40  ft.  long.  It  cost  $2,200.  In  op- 
eration it  was  found  practical  to  swing  the  driving  apparatus 
about  once  each  day.  In  ordinary  driving  the  crew  averaged  90 
pieces  of  sheeting  in  8  hours,  which  is  equivalent  to  45  ft.  of 
trench.  The  pile  driving  crew  consisted  of  13  men  costing  $40.66 
per  day,  which  gives  a  cost  of  90  cts.  per  ft.  of  sewer.  The  bill 
of  material  required  for  90  ft.  of  piling  was  as  follows: 

10.8  M.,  B.  M.,  2xl2-inch  x  20-foot  timber,   @   $22.00 $237.60 

900   50  D  Spikes,   @    $2.65  per  100 23.85 

1  Ton  of  coal  for  pile  driver 2.90 


Total    $264.35 

This  gives  a  cost  of  $5.87  per  ft.  of  trench,  or  a  total  cost  of 
$6.77  per  ft. 

During  the  six  months  ending  June  30,  1910,  the  cost  of  repairs 


458  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

\  i 

to  all  pile  drivers   on  the   Panama  Canal   work  was   an   average 
of    $9.42    per   day    for    442    days   of   work. 

The  pile  drivers  used  on  the  work  of  improving  Lincoln  Park, 
Chicago,   during   1910   and   1911,   were  of  the   drop   hammer   type, 


Fig.  191.     Special  Traveling  Pile  Driver. 

equipped   with   45    ft.   leads   and    2,400-lb.    hammers.    The  cost   of 
operation  of  Driver  No.    1   during  1910  was  as  follows: 

Hours  in  commission 768 

Labor  operation $2,629.70 

Fuel  and  supplies    485.90 

Labor   repairs 515.78 

Towing,  4y2  hours,  @   $2.72 12.24 

Insurance     85.00 


Total   cost    $3,728.62 

Cost  per  hour    4.74 

The  cost  of  operation  and  repairs  on  Drivers  No.  1  and  No.  2 
during  1911  are  here  given.  The  extensive  repairs,  including 
a  new  deck  house  and  a  new  boiler  to  fit  driver  No.  2  for  work, 
accounts  for  the  high  repair  cost  for  that  machine. 

COST  OF  OPERATION  AND  REPAIRS  OF  PILE  DRIVER  NO.  1 

Hours    in   commission 1,135 

Labor     $4,962.22  $4.37 

Fuel    215.65  .19 

Supplies     325.80  .29 

Watching    225.04  .20 

Insurance     79.20  .07 


$5,807.91  $5.12 


PILE  DRIVERS  459 

Repairs: 

Labor    $  550.28  $0.48 

Material     194.04  .17 


$     744.32  $0.65 

Total  operation  and  repairs $6,552.23  $5.77 

COST  OF  OPERATION  AND  REPAIRS  OF  PILE  DRIVER  NO.  2. 

Hours   in   commission 634 

Operation:  Per  hour. 

Labor    $2,771.85  $4.37 

Fuel    126.80  .20 

Supplies     184.77  .29 

Watching    132.30  .21 

Insurance    79.20  .13 


$3,294.92  $5.20 
Repairs: 

Labor    $1,237.89  $1.95 

Material     676.57  1.06 

Derrick    ...                                                                             60.58  .10 


$1,975.04  $3.11 


Total  operation  and  repairs '.  .$5,269.96  $8.31 

Steam  or  Air  Hammer.  The  principle  of  operation  is  the 
alternate  rapid  rising  and  driving  down  of  a  ram  of  considerable 
weight,  by  steam  or  compressed  air.  It  gives  a  lighter  blow 
than  the  drop  pile  hammer,  but  its  blows  follow  each  other  so 
rapidly  that  the  pile  and  the  ground  do  not  have  time  to  settle 
back  into  their  normal  static  condition  before  the  next  blow 
strikes  the  pile.  It  does  not  split  or  broom  the  pile  head  as  much 
as  the  drop  hammer  does,  and  it  holds  the  pile  more  steady. 
The  hammer  illustrated  in  Fig.  192  can  be  suspended  in  the 
leads  of  a  pile  driver  or  hung  from  a  derrick,  crane  or  beam. 
Table  127  gives  the  sizes,  weights,  prices,  etc.,  including  fittings 
for  attaching  hose  to  hammer  but  no  hose.  Hose  costs  as  follows: 
Size,  Inches.  Number  of  Plies.  Price  per  Foot. 

%  5  $0.48 

1  5  .60 

1  1/4  6  •  .90 

1  1/2  6  1.08 
1%                                            6  1.30 

2  7  1.74 

Another    make    of   hammer    is    as    follows : 

c  . 

*       I       l|      8  *'        I|       g        g 

s         £  td         5  •«       l~l        M 

PH  b§          ~  U    .-  ^«  *  ®  S*  "ft  ^0  ® 

fs,  ^  <j^          PQ  PQ  £  °*          02  PH  i-3  PH 

2"         139        100        75-80          8-10        400        3%        2%         3' 6"      $200 
4"        628        150        75-80        12-15        325        5%        3  &        4' 6"        300 

The  driving  cap  for  steel  piling  costs  $10  extra. 


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PILE  DRIVERS 


461 


Fig.   192.     Steam   or  Air  Pile   Driver  for  3-Inch   Sheet   Piling. 


*  Referring  to  downward  force  in  table  on  preceding  page,  the 
duty  of  hammers  is  usually  given  in  "wood"  units;  the  sheet 
steel  piling  equivalents  are  as  follows: 

Hammers  driving  2"xl2"  sheeting  will  drive  9"  sheet  steel 
piling  to  20'  penetration. 

Hammers  driving  3"xl2"  sheeting  will  drive  12"  sheet  steel 
piling  to  20'  penetration. 

Hammers  driving  4"xl2"  sheeting  will  drive  12"  sheet  steel 
piling  to  25'  penetration. 

Hammers  driving  14"  round  piles  will  drive  12"  sheet  steel 
piling  to  40'  penetration. 

Hammers  driving  18"  round  piles  will  drive  15"  sheet  steel 
piling  to  60'  penetration. 


462  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

PILING 


.  Hardwood  piles  are  used  where  the  driving  is  difficult  and  the 
soft  varieties  where  it  is  easy.  In  1910  in  New  York  and  the 
North  Central  States  the  price  was  about  as  follows.  Spruce  or 
yellow  pine,  12x6  inches,  30  to  35  ft.  long,  10  to  11  cts.  per  ft; 
spruce,  40  to  45  ft.  long,  11  to  12  cts.;  short  leaf  yellow  pine, 
50  ft.  long,  15  cts.;  same  60  ft.  long,  15  to  16  cts.;  long  leaf,  50 
ft.  long,  17  to  22  cts.;  60  ft.  long,  18  to  23  cts.;  oak,  18  to  22  cts.; 
scrub  oak,  short  lengths  and  odd  sizes,  10  cts.  and  up.  The  charge 
for  driving  a  pile  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  is  about  $3.00. 

Pile  points,  or  shoes,  with  4  straps  cost:  Square,  each  95  cts. 
to  $1.40;  oblong,  each  $1.05  to  $1.50;  round  of  6-in.  diameter,  each 
$1.40;  8-in.,  each  $2.75;  10-in.,  each  $4.25.  Pile  bands  to  prevent 
brooming  are  made  of  1-in.  iron,  2  to  4  ins.  wide  and  cost  from 
$2.00  to  $4.00  each. 

Cost  of  piling  and  piles  in  the  construction  of  an  ore  dock  for 
the  Duluth  &  Iron  Range  R.  R.,  is  abstracted  from  an  article  by 
Leland  Clapper,  in  Engineering  and  Contracting ,  July  17,  1912. 

The  following  tables  give  the  time  of  the  various  classes  of 
labor  and  of  the  outfits  used  in  carrying  out  different  parts  of  the 
work.  The  time  allowed  for  outfit  includes  only  the  time  while 
actually  in  use.  A  40  H.  P.  gasoline  boat  did  most  of  the  towing 
and  the  time  of  its  engineer  is  included  in  the  tables. 

In  Table  I  for  sheet  piling,  the  item  "preparing  and  handling" 
includes  spiking  on  the  tongues  and  grooves,  using  about  50 
%x8-in.  spikes  per  pile,  also  sharpening,  loading  by  derrick  from 
skidway  to  scow,  and  unloading  at  the  drives.  The  item  "waling 
and  tying"  covers  the  placing  of  the  temporary  inside  guide 
timbers,  the  temporary  outside  waling  timbers  and  all  tempo- 
rary and  permanent  bolts  and  anchors. 

I.— TIME  COST  OF  SHEET  PILING   (2,350  PILES). 

Hours  per  100 
Preparing  and    Handling:  Hours.  Sheet  Piles. 

Foreman     370  15.58 

Carpenters 520  21.89 

Skilled  labor 1,630  0Z2*?A 

Common   labor    4,950  208.40 

Engineer    340  14.31 

Tug  and  crew 40  1.68 

Derrick  scow    250  10.53 


590  24.84 

skiTiedTabor' '.::::;:;::::::::.. 1,890  79.57 

Common  labor  2,160  90.94 

Engineer  830  34.94 

Drivers  570  ^4.00 

Cutting  Off:  _  _„ 

Common  labor  1.766  71.57 

Waling  and  Tying:  760  ^  QQ 


nters ...  2,380  100.20 

v^ll  LCI  s»        ...... •••  »  od?*»    A  c\ 

Skilled    labor    6,330  266.49 

Common  labor    13,370  562.88 

Engineer    1.960 

Tug  and  crew 40  l.b| 

Derrick   scow    1,040  43.78 

Drivers     57°  24-°° 


PILING 


463 


Table  II  for  round  piles  includes  only  those  piles  in  the  dock 
proper.  The  item  "pointing  and  handling"  includes  sorting,  point- 
ing, rafting  and  delivering  to  drivers.  The  cutting  includes  the 
removing  of  the  old  pile  heads.  .,••;.• 

II.— TIME  COST  OF  ROUND  PILE  WORK   (163,500  PILES). 

Hours  per 

100  Lin.  Ft. 

.0122 

.2135 

1.4213 

1.4579 

.0793 

.2135 


Pointing    and    Handling:  Hours. 

Foreman     20 

Engineer    350 

Skilled    labor    2,330 

Common  labor    2,390 

Derrick    scow 130 

Team     350 

Driving: 

Foreman 670 

Engineer     670 

Skilled    labor    2,670 

Common  labor   2,690 

Pile  driver   660 

Cutting  Off  Piles: 

Foreman     130 

Skilled   labor    600 

Common  labor   3,180 


.4087 

.4087 

1.6287 

1.6409 

.4026 

.0793 

.3660 

1.1 


Fig.   193.     No.  5   Hammer   Driving   Wemlinger  Piling. 

The  standard  dovetailed  sheet-piling  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railway  used  by  Mr.  Kruttschmitt  in  closing  breaks  on  the 
Mississippi  levees,  is  described  as  follows  in  the  Reclamation 
Record. 

"The  main  body  of  each  pile  is  composed  of  a  4xl2-in.  plank 
with  the  lower  end  adzed  to  a  slope  of  about  15  degrees  with 


464 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


the  horizontal,  so  as  to  force  the  piling  in  driving  against  the 
preceding  one.  On  one  edge  of  the  body  is  nailed  two  strips  made 
of  1-in.  boards,  having  their  exterior  edges  in  the  plane  of  the 
face  of  the  pile,  and  their  interior  edges  beveled  so  as  to  form  a 
trapezoidal  groove  between  them  with  a  larger  base  adjacent  to 
the  body  of  the  pile.  This  larger  base  is  made  about  2  inches 
in  length,  the  shorter  base  about  1  inch  in  length.  On  the  other 
edge  of  the  main  body  of  the  pile  is  nailed  a  single  strip  made  of 
1-in.  boards  and  so  beveled  as  to  permit  it  to  slip  snugly  between 
the  beveled  opening  on  the  adjacent  pile.  The  strips  are  nailed 
to  the  main  pile  with  lOd  wire  nails  spaced  6  ins." 

The   cost  of  making   1   sq.    ft.   of   this   piling  would   be  about 
as  follows: 

1  4"xl2"xl2"  plank   at   $30  per  M.,   B.    M $0.12 

3   2"x  I"xl2"  planks  at  $30  per  M.,  B.  M 015 

6  lOd  wire  nails  at  $2.20  per  keg 002 

%  hour  of  carpenter  at  50  cents  per  hour 125 

Total    $0.262 

Wemling-er    Sheet    Steel    Piling-    illustrated    in   Fig.    193    costs, 
f.  o.  b.  New  York,  as  follows: 


Type. 
1-A 
2-A 
3-A 
4-B 
5-B 
6-B 
7-B 
8-C 
9-C 

10-C 


WITH    SHORT    CLIPS. 
Thickness.      Price  per  Sq.  Ft. 
$0.24 
.28 
.29 
.285 
.32 
.34 
.37 
.42 
.45 
.55 


Extra  per  Clip. 
$0.14 
.15 
.16 
.16 
.17 
.18 
.19 
.20 
.21 


Type. 
11-B 
12-B 
13-B 
14-B 
15-C 
16-C 
17-C 
1S-D 
19-D 
20-D 


WITH  FULL  LENGTH  CLIPS. 

Price  per  Square 

Thickness.         Foot,  Including  Clip. 
7/64  $0.34 


5/35 


.39 

.42 
.48 
.54 
.62 
.64 
.73 
.87 


Wakefield  Piling1  is  suitable  for  light  or  medium  heavy  work. 
It  has  been  used  with  great  success  on  small  sewers.  The  spe- 
cial cap  necessary  for  use  in  driving  costs  $10. 

The  cost  of  Wakefield  sheeting  complete  and  ready  for  driving 
for  Lincoln  Park  improvement,  Chicago,  1911,  was  as  follows: 


PILING 


465 


1,784  Pieces  6-in.  Sheeting,  24  ft.  Per  piece. 

Labor    $1,682.31  $0.94 

Hardware    115.96  .07 

Lumber     7,457.12  4.18 

Total    $9,255.39  $5.19 

200  Pieces  6-in.  Sheeting,  28  ft. 

Labor     $    188.60  $0.94 

Hardware    130.00  .07 

Lumber     974.00  4.87 

Total    $1,292.60  $5.88 

94  Pieces  9-in.  Sheeting,  12  ft. 

Labor     $      88.36  $0.94 

Hardware    8.74  .09 

Lumber    294.22  3.13 

Total    $    391.32  $4.16 

105  Pieces  9-in.  Sheeting,  14  ft. 

Labor     $      98.70  $0.94 

Hardware     9.45  .09 

Lumber    383.25  3.65 

Total     $    491.40  $4.68 

428  Pieces  9-in.  Sheeting,  18  ft. 

Labor     $    402.32  $0.94 

Hardware    38.52  .09 

Lumber    2,011.60  4.70 

Total     $2,452.44  $5.73 

1,742  Pieces  9-in.  Sheeting,  24  ft. 

Labor     $1,637.48  $0.94 

Hardware     156.78  .09 

Lumber     10,922.34  6.27 

Total     $12,716.60  $7.30 

200  Pieces  9-in.   Sheeting,  28  ft. 

Labor     $    188.00  $0.94 

Hardware    18.00  .09 

Lumber     1,462.00  7.31 

Total    .            $1,668.00  $8.34 

Total  cost  of  4,553  pieces $28,267.75 

Summary: 

Total   cost  of  labor $  4,285.77 

Total  cost  of  hardware „ 477.45 

Total  cost  of  lumber 23,504.53 

$28,267.75 

lackawanna  Steel  Pilingf,  illustrated  in  Fig.  194,  costs,  f.  o.  b. 
cars  Pittsburgh,  about  1.5  cents  per  Ib.  It  comes  in  any  length 
up  to  70  ft.  and  its  other  dimensions  are  as  follows: 


Thick-  Weight  per    Dist.  Center 

ness  of  Square  Foot  to  Center  of 

Web,  Ins.  of  Wall,  Lbs.  Joints,  Ins. 

A  B 


40.00 
35.00 
21.50 


12% 
12% 


Weight 

per  Lineal  Width  of  Joint 

Foot,  Lbs.  Over  All,  Ins. 

C 

42.500  3  45/64 

37.187  3  45/64 

12.54  153/64 


466  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

This  piling  drives  easily.  In  a  test  a  50-ft.  length  was  driven 
47  ft.,  under  a  5-ton  hammer  striking  90  blows,  with  a  penetra- 
tion of  1  inch  at  the  last  blow. 


Fig.  194.     123^-  inch  Piling,  %-lnch  and  '/2-lnch  Web. 


TEST   OF   DRIVING-   STEEL   SHEET  PILING,   CLEVELAND,   O. 

One  place  on  the  short  line  of  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  R.  R.  around 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  required  tunneling  under  the  grounds  of  a  manu- 
facturing plant.  The  tunnel  was  to  have  two  standard  grade 
tracks  at  an  elevation  of  about  50  ft.  below  yard  level  of  this 
plant.  The  wash  test  borings  taken  at  this  point  showed: 

Below 

Grade 
Yard   level    to   5    ft  ....................  Slag  and  cinders. 

5   ft.   below   to   20   ft  .........    ,  .......  Yellow    clay    and   gravel. 

20    ft.   below   to   30   ft  ..................  Fine  gravel. 

30   ft.   below   to   40   ft  ........  ..........  Coarse  gravel. 

40   ft.   below   to   50   ft  ..................  Fine  sand. 

50   ft.   below   to   55    ft  ..................  Coarse   sand   and   gravel. 

55    ft.    down  ...........................  Hard  pan  (blue  clay). 

The  fine  sand,  40  to  50  ft.,  was  in  the  nature  of  quicksand,  and 
there  was  a  surcharged  load  at  the  sides. 

The  engineers  of  the  Lake  Shore  R.  R.  decided  on  steel  sheet 
piling.  This  work  required  60  ft.  penetration.  Five  bars  of 
12%-in.  x  y2-in.  Lackawanna  steel  sheet  piling,  weighing  40  Ibs. 
per  sq.  ft.  and  50  ft.  long  were  ordered  for  this  test.  These 
bars  were  driven  by  a  No.  1  Vulcan  hammer,  weighing  10,150 
Ibs.,  total  striking  part  5,000  Ibs.  with  a  42-in.  stroke.  In  general 
the  record  was  as  follows: 

No.  1  Pile   (experimenting,  etc.     Accurate  record  not  taken.) 

Blows 
No.   2  Pile  20  min.  actu'al  driving  time  ....................    1.136 

No.  3  Pile  23Ve  min.  actual  driving  time  ..........  ........    1,572 

No.  4  Pile  35  min.  actual  driving  time  ....................    2,284 

No.  5  Pile  20%   min.  actual  driving  time  ..................  i.283 

No.  5  pile  was  followed  down  to  10  ft.  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  in  18%  minutes,  with  1,153  blows.  All  five  bars  were 
driven  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  making  a  penetration  of 
50  ft. 

Jones  &  Laug-hlin  Piling*,  illustrated  in  Fig.  195,  costs  about  1.5 
cts.  per  lb.,  f.  o.  b.  Pittsburgh.  It  is  made  in  any  length. 


PILING 


467 


No. 

2 
3 
4 
5 


Size 
(Ins.) 
12x5 
12x5 
15x6 
15x6 
15x6 


Wt.  per  Sq.  Ft. 
(Lbs.) 
35.00 
36  25 
37.20 
39.75 
42.25 


Fig.   195. 


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Costs  about  I.Scts.perlb. 
Fig.   196. 


ISO  Jo 


JUS" 


Costs  about  /.Sets. per Ib, 
Fig.  197. 


Pig.  198.     Interior  View  of  Chicago  Avenue  Pumping  Station,  Show- 
ing Interlocking  Steel  Sheeting  Driven  Alongside  of  Pumps 
Which   Were   in   Continuous  Operation. 
468 


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PILING  471 

The  Bush  Terminal  Co.  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  decided  in  1910  to 
substitute  steel  for  wood  sheet  piling  in  the  construction  of 
the  foundation  pits  of  their  new  buildings.  Each  of  the  288 
reinforced  concrete  columns  in  these  buildings  requires  the 
digging  of  a  foundation  pit  10  ft.  x  12  ft.  x  12  ft.  deep.  In 
excavating  some  of  the  first  of  these  pits,  the  sheeting  was  of 
2xlO-in.  wood  piling  which  cost  $1.00  per  horizontal  foot,  in- 
cluding rangers,  bracing  and  removal,  making  a  cost  per  pit  of 
about  $44.  This  wood  was  good  for  only  2  or  3  drivings,  an 
average  of  2^. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  steel  piling  similar  to  the 
above,  of  the  6-in.  x  12-  ft.  section,  weighing  11  Ibs.  per  ft.,  were 
purchased.  This  quantity  was  sufficient  for  about  40  pits,  and  it 
has  already  been  re-used  over  14  times,  and  is  yet  in  very  good 
condition.  The  bracing  consists  of  2  sets  of  6x8-in.  rangers  with 
one  cross  bar  of  the  same  dimensions,  but  it  has  beeh  found  that 
lighter  bracing  can  be  used.  This  piling  was  driven  by  hand, 
with  wooden  mauls  for  about  one-half  the  distance,  and  with 
iron  sledges  for  the  remainder,  a  special  cap  being  employed. 
It  was  pulled  by  hand,  also,  with  a  wooden  beam  for  a  lever. 

The  average  cost  of  40  pits  sheathed  with  steel  piling  has  been 
$14.63  for  driving  and  $4.84  for  pulling,  or  about  2%  cts.  and  1 
ct.  per  sq.  ft.,  respectively.  The  steel  piling  cost  $222  per  pit, 
or  43  cts.  per  sq.  ft.  For  the  14  times  it  has  been  re-used,  this 
makes  a  total  cost  as  follows: 

Steel  material   $222.00 

Driving  14  times 205.00 

Pulling  14  times 68.00 

Total  for  14  pits $495.00 

Average  cost  of  1  pit 35.30 

This  shows  a  saving  over  wood  of  about  $9  per  pit,  or  20  per 
cent,  and  the  steel  material  is  still  available  for  future  use. 

The  above  matter  has  been  compiled  from  an  article  by  Mr. 
F.  T.  Lewellyn  in  Engineering  Record. 

The  table  on  following  page  has  been  abstracted  from  the 
Carnegie  Steel  Co.'s  booklet,  "Steel  Sheet  Piling." 


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472 


PILING 


473 


JACKSON'S    INTERLOCKING    STEEL    SHI 
Costs  about  1.5  cts.  per  Ib.  "base." 
STYLE    No.    1. 


ro. 


Composed    of   15-inch,    33-lb.    Channels,  Iwpitrht   49  The?   n^r  *«    ft 
and  15-inch,  42-lb.  I-Beams.  '  J  V\  eight,  4.  sq.  ft. 


or 


12-inch, 


12-inch,    Weight>  40  lbs    per  sq.  ft. 


STYLE  No.   2. 

Composed   of   5-inch,    6^-lb.    Channels,}™. 

and  9-inch,  21-lb.  I-Beams.  j  Weight,  33  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 

Furnished  with  or  without  wood  filling. 
STYLE  No.  3. 

Composed  of  standard  12-inch,   31%-lb.l 

I-Beams,   with  patented  Interlocking  j- Weight,  34  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 
Clips,  J 

or 

9-inch,    21-lb.    I-Beams,    with    patented  I  _..   ..    on  ..  ft. 

Interlocking  Clips.  J  Weight,  30  lbs.  per  sq.  ft. 

This  material  is  classified  under  freight   schedules   as   "Struc- 
tural  Steel."     Can  be  furnished  in  any  length. 

CONCRETE    PILES. 


—  J 

•HmtofCorv 
..  Casing, 

/(Shorn,  in  Cnas- 
^rf,U_     Of 

Kjon 

•    . 

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Con 

* 

9 

ig.  200.        Fig.  2 

Fig.  202.          Fig.  203. 


Fig.  204. 


Fig.  200.  A  core  and  cylindrical  casing  are  first  driven  to  the 
required  depth. 

Fig.  201.  The  core  is  now  removed  and  a  charge  of  concrete 
dumped  to  the  bottom  of  the  casing. 

Fig.  202.  The  core  is  now  used  as  a  rammer,  to  compress  this 
concrete  into  the  surrounding  soil.  The  process  is  repeated  until 
the  base  is  about  3  feet  in  diameter. 

Fig.  203.  The  enlarged  base  being  completed  the  casing  is  filled 
to  the  top  with  wet,  concrete. 

Fig.  204.  The  final  step  is  to  withdraw  the  cylindrical  casing 
from  the  ground.  The  completed  Pedestal  Pile,  consisting  of  a 
monolithic  concrete  column  17  inches  in  diameter  surmounting  a 
broad  base  3  feet  in  diameter,  is  thus  left  in  the  ground. 


474  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Concrete  piles  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  those  molded 
and  hardened  before  driving  and  those  molded  in  place.  There 
are  several  patented  methods  of  driving  and  molding  piles  in 
place,  some  presenting  advantages  over  others  under  different 
conditions  to  be  met  in  the  work  and  soil.  The  Simplex  pile  em- 
ploys a  cylinder  to  which  is  fitted  a  cast  iron  or  steel  point; 
when  the  pile  has  been  driven  to  the  required  depth  the  cylinder 
is  filled  with  concrete  and  is  then  pulled  out,  leaving  the  point  at 
the  bottom  and  the  wet  concrete,  settling,  completely  fills  the 
hole.  The  Pedestal  pile  is  constructed  by  driving  a  cylinder  and 


Fig.  205.     Two  views  of  the  foot  of  an  experimental   Pedestal   Pile. 
The  large  irregular  projection   is  a  stone  which  was 
cemented   into  the  foot. 


core  together.  When  the  required  depth  is  reached  the  core  is 
withdrawn,  some  concrete  is  poured  in  and 'the  core  is  then  used 
as  a  tamper  to  compress  the  concrete  below  the  cylinder  into  the 
ground  to  form  an  enlarged  bearing  foot  or  "pedestal." 

It  is  evident  that  in  soft,  water  bearing  ground  or  in  ground 
below  water  the  above  methods  cannot  be  used  or,  if  used  in 
very  soft  ground,  there  cannot  be  any  certainty  that  a  perfect 
pile  has  been  made,  and  the  result  at  best  must  be  doubtful. 
Such  conditions  are  met  satisfactorily  and  well  by  the  Raymond 
method.  A  tapering  shell  and  core  are  driven  in  the  ground 
together.  The  shell  is  left  in  the  ground  and  filled  with  concrete. 
In  any  of  the  above  methods  reinforcing  steel  may  be  introduced 
as  required.  These  piles  are  all  controlled  by  the  patentees 
or  those  licensed  by  them,  who  take  contracts  for  doing  the  work 
themselves.  Mr.  Gillette  gives  costs  for  the  Simplex,  10  cents 
per  lineal  foot,  which  should  also  be  about  the  cost  of  the 
pedestal  pile. 

The  John  Simmons  Co.  are  supplying  sectional  casings  in 
lengths  of  4  ft.  to  20  ft.  The  sections  are  fitted  together  as  the 
driving  proceeds  by  means  of  an  interior  sleeve;  the  pile  may  be 
driven  with  a  cast  point,  or  if  without  a  point  the  dirt  or  sand 


Fig.     206.       Raymond     Pile     Core     and 
Shell.      The    Shell    Shown    to    the 
Right    of    Core    Appears    as    It 
Would    Be    When    in    Posi- 
tion in  the  Soil. 


Fig.   207. 


Fig.  208.     Ripley   Combination   Wood    and    Concrete   Pile. 
4"~r 


/VOTE:  dff  concrete ptks  can  Ae  nf/rrfbrcect '/f  des/rec/. 


W/neM&h 


Reinforcing  Bars 


Fig.   211.     End   Cross   Section   for  Al!    Piles. 
476  • 


PILING 


477 


may  be  jetted  out,  the  concrete  in  either  case  being  poured  in 
when  the  pile  has  reached  the  required  depth.  The  particular 
advantage  of  this  pile  is  that  it  can  be  used  where  the  head 
room  is  limited.  The  cost  of  casing  ranges  from  83  cts.  a  foot  to 
$2.75,  depending  upon  the  sizes  (9-in.  to  12-in.)  and  the  length 
of  the  pieces. 

Cast  piles  may  be  made  in  any  section,  circular,  square,  tri- 
angular, or  corrugated.  They  are  reinforced  with  bars  or  mesh 
or  with  bars  and  mesh,  or  with  bars  and  hoops  or  even  with 
built-up  sections,  as  I-beams;  in  short,  piles  are  reinforced  just 
as  columns.  They  are  driven  in  the  same  way  as  are  wooden 
piles. 

Piles   are  cast   in   horizontal   molds    like   bearm,    or   in    vertical 


Fig.  212.     Chenoweth    Machine   for   Manufacturing    Reinforced   Con- 
crete  Piles  60   Feet   Long,   14  to    16   inches   in    Diameter. 

molds  like  columns.  They  are  allowed  to  set  hard  before  forms 
are  removed  and  to  harden  thoroughly  for  30  days  before  being 
driven.  Often  an  iron  pipe  is  molded  in  the  pile  at  its  center 
throughout  its  length  for  use  of  a  water  jet  to  help  in  the  driving. 

Mr.  Gillette  gives  costs  of  making  and  driving  48  piles,  30 
ft.  6  ins.  long,  14  in.  x  14  in.  at  butt,  and  9  in.  x  9  in.  at  tip,  as 
$1.63  per  lin.  ft.,  admittedly  a  high  cost.  The  cost  per  lin.  ft. 
of  pile  for  the  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  board  walk  is  given  as  $1.41. 
This,  too,  is  a  high  cost,  as  the  piles  were  of  more  or  less  com- 
plicated construction.  They  were  jetted  down,  no  driving  being 
done. 

The  Chenoweth  pile  is  reinforced  with  rods  and  wire  mesh,  the 
rods  are  wired  to  the  mesh,  the  concrete  is  then  spread  flat  on 
the  mesh,  and  all  are  rolled  together  on  a  machine  built  for 
the  purpose.  Piles  up  to  61  ft.  in  length  can  be  made  on  this 
machine.  They  are  driven  with  a  regular  pile  driving  machine, 


478 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


preferably,  as  is  the  case  with  all  concrete  piles,  with  a  machine 
having  a  steam  hammer.  Mr.  Gillette  gives  the  cost  of  this  pile 
as  $1.50  per  lin.  ft.  in  place. 

Another   rolled  pile  is   the  Ripley   Combination  pile,   in   which 
concrete    rf-inforced    with    wire   mesh    is    rolled    around    a   wooden 


Fig.   213.     Cast    Iron    Point    Driving    Form    Ready   to  Start   Driving. 
Point  in  Position  and  Form  Being  Lowered. 

pile.  The  concrete  in  this  case  is  useful  to  strengthen  the  pile 
and,  particularly,  to  protect  it  from  the  action  of  the  teredo  or 
marine  borer,  for  in  docks  having  a  concrete  superstructure 
of  girders  and  beams,  the  joint  of  the  girder  and  wood  and  con- 
crete pile  would  be  a  difficulty,  tending  rather  to  the  making  of  a 
weak  joint  at  a  critical  point  of  the  structure. 


PIPE 


APPROXIMATE  WEIGHTS,  DIMENSIONS,  ETC. 
Standard  Sewer  Pipe. 


Calibre, 

Thickness, 

per  toot, 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Pounds. 

3 

% 

7 

4 

% 

9 

5 

% 

12 

6 

% 

15 

8 

23 

9 

28 

10 

35 

12 

1 

45 

15 

1% 

60 

18 

85 

20 

'   1% 

100 

21 

1% 

120 

22 

iy2 

130 

24 

1% 

150 

27 

2 

224 

30 

2% 

250 

33 

214 

310 

36 

2  % 

350 

Double  Strength  Pipe. 


L    OUUKtiL? 

Inches. 

2% 
3 
3 
3 

i* 

4 
5 
5 

APPROXIMATE  WEIGHTS,  DIMENSIONS,  ETC. 
Deep  and  Wide  Sockets,  Standard. 


Weight 

Calibre, 

Thickness, 

per  I*  oot, 

Inches. 

•    Inches. 

Pounds. 

15 

1  */4 

75 

18 

iy2 

105 

20 

1% 

130 

21 

1% 

148 

22 

1  5/6 

160 

24 

2 

185 

27 

2  14 

260 

30 

2  *X> 

310 

33 

2  % 

340 

36 

2% 

400 

Annular 

Av.* 

Space, 
Inches. 

Price 
per  Foot. 

^4 

$0.075 

% 

.075 

% 

.12 

% 

.12 

.165 

. 

.24 

.24 

i^ 

.30 

% 

.405 

\j- 

.57 

% 

.675 

QO 

% 

.  y  u 
.90 

% 

.975 

% 

1.71 

% 

2.09 

114 

2.69 

1% 

3.01 

Annular 

Av.* 

Space, 
Inches. 

Price 
per  Foot. 

Mj 

$0.473 

% 

.685 

y2 

.833 

1.11 

% 

1.11 

% 

1.20 

?4 

2.07 

% 

2.53 

1^4 

3.19 

1^4 

3.57 

Calibre, 
Inches. 

Thickness, 
Inches. 

per  Foot,   < 
Pounds. 

)f  Socket! 
Inches. 

4 

i/z 

10 

2 

5 

% 

14 

2V2 

6 

16 

2V2 

8 

25 

2% 

10 

/» 

36 

2% 

12 

1 

46 

3 

15 

65 

3 

18 

i1! 

86 

20 

i  % 

107 

3  */2 

21 

iy2 

130 

3% 

22 

1% 

145 

3% 

24 

1% 

150  - 

4 

Annular 
Space, 
Inches. 


Av.* 
Price 
per  Foot. 
$0.0775 
.124 
.124 
.1705 
.248 
.31 
.419 
.589 
.697 
.93 
.93 
1.007 

•There  is  a  wide  variation  in  prices  of  this  product.  The  prices  given  on  this  and 
following  page  are  for  standard  length  pipe  in  carload  lo'ts,  delivered  at  New  York, 
and  are  the  average  prices  for  1913. 

For  pipe  in  3  ft.  lengths,  with  standard  sockets,  prices  are  approximately  the  same 
as  the  corresponding  prices  for  pipe  with  deep  and  wide  sockets. 

For  3  ft.  lengths  with  deep  and  wide  sockets  the  prices  are  approximately  equal 
to  the  given  prices  for  deep  and  wide  socket  pipe  plus  the  difference  between  deep 
and  wide  socket  and  standard  socket  pipe. 

479 


480 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


APPROXIMATE   WEIGHTS,   DIMENSIONS,   ETC. 
Deep  and  Wide  Sockets,  Double  Strength. 


Calibre, 
Inches. 

15 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 


Thickness, 
Inches. 


Weight  Depth 

per  Foot,  of  Sockets, 

Pounds.  Inches. 

76  3 

107  3% 

135  31/2 

148  3% 

165  3% 

190  4 


Annular 
Space, 
Inches. 


Av.* 
Price 
per  Foot. 
$0.486 
.703 
.855 
1.14 
1.14 
1.235 


DRAIN  TILE. 
QUANTITY   OF   PIPE  IN   MINIMUM  CARLOAD  OF  24,000  LBS. 

No.  Standard,  Double 


Inches.   Feet. 

3  . 

3,500 

4  . 

3,000 

5  . 

2,000 

6  . 

1,700 

8  . 

1,100 

9  . 

1,000 

10  . 

700 

12  . 

600 

15  . 

450 

18  . 

308 

20  . 

234 

24  . 

160 

27 

110 

30  . 

100 

36  . 

75 

Strength. 


320 

240 

192 

160 

136 

100 

90 

75 

65 


Hexagon  Drain  Ti!e 


Fig.  214. 


DRAIN  TILE  HARD  BURNED  AND  VITRIFIED. 


Size,  Inches. 
2 

1* 

5 
6 


List  Pric< 


Ys,  Ts,  Ells  and 
Curves,  Each. 
$.07 
.075 
.09 
.12 
.18 
.225 


Approximate 

Weight 
per  1,000  Feet. 
3,000 
3,500 
4,000 
7,000 
10,000 
13,000 


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U  ..............  iz'o"  ......  — 

Fig.   216. 


TABLE   130.—  STANDARD  DIMENSIONS  OF  PIPE. 

High   Pressure  Service. 
Classes  E,  F,  G,  H. 


Nominal  Diameter, 
Inches, 

i 

M 
1 

5 

Actual  Outside  Di- 
ameter, Inches. 

Diam.  of  Sockets. 

Depth  of  Sockets. 

Nominal  Diameter, 
Inches. 

Pipes  and  Specials. 

a 

b 

e   R 

6 

E-F 

7.22 

8.02 

4.00 

1.50 

1.75 

.75 

.10 

6 

6 

G-H 

7.38 

8.18 

4.00 

1.50 

1.85 

.85 

.10 

6 

8 

E-F 

9.42 

10.22 

4.00 

1.50 

1.85 

.85 

.10 

g 

8 

G-H 

9.60 

10.40 

4.00 

1.50 

1.95 

.95 

.10 

8 

10 

E-F 

11.60 

12.40 

4.50 

1.75 

1.95 

.95 

.10 

10 

10 

G-H 

11.84 

12.64 

4.50 

1.75 

2.05 

1.05 

.10 

10 

12 

E-F 

13.78 

14.58 

4.50 

1.75 

2.05 

1.05 

.10 

12 

12 

G-H 

14.08 

14.88 

4.50 

1.75 

2.20 

1.20 

.10 

12 

14 

E-F 

15.98 

16.78 

4.50 

2.00 

2.15 

1.15 

.10 

14 

14 

G-H 

16.32 

37.12 

4.50 

2.00 

2.35 

1.35 

.10 

14 

16 

E-F 

18.16 

18.96 

4.50 

2.00 

2.30 

1.25 

.15 

16 

16 

G-H 

18.54 

39.34 

4.50 

2.00 

2.55 

1.45 

.15 

16 

18 

E-F 

20.34 

21.14 

4.50 

2.25 

2.45 

1.40 

.15 

18 

18 

G-H 

20.78 

21.58 

4.50 

2.25 

2.75 

1.65 

.15 

18 

20 

E-F 

22.54 

23.34 

4.50 

2.25 

2.55 

1.50 

.15 

20 

20 

G-H 

23.02 

23.82 

4.50 

2.25 

2.85 

1.75 

.20 

20 

24 

E-F 

26.90 

27.90 

5.00 

2.25 

2.85 

1.70 

.20 

24 

30 

E 

33.10 

34.10 

5.00 

2.25 

3.25 

1.80 

.50 

30 

30 

F 

33.46 

34.46 

5.00 

2.25 

3.50 

2.00 

.55 

30 

36 

E 

39.60 

40.60 

5.00 

2.25 

3.70 

2.05    1.70 

36 

36 

F 

40.04 

41.04 

5.00 

2.25 

4.00 

2.30   1.80 

36 

483 


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488  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

WOOD  STAVE  PIPE. 
Key   to  Table  of  Dimensions  and  Prices  Following. 

A — Machine  banded  fir  stave  pipe,  f.  o.  b.  ships  tackle,  Portland 
or  Seattle.  Pipe  packed  and  crated  for  export. 

B — Pipe  made  of  Oregon  or  Douglas  fir,  with  1%  in.  shell. 
Lengths  of  pipe  from  8  to  16  ft.,  with  not  more  than  10%  less 
than  10  ft.  Inserted  joint  couplings  made  of  the  pipe  (slip 
joint),  one  end  of  pipe  being  trimmed  off  for  3  ins.,  forming  a 
tenon,  the  other  end  to  be  reamed  to  receive  tenon.  The  wire 
gauge  used  to  be  W.-M.  Standard,  No.  4  being  0.225  and  No.  2 
being  0.263  inches  in  diameter.  (B  1) — Wood  sleeve  coupling  to 
be  of  same  class  of  material  as  the  pipe  sections,  and  not  less 
than  6  ins.  in  length.  No  sap  wood  allowed  in  couplings.  Coup- 


Fig.    217.     Thirty-six    Inch    Continuous    Wooden    Stave    Pipe    for 
Irrigation  System. 

lings  to  be  spirally  wound  with  wire  having  a  spacing  not 
greater  than  one-half  of  spacing  of  wire  on  pipe.  (B  2) — Indi- 
vidual band  coupling  to  be  made  of  staves  and  in  same  manner 
as  wood  sleeve  coupling,  except  that  individual  bands  of  round 
mild  steel  of  size  designated  shall  be  used  for  the  banding. 
Each  band  to  be  headed  and  threaded  and  supplied  with  nut  and 
washer,  and  a  malleable  cast  iron  or  drop  forged  shoe  to  be  used 
in  cinching  the  bands.  The  wire  used  shall  be  galvanized  and 
have  a  strength  of  not  less  than  60,000  pounds  per  square  inch. 
The  prices  given  are  f.  o.  b.  cars,  Portland,  Ore. 

C~-Fir  pipe  of  1%  in.  staves,  with  8  in.  sleeve  couplings,  each 
with  three  individual  %  in.  round  mild  steel  bands. 


PIPE  489 

D — Similar  pipe  to  C,  but  with  steel  adjustable  clamp  coupling's. 
Weight  per  foot  approximately  the  same  as  C. 

E — Similar  to  C  but  with  %  in.  bands  (spaced  as  shown  in 
table)  instead  of  spirally  wound  wire  and  shipped  "knocked 
down."  The  weight  of  the  lumber  used  would  be  about  2,200  Ibs. 
per  thousand  board  feet  of  lumber,  and  the  weight  of  the  bands 
per  thousand  lineal  feet  of  pipe  as  shown  in  the  table. 

F — Pipe  similar  to  E  but  with  steel  couplings  similar  to 
those  used  in  D.  The  prices  of  pipe  under  C,  D,  E  and  F  are 
given  f.  o.  b.  cars,  dock,  Tacoma. 

G — Redwood  pipe,  machine  banded,  built  in  sections  of  ran- 
dom lengths  of  from  8  to  20  ft.  Wire  having  tensile  strength 
of  60,000  to  65,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.  shall  be  spaced  with  a  safety 
factor  of  4.  The  staves  shall  be  beveled  and  further  provided 
with  a  small  tongue  and  groove.  Prices  f.  o.  b.,  dock,  San 
Francisco. 

H — Continuous  redwood  stave  pipe,  shipped  "knocked  down." 
Lengths  of  staves  to  be  from  10  to  20  ft.  with  about  30%  of 
12  ft.  stock.  Ends  of  staves  to  have  metallic  tongues  made 
from  l%x%  in.  band  iron.  Bands  spaced  with  a  factor  of  safety 
of  4,  to  be  round  mild  steel  with  malleable  iron  shoes.  The 
rods  to  have  a  tensile  strength  of  58,000  to  65,000  Ibs.  per  sq.  in. 
Prices  f.  o.  b.  dock,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 


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PIPE 


491 


The  following  table  shows  the  approximate  weight  of  machine 
banded  pipe  per  lineal  foot,  banded  for  a  head  of  150  feet,  and 
the  number  of  feet  of  pipe  that  can  be  loaded  on  a  car. 


Size  of  Pipe 
(Inches) 

2 

3 

4 

6 

8 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
24 


Approx.  Wt.  per  Ft. 
(Pounds) 


Number  of 
Feet  in  Carload 
9,000 
6,500 
5.500 
3,500 
2,500 
1,500 
1,000 

850 

700 

500 

500 

400 


It   is    possible   to  ^use   standard    cast    iron    water   pipe   fittings 
on  machine  banded  wooden  stave  pipe,  but  the  size  and  weight  of 


Fig.  218.     Twenty-four  Inch   Machine   Banded   Wooden   Stave   Pipe, 
Laid  in  Place,  for  Irrigation  System. 


such  fittings  make  their  use  undesirable.  Lighter  cast  iron  fit- 
tings, built  with  smoother  hubs,  are  especially  designed  for 
wooden  pipe.  The  approximate  weights  of  the  smaller  sizes  are 
as  follows: 


492 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Crosses  

Tees  

Ells  

Bends-  — 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

Ins. 

Lbs. 

2x2x2x2 

33 

2x2x2 

25 

2 

14 

4-45° 

37 

3x3x3x3 

54 

3x3x3 

43 

3 

23 

6-30° 

48 

4x4x3x3 

72 

3x3x2 

57 

4 

44 

6-45° 

52 

4x4x4x4 

88 

4x2x2 

55 

6 

62 

6-20° 

46 

6x6x4x4 

121 

4x3x3 

58 

8 

82 

8-20° 

51 

6x6x6x4 

124 

4x4x3 

57 

8-30° 

62 

6x6x6x6 

133 

4x4x4 

71 

8x8x4x4 

143 

6x2x4 

87 

8x4x8x4 

164 

6x4x4 

91 

8x8x6x4 

147 

6x6x4 

100 

8x8x6x6 

166 

6x6x6 

113 

8x8x8x8 

197 

6x6x8 

133 

8x8x4 

122 

8x8x6 

135 

8x8x8 

155 

When  quotations  on  wooden  stave  pipe  are  requested,  the  fol- 
lowing information  should  be  furnished  the  manufacturer  of  pipe: 

1 — Purpose  for  which  pipe  is  to  be  used. 

2 — Inside  diameter  and  length  of  pipe  required. 

3 — Head  on  pipe  or  pressure  under  which  it  is  to  be  used.  As 
the  banding  varies  according  to  the  head,  it  is  necessary  to  state 
the  lengths  of  pipe  under  different  heads,  or  else  furnish  a  pro- 
file of  the  line. 

The  prices  given  usually  include  the  couplings. 


PATENT    CLAMP    COLLAR, 

A  Clamp  Collar  is  meritorious  for  various  reasons  and  advan- 
tages: On  dredge  pipe,  when  pipe  can  be  connected  without  the 
aid  of  block  and  fall,  and  other  power  devices,  by  simply  abutting 
the  ends  of  sections  of  pipe  together  and  bringing  the  Clamp  Col- 


Fig.  219. 

lar  around  the  point  and  connecting  up  same  by  means  of  thread 
and  nut,  thereby  making  a  perfectly  tight  joint;  for  its  use  in 
taking  out  a  single  section  at  any  place  in  the  line  without  dis- 
turbing any  other  portion  of  the  line;  in  dredge  and  hydraulic 


PIPE  493 

pipe  that  is  worn  thin  on  the  under  side,  making  it  necessary  to 
turn  the  pipe  so  as  to  get  the  strongest  portion  of  the  pipe 
underneath,  where  the  greatest  wear  is  encountered. 

All  that  is  necessary  is  to  slacken  the  nuts  on  the  Clamp  Col- 
lar at  the  end  of  each  section,  thereby  leaving  it  loose  to  be 
turned  to  such  a  position  as  is  desired.  A  section  of  pipe  fre- 
quently becomes  worthless  and  in  order  to  replace  a  section  with 
a  new  one,  other  portions  of  the  adjacent  main  do  not  have  to  be 
disturbed,  as  the  section  can  be  put  in  place,  thereby  repairing 
the  break,  disturbing  only  such  portion  as  is  useless. 


494  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PIPE   COVERINGS 


ASBESTOS. 

These  asbestos  coverings  are  made  for  pipes  %  in.  to  1%  in. 
inside  diameter,  ranging  in  *4  in.  sizes;  for  pipes  1%  in.  to  5  in. 
inside  diameter,  ranging  in  %  in.  sizes;  for  pipes  5  in.  to  10  in. 
inside  diameter,  ranging  in  1  in.  sizes;  for  pipes  10  in.  to  20  in. 
inside  diameter,  ranging  in  2  in.  sizes,  and  for  24  in.  and  30  in. 
pipes.  All  pipe  coverings  are  supplied  in  sections  of  3  ft.  long, 
canvased  and  with  bands. 

Following  is  a  price  list,  on  which  there  is  about  77  per  cent 
discount: 


PRICE  LIST  SECTIONAL  PIPE  COVERINGS  AND   FITTINGS. 

Standard  Thicknesses. 

Inside 
Diam. 
of 


Pipe, 
Inches. 

Price  per 
Lineal  Ft. 

Globe        Flange 
Elbows.         Tees.       Crosses.      Valves.      Covers. 

% 

$0.22 

$0.30            $0.36            $0.48            $0.54            $0.50 

% 

.24 

.30                 .36                 .48                 .54                 .50 

1 

.27 

.30                 .36                 .48                 .54                 .50 

.30 

.30                 .36                 .48                 .54                 .50 

1  % 

.33 

.30                 .36                 .48                 .54                 .50 

2 

.36 

.36                 .42                .54                 .60                 .60 

2% 

.40 

.42                 .48                 .60                ,78                 .70 

3 

.45 

.48                 .54                 .70                 .96                 .80 

3% 

.50 

.54                 .60                 .80               1.20                .90 

4 

.60 

.60                 .75                 .95               1.50               1.00 

4% 

.65 

.72                 .90               1.10              1.85               1.30 

5 

.70 

.90              1.20              1.50              2.25              1.60 

6 

.80 

1.30               1.60              2.00               2.80              190 

7 

1.00 

1.80              2.20              2.80              3.60               2.20 

8 

1.10 

2.40              3.00              3.60              4.40              2.50 

9 

1.20 

3.00              3.80              4.40              5.30              2.90 

10 

1.30 

3.60              4.60              5.20              6.20              3.30 

*12 

1.85 

14 

2.10 

All  pipe  coverings  are  supplied  in  sections 

16 

2.35 

three    feet    long    canvased    and    with    bands. 

18 
20 

2.60 
2.85 

For  irregular  flanges   or  fittings   larger   than 
10     inches     use     our     Magnesia     Cement     or 

24 

3.30 

Asbestos  Cement  Felting. 

30 

4.00 

*  All   magnesia    coverings    above    12    inches    furnished    in    seg- 
mental  form;   other  coverings  in  sectional   form  in  all  sizes. 
Subject  to  discount. 


PIPE  COVERINGS 


PRICE    LIST    SECTIONAL    PIPE    COVERINGS. 

Extra   Thicknesses. 


3-Inch 

Inside 

Thick 

Diameter 

1^-Inch 

•  2-Inch 

Dbl.  Stand. 

Broken 

of  Pipe, 
Inches. 

Thick  per 
Lineal  Ft. 

Thick  per 
Lineal  Ft. 

Thick  per 
Lineal  Ft. 

Joint  per 
Lineal  Ft. 

K 

$0.46 

$0.75 

$0.65 

$1.20 

% 

.49 

.80 

.70 

1.35 

l 

.62 

.85 

.75 

1.40 

1^4 

.56 

.90 

.80 

1.45 

i1/! 

.60 

.95 

.85 

1.55 

2 

.64 

1.00 

.90 

1.65 

2fe 

.70 

1.05 

1.00 

1.75 

3 

.76 

1.15 

1.10 

1.90 

3% 

.82 

1.25 

1.20 

2.05 

4 

.88 

1.35 

1.40 

2.20 

4% 

.94 

1.45 

1.50 

2.35 

5 

1.00 

1.55 

1.60 

2.50 

6 

1.10 

1.70 

1.80 

2.70 

7 

1.20 

1.85 

2.25 

2.90 

8 

1.35 

2.00 

2.50 

3.15 

9 

1.50 

2.20 

2.70 

3.40 

10 

1.65 

2.40 

2.90 

3.65 

*12 

1.85 

2.70 

4.10 

4.10 

14 

2.10 

3.00 

4.60 

4.60 

16 

2.35 

3.30 

5.10 

5.10 

18 

2.60 

3.60 

5.60 

5.60 

20 

2.85 

4.00 

6.00 

6.00 

24 

3.30 

4.50 

7.00 

7.00 

30 

4.00 

5.50 

8.40 

8.40 

*  All    magnesia    coverings    above    12    inches    furnished    in    seg- 
mental  form;  other  coverings  in  sectional  form  in  all  sizes. 
Subject  to  discount. 


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£ 

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200 

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$16.75 

15 

11 

450 

9 

26.25 

22.50 

18 

14 

850 

10 

33.75 

28.00 

496  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PIPE   LINE   TOOLS 


Lead  furnace,  pot,  bar,  grate  and  ladle  on  two  wheels  with 
handle  and  stand.  Of  heavy  boiler  plate  with  wrought  iron 
wheels. 

i  +J  *J~  03 

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18 

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18 
24 
30 

Calking*  Tools.  Calking  hammers,  3  to  4  Ibs.,  handled,  $1.00. 
.  Set  of  5  calking  tools,  %  in.,  &  in.,  %  in.,  &  in.  and  %  in. 
and  1  yarning  iron,  weight  9  Ibs.,  price  24c  Ib. 

Cold  chisels  of  %-in.  octagon  steel,  per  Ib.,  20c. 

Diamond  points,  per  Ib.,   18c. 

Dog  chisels  handled,  2%,  3,  3*&  and  4  Ibs.,  26c  per  Ib. 

Dog  diamonds,  handled,  4  Ibs.,  each  $1.20. 

Bursting  wedges,  8  inches  long,  1^  in.  bit,  weight  2  Ibs.,  20c 
per  Ib. 

Asbestos  joint  runners  range  from  $1.00  for  %  in.  square  for  2, 
3  and  4  in.  pipe  to  $9.25  for  1^4  in.  square  for  48  in.  pipe. 

Sewer  Builders'  Mauls — Net  prices  for  mauls  for  sewer  build- 
ers, etc.,  with  selected  hickory  handles  and  iron  bound  head 
range  from  $1.40  each  for  6x8  and  6x9  in.  sizes  to  $1.50  each 
for  7x9,  $1.60  for  7x10  and  $1.70  for  8x10  in. 

Manhole  Covers. — Current  prices,  f.  o.  b.  New  York  for  man- 
hole covers  are  3y2  to  4  cents  per  Ib.  for  standard  shapes. 


SMALL  TRENCH  TOOLS. 

Weight,  Per 

Pounds.  Each.  Dozen. 

Mauls 22  $2.28  $25.20 

Maul    Roueh                                                       1  22                1-08  11-80 

Maul,   Kougn j  2g                a  2Q  12  go 

Steel   Shoes,   open  end 20                1.31  15.00 

Steel   Shoes,  box 25                169  1800 

Cast  Steel  Plank  Drawer 20  2.44  

Galvanized  Cement  Bucket 10                ...  840 

Oval  Brick  Pails,  11"  depth,  all  iron 1.35  


PIPE   LINE    TOOLS 


497 


Length 

of 

Brace 
Closed 
Overall. 

16" 

18" 

21" 

24" 

27" 

30" 


o 

JX 


Fig.  220. 

"DUNN"  ALL  IRON  BRACES    (STANDARD). 
With  \V2"  Screw  and  1%"  Pipe. 


Length  of 
Screw. 
11" 
12" 
14" 
14" 
16" 
16" 
18" 
18" 
18" 


Weight 
per  Dozen 
Pounds. 
212 
220 
240 
252 
270 
280 
300 
312 
325 


Per  Dozen 
Complete. 
$23.00 
23.00 
24.00 
24.00 
26.00 
26.00 
27.00 
28.00 
29.00 


With  2"  Screw  and  2"  Pipe — Extra  Heavy  Pattern. 
3'  18"  542  $51.00 

3^'  18"  564  52.00 

4'  18"  586  53.00 

4%'  18"  608  54.00 

6'  18"  630  55.00 


Safety  limit  of  extension  6 
in.  to  10  in.,  according  to 
length  of  brace. 

Sizes  given  are  over  all  and 
when  closed.  Special  sizes 
made  to  order. 

Discount  20  per  cent  f.  o.  b. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


Fig.  221.  Laying  48-inch 
Water  Main  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y., 
Width  of  Cut,  5/2  ft.  Size  of 
Brace  Used,  4/2  ft.  (Closed). 


498 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


PLOWS 


GENERAL  PURPOSE  PLOWS. 


Catalogue 
No. 

No.  of 
Horses. 

B-C 

1 

10-O 

1 

19 

2  or  more 

20 

2  or  more 

82 

2 

83 

2  or  more 

84 

2   or  more 

Type. 

Light 

Heavy 

Medium 

Medium 

Light 

Medium 

Heavy 


Capacity. 
5     xlO" 


6y2xl2 
7  x!3 
7i/2xl3 
7y2xl4 
9  x!6 


Price. 

$6.50 
7.20 
8.00 
8.40 
8.40 
8.80 

10.20 


For  wheel  add   $1.00,   for  jointer  add  $1.50,   for  rolling  coulter 
add   $12.50. 


Fig.  222.     Contractors'   Two   or   Four   Horse.     Weight  with   Wheel, 
205    Pounds. 


RAILROAD    OR    GRADING    PLOWS. 


(Suited  for  Very  Heavy  Grading.) 


Fig. 
222 
223 


Horse. 
2  to  4 
4  to  8 


Deep. 
5"  to  9' 


Wide. 
12"xl5' 


Weight, 
Pounds. 

205 

310 


Price. 

$10.00 
23.33 


Points  for  No.   1,  price  30c,  and  for  No.   99,  price  $3.35  each. 

Subsoil  Plow.  (Fig.  224.)  A  two-horse  plow  with  a  capacity 
from  10  to  14  inches  deep,  fitted  with  wheels  and  adjustable 
handles;  weight  143  IDS.,  price  $11.60. 

Pavement  and  Pick  Plows.  (Fig.  225.)  Pavement  pick  plow 
for  4  to  6  horses;  weight  280  Ibs.,  price  $16.67.  Extra  points 
$3.33  each. 

Pavement  Plow,  4  to  6  horses,  adapted  for  tearing  up  cobble 
stones  and  macadam  pavement;  weight  255  Ibs.,  price  $21.00. 


Fig.   223.     Four  to   Eight   Horse.      Weight,  with  Shoe,  310   Pounds. 


Fig.   224.      Two    Horse    Subsoil    Plow. 


Fig.  225.     Four  or  Six    Horse.      Weight,  280   Pounds. 

499 


500 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Bull  Doff  Xbooter  Plow.    (Fig.  226.)    Very  strong  and  suited  for 
the  heaviest  kind  of  work;  weight  290  Ibs.,  price  $25.50. 


Fig.  226.     Bull   Dog    Rooter  Plow. 


Fig.  227.     Side   Hill   Plow. 

Side  Hill  Plow.  (Fig.  227.)  For  two  or  more  horses 
with  a  shifting  clevis,  cuts  5  to  8  inches  deep  and  12  to 
wide;  weight  126  Ibs.,  price  $11.00. 

The  life  of  a  heavy  plow  is  4  to  5  years  where  more 
horses  are  used;  the  cost  of  repairs  may  be  25  cents 
ing  day. 

RAILROAD  OR  GRADING  PLOWS. 


No.  of 
Horses. 
2  to     4 
4  to     6 
6  to     8 
12  to  14 


Weight, 
Pounds. 

150 

175 

230 

280 


Cut, 
Inches. 
10 
10 
12 
12 


Price, 

Each. 

$19.50 

22.00 

26.00 

35.00 


,  equipped 
15  inches 

than  four 
per  work- 


Extra 
Points, 

Each. 

$4.25 
4.25 
5.15 
5.75 


Contractors'  or  township  plows,  right  or  left  hand,  cutting  a 
furrow  10  ins.  wide  and  from  6  ins.  to  12  ins.  deep,  and  weighing 
145  Ibs.,  can  be  bought  for  $16.50  each.  A  heavier  plow,  weigh- 
ing 205  Ibs.,  costs  $20  each.  Extra  points  are  not  included  in 
above  price,  but  can  be  bought  for  $2.25  each  extra.  Road  plows, 
all  steel,  with  cast  iron  beam,  cutting  12  ins.  and  weighing  170 
Ibs.,  can  be  bought  for  $21.  Rooter  or  hard  pan  plows  weighing 
305  Ibs.  cost  $30  each. 


Pig-.  228— Steel  Beam  Plow. 


POST  HOLE  DIGGERS 


Post  Hole  Diggers  and  Augers. — Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  post 
hole  diggers  and  augers  are  as  follows: 


Post  Hole  Diggers. 


Length 
Blade, 
Inches. 

Eureka,  standard  pattern 9 

Eureka,  heavy  pattern 9 

Hexagon    

Champion    6 

Post  hole  augers  with  blades  6  in., 
bought  for  $1.00  each. 


Wt.  to 
Dozen, 
Pounds. 

Price, 
Each, 

Price 
Doz. 

110 
140 
120 
140 

$0.72 
1.05 
.84 
.60 

$7.20 
10.50 
t  8.40 
6.00 

7  in.,  8 

in.,  or  9  in. 

can  be 

Fig.  229. 


Using  Post  Hole  Augers  to  Dig  Holes  for  Posts  for  Office 
Building,    Forest    Hills. 


501 


502  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

POWER 


(See  Boilers.) 

Mr.  Wm.  O.  Webber,  a  consulting  engineer  of  Boston  has  pub- 
lished some  very  interesting  and  most  important  figures  to  show 
the  comparative  cost  of  gasoline,  steam,  gas  and  electricity  for 
small  powers.  His  data  have  been  compiled  on  the  basis  of 
yearly  operation,  the  year  comprising  3,080  hours,  and  for  pur- 
poses of  work  in  the  Northern  climate  these  will  have  to  be  modi- 
fied to  suit  the  special  case  in  point.  I  have,  however,  ab- 
stracted the  tables  without  attempting  to  change  them. 


I.— COST  OF  GASOLINE  POWER. 

Size     of     plant     in 

horsepower    2  6  10  20 

Price   of  engine   in 

place     $150.00  $    325.00  $    500.00  $     750.00 

Gasoline  per  B.   H. 

P.  per  hour %  gal.  %  gal.  1/6  gal.  %  gal. 

Cost  per  gallon $     0.22  $        0.20  $         0.19  $         0.18 

=  cost    per    3,080 

hours    $451.53  $    924.00  $    975.13  $1,386.00 

Attendance     at     $1 

per  day 308.00  308.00  308.00  308.00 

Interest,  5% 7.50  16.25  25.00  37.50 

Depreciation,    5%..        7.50  16.25  25.00  37.50 

Repairs,     10% 15.00  32.50  50.00  75.00 

Supplies,   20% 30.00  65.00  100.00  150.00 

Insurance,   2% 3.00  6.50  10.00  15.00 

Taxes,    1% 1.50  3.25  5.00  7.50 

Power   cost $824.03  $1,371.75  $1,498.13  $2,016.50 


To  these  figures  should  be  added  charges  on  space  occupied,  as 
follows: 


Value   of  space   oc- 
cupied     $100.00 


Interest,  5  % $ 

Repairs,   2% 

Insurance,    1% 

Taxes,   1  % 


Total  annual 
charge  for 
space  $ 


5.00 
2.00 
1.00 
1.00 


Total      cost     per 

annum    $833.03 

Cost  of  1  horse- 
power per  annum 
10-hour  basis 416.51 

Cost  of  1  horse- 
power per  hour  0.1352 


$     150.00 

7.50 
3.00 
1.50 
1.50 


13.50 


200.00 

10.00 
4.00 
2.00 
2.00 


18.00 


$1.385.25          $1,516.13 


239.87 
0.0780 


151.61 
0.0492 


$    300.00 

$  15.00 
6.00 
3.00 
3.00 


$       27.00 
$2,043.50 

102.17 
0.0331 


POWER  503 

II.— COST   OF  ELECTRIC  CURRENT. 

The  costs  for  the  electric  current  which  are  used  in  this  table 
are  figured  from  the  discount  table  shown  as  follows: 

Base  price  =  13  ^c  per  KW.  hour.     Discounts  on  Monthly  Bill. 

Monthly  Bill.               Discounts.  Monthly  Bill.               Discounts. 

$  5 10%  $100  to  $125..  .  40% 

10  to  $  20 15%  125  to  150 45% 

20  to  25 20%  150  to  lr<  5 50% 

25  to  50 25%  175  to  200 55% 

50  to  75 30%  200  to  500 60% 

75  to  100 35%  500  and  over 65% 


For  2-horsepower  plant: 
3,080hrs.  X  2  H.  P.  X  0.746 

82%   Effic. 
then 


5,604.10  KW.  hr.  per  annum 


5,604.1  X  $0.135  =  $756. 55,    annual    cost    without    discount. 
Monthly  bill -=$63.      Discount  =  30%. 
$756.55  X  70%  =  $529.56  =  Annual  cost. 


For  6-horsepower  plant: 

3,080  hrs.  X  6  H.  P.  X  0.746  X  $0.135  X  45% 


Effic. 

Monthly   cost  =  $180.      Discount  =  55% 
For  10-horsepower  plant: 

3,080  X  10  X  0.746  X  0.135  X  40% 

~   87% 

Monthly  cost  =$298.     Discount  = 
For  20-horsepower  plant: 

3,080  X  20  X  0.746  X  0.135  X  35% 


$976.00 


=  $1,425.00 


88.5 
Monthly  cost  =  $585.     Di 
Size  of  plant   in  H.   P  

% 
scount  = 

2 
$    83.00 
100.00 
,$529.56 
20.00 
5.00 
10.00 
5.00 
1.00 
2.00 
1.00 

=  65% 

6 
$118.00 
130.00 
$976.00 
30.00 
6.50 
13.00 
6.50 
1.30 
2.60 
1.30 

10 
$216.00 
240.00 
$1,425.00 
50.00 
12.00 
24.00 
12.00 
2.40 
4.80 
2.40 

20 
$270.00 
300.00 
$2,450.00 
50.00 
15.00 
30.00 
15.00 
3.00 
6.00 
3.00 

Cost  of   motor   in   place  
With    wiring     etc    . 

Cost  of  electricity,  3,080  hrs, 
Attendance    .  .          

Interest     5  %     

Depreciation,    10%    
Repairs    5  % 

Supplies     1%           

Insurance     2% 

Taxes,    1  %     

Total   cost   per   annum  .  . 

Cost   of   1   H.   P.   per   annum 
10-hour    basis 

$573.56 

'$286.78 
$0.0928 

$1,037.20 

$172.86 
$0.0558 

$1,532.60 

$153.20 
$0.0497 

$2,572.00 

$128.60 
$0.0417 

Cost  of  1  H.  P.  per  hour.  .  .  . 

504  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

III.— COST  OF  GAS  POWER. 

Illuminating  gas  used,  760  B.  T.  U.  No  estimate  is  made  on 
the  cost  of  gas  power  using  producer  gas,  as  it  would  not  pay  to 
put  in  a  gas  producer  for  so  small  a  unit. 

$1.50  per  1,000  cu.  ft.  of  gas  less  20%,  if  paid  in  10  days  = 
$1.20  net,  gas  760  B.  T.  U. 


Size  of  plant  in   H    P.  .  .  , 

2 

6 

10 

20 

Engine  cost  if  in  place 

.  .    $200  00 

$375  00 

$550  00 

$1  050  00 

Gas   per   H    P    in   feet.., 

30 

25 

22 

20 

Value  of  gas  consumed,  3 

,080 
$221  76 

$554  40 

$843  12 

$1  478  00 

Attendance     $1   per  day.  , 

,  .  .  .    308.00 

308.00 

308  00 

308  00 

Interest     5% 

10  00 

18  75 

27  50 

52  50 

Depreciation     5%    

.  .  .  .      10.00 

18.75 

27.50 

52.50 

Repairs     10% 

20  00 

37  50 

55  00 

105  00 

Supplies    20% 

40  00 

75  00 

110  00 

210  00 

Insurance     2%           

4.00 

7  50 

11.00 

21.00 

Taxes     1  % 

2  00 

3  75 

5  50 

10  50 

$615  76 

$1  023  65 

$1,387  62 

$2,237.50 

Annual  charge  for  space 

9.00 

13.50 

18.00 

27.00 

Total    cost   per    annum.  .$624.76  $1,037.15  $1,405.62  $2,264.50 

Cost  of   1   H.   P.   per  annum, 

10-hour    basis     $312.28  $172.86  $140.56  $113.22 

Cost  of  1  H.  P.  per  hour $0.1014  $0.0561  $0.0456  $0.0367 


IV.— COST   OF  STEAM  POWER. 

Size   of  plant   in   H.    P 6  10  20 

Cost  of  plant  per  H.  P $250.00  $220.00  $200.00 

Fixed    charge,    14%     35.00  30.80  28.00 

Coal  per  H.  P.   hour,  in  Ibs 20  15  12 

Cost  of  coal  at  $5  per  ton $154.00  $103.00  $82.50 

Attendance,    3,080    hours 75.00  50.00  30.00 

Oil  waste  and  supplies 15.00  10.00  6.00 

Cost  1  H.  P.  per  annum,  10-hr  basis. $279. 00  $194,80  $146.50 

Cost  of  1  H.  P.  per  hour $0.0906  $0.0832  $0.0475 

Mr.  Webber  has  elsewhere  observed  the  fact  that  a  gas  engine 
of  single  cylinder  type,  which  will  operate  on  %  gal.  of  fuel  per 
H.  P.  at  full  load  will  perhaps  require  over  a  gallon  of  H.  P. 
at  a  10%  load;  and  a  small  steam  engine,  which  will  run  on  5 
pounds  of  coal  per  H.  P.  per  hour  at  full  load  may  need  10 
pounds  at  %  load. 

Mr.  W.  O.  Webber  has  also  given,  in  the  Engineering  Magazine, 
some  interesting  detailed  figures  on  the  cost  of  steam  plant  in- 
stallation, which  are  given  in  the  following  table: 


POWER  505 

COST    OF    INSTALLATION    OF    A    10-HORSEPOWER    STEAM 

PLANT.  j 

Land    for    engine    and    boiler    room,    300    sq. 

ft.    @    $1    $300.00 

Boiler   and   engine   room   building,    300    sq.    ft. 

@     $1.50     450.00 

Chimney,    10"x40'    400.00         j 

$1,150.00 

10-horsepower   boiler    241.00 

Boiler    foundation    and    setting,     3,900    C.    B. 

500    F.   B 160.00 

Blow-off  tank    31.00 

Damper  and  regulator    75.00 

Injector    tank    10.00 

Water    meter    40.00 

Piping   for  same    20.00 

Pump    and    vacuum    122.00 

Feed  water  heater 40.00 

Pipe    covering 50.00 

789.00 

Engine,  7  by  10    $184.00 

Foundation   for  same    60.00 

Steam    separator    35.00 

Oil  separator 25.00 

Piping    95.00 

Freight   and   cartage    30.00 

429.00 


$2,378.00 


COST  OF  INSTALLATION  OF  A  60-HORSEPOWER  STEAM 
PLANT. 

Land   for  engine   and  boiler  room $2,500.00 

Buildings  for  engine  and  boiler  room <  2.500.00 

Chimney 1,200.00 

80-horsepower   boiler    $  790.00 

Ash  pan  for  boiler   (below  high  tide  level).       120.00 

Boiler  and  engine  settings 1,282.00 

Blow-off    tank    31.00 

Damper  regulator   75.00 

Injector  tank   10.00 

Water   meter    60.00 

Piping  for  same   22.13 

Pump  and  receiver 146.50 

Feed  water  heater 70.40 

Pipe  covering 70.75 

2,677.78 

Engine,   12  by   30    $1,065.00 

Pan    for   engine   flywheel 72.00 

Steam  separator    60.00 

Oil   separator    41.80 

Piping,   freight  and  cartage    1,026.41 

2,265.27 

Shafting  in  place    $    550.00 

Belting  in  place 285.00 

835.00 

$11,977.99 

$11,977.99-*- 60  =  $199.63  Per  H.  P. 


506 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Mr.  Wm.  Snow  has  contributed  to  the  engineering  press  some 
extremely  useful  tables  of  the  various  costs  of  steam  plant  for 
different  sizes  of  installation. 

Dollars. 
,1000     300      800      700      600      500     400      300      200       100       0 


40  50          60 

Horsepower. 

Fig.  230 — Approximate  Yearly  Costs  of  Steam   Power,  150  Days,  10 

Hours   per   Day,    Simple    Condensing.     Plotted   from 
.     «  Data  Compiled  by  Wm..   E.  Snow. 

From  his  figures  we  have  compiled  the  following  three  dia- 
grams, which  show  graphically  the  effect  of  size  of  plant  upon 
the  various  elements  of  cost. 


FIRST    COST    AND    COST    OF    OPERATING    POWER    PLANTS 
FOR  DRIVING  NORTH  RIVER  TUNNELS  OF  PENN- 
SYLVANIA  RAILROAD,  NEW  YORK   CITY. 

(Extract  from  a  paper  entitled  "The  New  York  Extension  of 
the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  North  River  Tunnels,"  by  B.  H.  M. 
Hewett  and  W.  L.  Brown,  Proceedings  American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  690.) 

Two  power  plants  were  constructed,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
river.  The  plants  contained  in  the  two  power  houses  were  al- 
most identical,  there  being  only  slight  differences  in  the  details 
of  arrangement  due  to  local  conditions.  A  list  of  the  main 
items  of  the  plant  at  one  power  house  is  shown  in  Table  I.  A 
summary  of  the  first  cost  of  one  plant  is  given  in  Table  II. 

In  order  to  give  an  idea  of  the  general  cost  of  running  these 
plants,  Tables  III  and  IV  are  given  as  typical  of  the  force  em- 


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POWER  509 

ployed  and  the  general  supplies  needed  for  a  24-hour  run  of  one 
plant.  Table  III  gives  a  typical  run  during  the  period  of  driving 
the  shields,  and  Table  IV  is  typical  of  the  period  of  concrete 
construction.  In  the  latter  case  the  tunnels  were  under  normal 
air  pressure.  Before  the  junction  of  the  shields  both  plants 
were  running  continuously;  after  the  junction,  but  while  the 
tunnels  were  still  under  compressed  air,  only  one  power  house 
plant  was  operated. 

TABLE  I— PLANT  AT  ONE  POWER  HOUSE. 

Description  of  Item.  Cost. 

3   500-h.p.   water-tube  Sterling  boilers $   15,186 

2  feed  pumps,  George  F.  Blake  Manufacturing  Co 740 

1  Henry  R.  Worthington  surface  condenser 6,539 

2  electrically  driven  circulating  pumps  on  river  front....        5,961 

3  low-pressure  compressors,  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Co..     33,780 

1  high-pressure  compressor,  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Co..        6,665 
3  hydraulic  power  pumps,  George  F.  Blake  Mfg.  Co 3,075 

2  General   Electric   Co.'s   generators   coupled   to   Ball   and 

Wood  engines    7,626 

Total  cost  of  main  items  of  plant .$  79,572 

TABLE  II— SUMMARY  OF  COST  OF  ONE  PLANT. 

Total  cost  of  main  items  of  plant $  79,572 

Cost  of  four  shields  (including  installation,  demolition, 

large  additions  and  renewals,  piping,  pumps,  etc.)..  103,560 
Cost  of  piping,  connections,  drills,  derricks,  installation 

of  offices  and  all  miscellaneous  plants 101,818 

Cost  of  installation,  including  preparation  of  site 39,534 


Total  prime  cost  of  one  power  house  plant $324,484 

TABLE  III — COST  OF  OPERATING  ONE  POWER  HOUSE  FOR 
24  HOURS  DURING  EXCAVATION  AND  METAL  LINING. 

Labor.  Rate  per  Day.         Amount. 

6  Engineers    .               $3.00  $      18.00 

6  Firemen     2.50  15.00 

2  Oilers    2.00  4.00 

2  Laborers     2.00  4.00 

4   Pumpmen    2.75  11.00 

2  Electricians    3.50  7.00 

1  Helper    3.00  3.00 

Total  per  day $      62.00 

Total  for  30  days $1,860.00 

Supplies.                                                      Rate  per  Day.  Amount. 

Coal  (14  tons  per  day) $3.25  $      45.50 

Water 7.00  7.00 

Oil   (4  gals,  per  day) 0.50  2.00 

Waste  (4  Ibs.  per  day) 0.07  0.28 

Other  supplies    1.00  1.00 


Total  per  day $      55.78 

Total  for  30  days 1,673.00 

Total  cost  of  labor  and  supplies  for  30  days 3,533.00 


510  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TABLE    IV — COST    OF    OPERATING    THE    ONE    PLANT    FOR 
24    HOURS   DURING  CONCRETE   LINING. 

Labor.  Rate  per  Day.         Amount. 

2  Engineers   $3.00  $         6.00 

2  Firemen     2.50  5.00 

2  Pumpmen 3.00  6.00 

1  Foreman   electrician 6.00  6.00 

1  Electrician    3.00  3.00 

1  Laborer 2.00  2.00 

Total  per  day $      28.00 

Total  for  30  days 840.00 

Supplies.                                                        Rate  per  Day.  Amount. 

Coal  (14  tons  per  day) $   3.15  $      44.10 

Oil  (4  gals,  per  day) 0.50  2.00 

Water   13.00  13.00 

Other  supplies    2.00  2.00 


Total  per  day $      61.10 

Total  for  30  days 1,833.00 

Total  cost  of  labor  and  supplies  for  30  days 2,673.00 


PUMPS 


I  have  taken  the  following  classification  of  pumps  from 
Turneaure  and  Russell's  "Public  Water  Supplies": 

Pumps  may  be  classified  in  various  ways,  but  for  the  consid- 
eration of  their  mechanical  action  they  may  be  best  considered 
under  the  following  heads: 

1.  Displacement-pumps. 

2.  Impeller-pumps. 

3.  Impulse-pumps. 

4.  Bucket-pumps. 

The  various  subdivisions  of  the  classification  are  shown  in 
table  below: 

j  Double 
Action  ( Single 


0)  p 


Recipro- 
cating 


Rotary 


Class 


Type    -t 


f  Inside-packed 
<  Outside-packed 
[Center-packed 


(  Single 

(•Power  •{  Duplex 
L  Triplex 

j  High-pressure 
I  Compound 

Steam"^  ("Direct-acting 

^Arrangement  •{  Crank  &  flywheel 
L  Compensator 


Application 


[Hydraulic  { 


Arrangement 


j  Surface  (suction) 

(  Submerged  or  deep  well 


Air-displacement  r  Screw 
Steam-vacuum  J  Chain 
Continuous-How  "S  U  pump 

^Double-acting 


Impeller 

Continuous  applica- 
tion through  some 
mechanical  agency 
or  medium 


Centrifugal- 


f  Water 
Jet  •{  Steam 
[Air 


Impeller 


Case 


f  Side  suction 
)  Double  suction 


Arrangement  {Horizontal 


Impulse  (as  name  implies) — Water-ram 

Bucket  (receptacle  alternately  filled  and  emptied)  JBand 


512 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 
CENTRIFUGAL   PUMPS. 


The  centrifugal  pump  (Figs.  233-236)  has  been  developed  and 
perfected  during  the  past  seven  years,  so  that  it  is  now  recog- 
nized as  a  simple,  reliable  pump  of  great  range. 

The  principal  trouble  with  a  centrifugal  pump,  especially 
when  the  pump  is  at  a  substantial  height  above  the  water,  is  in 
starting  it.  When  the  pump  sucks  it  must  be  reprimed  and 
started  again.  Therefore,  if  the  amount  of  water  to  be  handled 


Fig.    233.     Submerged    Type. 


is  not  as  great  as  the  minimum  capacity  there  will  be  many 
stops  and  knock-offs  to  prime.  Before  starting  up  a  steam  pump, 
especially  in  cold  weather,  it  should  be  well  warmed  up  by  live 
steam  from  the  end  of  a  hose  in  order  to  thaw  out  any  ice  that 
may  have  formed  in  the  cylinders  and  to  give  the  iron  parts  a 
chance  to  expand  gradually. 

Iron  Vertical  Centrifugal  Pumps,  submerged  or  suction  type, 
furnished  complete  with  short  shaft  and  coupling,  one  bearing, 
pulley  for  connecting  shaft  and  discharge  elbow,  are  used  exten- 
sively for  irrigation  purposes,  sewage  pumping,  and  for  any 
place  where  a  pump  may  be  placed  in  a  pit.  Suitable  for  ele- 
vating water  50  to  60  feet. 


Fig.  234.     Suction  Type. 


Fig.  235. 


Fiq.  236. 
513 


514 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE    136— IRON    VERTICAL   CENTRIFUGAL    PUMPS. 


Shipping  Wt. 

(Lbs.)          Price  Complete 


el     s 


4 
5 
6 

10 

12 
*12 

18 
*18 

*  Refers  to  low-lift  pumps  for  elevations  up  to  25  feet. 
Iron   Horizontal    Centrifugal    Pumps    for    belt    drive.      A   pump 
used  extensively  for  all  purposes. 

TABLE   137— IRON  HORIZONTAL  CENTRIFUGAL  PUMPS. 


•H 

~£t 

£O 

2% 

.Q  >> 

o 

£1  >. 

o 

3 

PH 

£Z) 

£J 

P-4 

02 

m 

02 

02 

.058 

5x  6 

70 

2'  9" 

120 

135 

$  20.00 

$  30.00 

.10 

7x  8 

120 

3'  4" 

198 

250 

32.00 

50.00 

.22/ 

7x  8 

260 

3'  6" 

235 

340 

47.00 

73.00 

.30 

8x10 

470 

4'  0" 

380 

495 

55.00 

85.00 

.45 

10x10 

735 

4'  7" 

605 

785 

70.00 

105.00 

.59 

12x12 

1,050 

4?  7" 

740 

1,050 

85.00 

140.00 

1.52 

20x12 

3,000 

5'  5" 

1,430 

1,925 

165.00 

275.00 

2.00 

24x14 

4,200 

6'  0" 

2,640 

3,000 

210.00 

350.00 

2.00 

20x12 

4,200 

3'  9" 

2,000 

2,500 

185.00 

325.00 

4.50 

36x18 

10,000 

7'  0" 

6,000 

7,000 

470.00 

790.00 

4.50 

30x16 

10,000 

6'  6" 

2,900 

3,300 

420.00 

710.00 

% 

I 

J>, 

•£W 


!§ 

H3 


£w 
c 

eg"" 

gJ5 

cc3 


C/-N 

«i-3 


3 

5 
6 

10 
12 

*12 

18 

*18 

*24 
24 


2 

70 

.058 

6x  6 

17x31 

175 

3 

120 

.10 

Sx  8 

23x37 

350 

4 

260 

.22 

8x  8 

25x39 

415 

5 

470 

.30 

10x10 

29x41 

615 

6 

735 

.45 

12x12 

34x54 

940 

8 

1,050 

.59 

15x12 

37x55 

1,180 

12 

3,000 

1.52 

24x22 

51x69 

2,610 

15 

4,200 

2.00 

30x14 

63x71 

3,615 

12 

4,200 

2.00 

20x12 

51x59 

2,800 

20 

10,000 

4.50 

40x16 

93x103 

9,000 

20 

10,000 

4.50 

30x16 

66x72 

5,800 

24 

15,000 

6.50 

48x20 

90x98 

10,800 

24 

15,000 

6.50 

48x36 

94x137 

13,000 

5       22.50 

.      37.50 

55.00 

65.00 

82.50 

100.00 

197.50 

250.00 

250.00 

650.00 

575.00 

1,075.00 

1,500.00 


*  Low-lift  pumps  for  elevations  up  to  25  feet. 

The  above  pump,  fitted  with  a  direct  connected  vertical  steam 
engine  costs:  4  in.  side  suction,  4x4  in.  engine  $210.00;  weight, 
1,290  Ibs.  5  in.  side  suction,  5x5  in.  engine,  $224.00;  weight,  1,440 
Ibs.  6  in.  side  suction,  6x6  in.  engine,  $238.00;  weight,  1,570  Ibs. 

Double  Suction  Iron  Pumps,  built  extra  heavy  for  elevating 
water  to  great  heights. 


PUMPS 


DOUBLE   SUCTION   IRON   PUMPS. 


515 


8 

-03 

1 

| 

o 

d 

§ 

h 

O) 
ft 

O  o3 
Pk  °  c 

o 
o  ^ 

M 

R 
I 

K 

m 

be 

1 

% 

02 

03^ 
O 

ffiH^ 

2§ 

E 

!~ 

£ 

&£ 

2 

70 

.058 

7x  8 

20x30 

290 

$   30.00 

2 

3  Vz 

120 

.10 

8x  8 

26x35 

510 

45.00 

3 

SVz 

260 

.22 

8x  8 

27x38 

615 

67.50 

4 

5 

470 

.30 

10x10 

33x40 

900 

87.50 

5 

6 

735 

.45 

12x12 

37x49 

1,530 

125.00 

6 

7 

1,050 

.59 

15x12 

43x51 

1,730 

175.00 

10 

11 

3,000 

1.52 

24x12 

57x73 

3,325 

387.50 

12 

13 

4,200 

2.00 

30x14 

69x82 

5,500 

560.00 

18 

20 

10,000 

4.50 

40x16 

90x80 

9,300 

1,025.00 

Direct  Connected  Dredging1  Pumps,  complete  with  suction  and 
discharge  elbow,  flap  valve  and  steam  primers,  lubricator  and 
oil  cups.  Cast  iron  impellor.  The  shipping  weight  and  the  price 
may  vary  20  per  cent  from  the  averages  given  in  table. 

TABLE   138— DIRECT  CONNECTED  DREDGING  PUMPS. 


p  &  Diam. 
ion  &  Dis- 

o> 

description 

Size  of          •§ 

0 

a  «j 

I 

Ps 

ffi 

i—  i 

0) 

Cylinders      £'«     •£  M           ^ 

3  j-j  60 

o 

'be 
P 

03 

1 

jU 

VT3 

1 

o 
o 

j^  0  0 

EH 

H 

5 

QQ 

O 

^ 

p£ 

£ 

4 

15 

Single 

5 

5 

30 

2 

1,600 

$    224.00 

4 

20 

Single 

6 

6 

30 

2 

1,800 

240.00 

4 

25 

Double 

5 

5 

30 

2 

2,000 

328.00 

6 

15 

Single 

6 

6 

60 

4 

2,500 

285.00 

6 
6 

20 
25 

Single 
Double 

7 
6 

7 
6 

60 
60 

4 
4 

2,700 
3,000 

316.00 
415.00 

8 

15 

Single 

9 

9 

125 

6 

4,750 

501.00 

8 

20 

Double 

7 

7 

125 

6 

5,800 

567.00 

8 

25 

Double 

8 

8 

125 

6 

6,500 

723.00 

10 

15 

Single 

10 

10 

200 

8 

7,500 

645.00 

10 

20 

Double 

9 

9 

200 

8 

9,500 

822.00 

10 

25 

Double 

10 

10 

200 

8' 

10,500 

1,000.00 

12 
12 

15 
20 

Single 
Double 

12 
10 

12 

10 

300 
300 

10 
10 

10,000 
12,800 

892.00 
1,069.00 

12 

25 

Double 

12 

12 

300 

10 

16,000 

1,485.00 

Belt   Driven   Sand   and  Dredging*   Pumps,   complete   except   for 
pipe  or  hose. 


516 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE    139 — BELT  DRIVEN  PUMPS. 


C                          *H/-\ 

o            «  w 

5 
P. 

0? 

o 
cd 

s 

o 

§8     J 

T3 

fc 

bO 

.4 

ra£       ga 

5 

•d 

O 

cd  oj 

d 

«H  0                  ^ 

'3 

cr-: 

^^ 

55 

0.2     >;® 

o^ 

?-»  0^ 

60 

^ 

bo 

Q       .tJ2- 

K£ 

^JS 

+•> 

o 

M 

S-o       §  ^ 

*? 

g& 

ftj» 

85 

S 

I 

2  9     gE 

o 

M1"* 

5° 

1^ 

«ra 

£ 

4 

4            30 

4 

12x12 

1,200 

2 

$108.00 

{j 

6            60 

8 

18x12 

1,850 

*% 

155  00 

8 

8          125 

15 

24x12 

3,600 

6 

245.00 

10 

10          200 

25 

30x14 

4,550 

8 

310.00 

12 

12          300 

30 

40x16 

8,000 

10 

435.00 

TABLE   140  —  WEIGHTS,  DIMENSIONS  AND  PRICES  OF 

DIRECT 

ACTING   STEAM   PUMPS. 

to 

ad 

^, 

>> 

_^ 

of 

^ 

03 

U 

0 

0 

0 

S 

1 

s 

la 

*a 

02 

fa 

o 

S          2^ 

M 

1 

d 

Size  of  Cyl., 

OS 

B     a| 

"S  h 

O  <D 

Do 

1 

£ 

inches 

^ 

M       S 

f£ft 

^ 

£ 

l 

9 

5% 

10           192 

100 

1,500 

$     219.00 

2 

6              9 

5% 

10            192 

100 

3,100 

402.00 

3 

14 

10% 

10            750 

500 

5,400 

543.00 

4 

14 

10 

15            792 

500 

6,400 

600.00 

5 

12            18% 

10% 

10           753 

500 

8,200 

810.00 

fi 

12            17 

10 

15            792 

500 

9,500 

927.00 

7 

17 

14 

15        1,500 

1,000 

13,000 

1,215.00 

8 

14            20 

14 

15        1,500 

1,000 

16,000 

1,530.00 

9 

20            29 

14 

18        2,250 

1,500 

27,000 

2,820.00 

10 

19            30 

15 

24        3,000 

2,000 

40,000 

4,080.00 

11 

10 

6 

10            220 

150 

3,500 

260.00 

12 

10 

7 

10           300 

225 

4,000 

450.00 

13 

12 

8  % 

10            485 

325 

4,300 

550.00 

14 
15 

14 
10            16 

T4 

10           635 

10            485 

425 
325 

6,500 
7,300 

750.00 
900.00 

16 

12            17 

S1/ 

15            635 

425 

9,600 

1,150.00 

17 

12            17 

10% 

15            855 

600 

11,000 

1,320.00 

18 

14            12 

12 

15        1,200 

800 

15,200 

1,500.00 

19 

4V2 

3% 

4             56 

38 

300 

75.00 

20 

5% 

4% 

5           106 

70 

500 

95.00 

21 

6 

5% 

6           172 

115 

660 

125.00 

22 

6 

6           295 

195 

950 

180.00 

23 

7  ¥2 

6 

10            256 

170 

1,200 

21Q.OO 

24 

7  71 

7 

10            352 

235 

1,500 

275.00 

25 

9 

8% 

10            522 

350 

1,900 

350.00 

26 

12 

10% 

10            760 

505 

4,300 

550.00 

27 

12 

12 

10        1,045 

695 

5,100 

650.00 

No.  1  is  a  piston  pump,  suitable  for  general  service  for  150  Ibs. 
water  pressure,  where  the  water  contains  small  quantities  of  grit 
or  foreign  material  or  where  there  is  a  long  suction  lift  and  no 
foot  valve. 


PUMPS 


517 


No.  2  is  a  pump  of  the  compound  piston  pattern  for  general 
service  for  150  Ibs.  A  saving  of  30  to  35  per  cent  in  coal  may 
be  expected  from  the  use  of  compound  steam  cylinders. 

No.  3  is  a  piston  pattern  pump,  suitable  for  the  same  service 
as  No.  1. 

No.  4  is  a  plunger  and  ring  pump  used  in  general  water  supply 
boiler  feeding,  etc. 

No.  5  is  a  compound  plunger  and  ring  pump  for  general  service. 
No.  6  is  of  the  same  type  as  No.  5. 

No.  7  is  a  plunger  and  ring  pump  for  general  service. 
No.  8  is  a  plunger  and  ring  pump  for  general  service. 
Nos.  9  and  10  are  either  piston  or  plunger  and  ring  pumps  with 
semi-rotative    steam     valves.       These    are    suitable    where     fuel 
economy  is  essential  or  where  a  large  amount  of  water  has  to 
be  pumped. 

Nos.  12  to  18,  inclusive,  are  packed  plunger  pumps,  suitable 
for  rough  and  heavy  service,  where  the  water  contains  consider- 
able quantities  of  sand  and  grit,  and  where  the  working  pressure 
to  be  pumped  against  is  over  forty  pounds  per  square  inch,  and, 
as  in  mine  work,  where  it  is  impor- 
tant that  moving  parts  can  be  re- 
packed quickly. 

Nos.  19  to  27,  inclusive,  are  piston 
pumps  for  contractors'  use  where  the 
total  water  pressure  to  be  pumped 
against  is  not  over  35  to  50  Ibs.  per 
square  inch. 

PULSOMETER. 

A  very  well  known  steam  operated 
vacuum  pump  is  the  one  illustVated 
in  Fig.  237.  It  consists  of  two  bottle 
shaped  cylinders  with  the  necessary' 
valve  inlet  and  outlet  pipes.  The 
operation  of  this  pump  is  sustained 
by  alternate  pressure  and  vacuum. 
Steam,  cushioned  by  a  layer  of  air 
automatically  admitted,  is  brought  to 
bear  directly  upon  the  liquid  in  the 
pump  chambers  and  forces  it  out 
through  the  discharge  pipe;  the  sub- 
sequent rapid  condensation  of  the 
steam,  effected  by  the  peculiar  con- 
struction  of  the  pump,  forms  a 
vacuum  in  the  working  chambers, 
into  which  atmospheric  pressure 

Fig>  237t  forces     a     fresh     supply     of     liquid 

through  the  suction  pipe.  This  action  is  maintained  quite  auto- 
matically, and  is  governed  by  a  self-acting  valve  ball  in  the 
neck  of  the  pump,  which  obeys  the  combined  influences  of  steam 
pressure  on  one  side  and  vacuum  on  the  other.  The  valve  ball 


518 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


oscillates  from  its  seat  in  the  entrance  to  one  chamber  to  its 
seat  in  the  entrance  to  the  other  chamber,  thereby  distributing 
the  steam. 

This  pump  will  do  all  classes  of  rough  service  raising  water 
up  to  75  feet  elevation.  It  has  no  piston,  no  packing,  no  oil, 
and  seldom  breaks  down,  but  is  very  uneconomical  of  steam. 

TABLE   141— PULSOMETER  PUMPS. 


Capacity    in    Gals,    per       Price, 
Size  of  Pipe  (Ins.)Min.  at  Different  Eleva-       f.  o.  b. 

tions   and  Boiler   H.    P.  New  York 


S      3 


10 


! 

CO 

o 

3 
GO 

V 

to 

5 

fa 
ko 

<M 

to 

0 

in 

to 
10 

t- 

ft 

rt5 

S& 

1 

14 

1% 

iy2 

20 

17 

13 

4 

$   68 

%   71 

95 

% 

2 

2 

60 

50 

38 

5 

90 

95 

140 

l/2 

2% 

2% 

100 

80 

65 

6 

135 

142 

295 

3 

3 

180 

160 

115 

9 

158 

168 

430 

3  V> 

3  ^/z 

300 

265 

200 

12 

203 

217 

570 

4 

4 

425 

375 

275 

15 

248 

270 

745 

1 

5 

5 

700 

625 

450 

25 

360 

396 

1,375 

1% 

11 

6 

1,000 

900 

650 

35 

450 

495 

2,100 

2 

8 

8 

2,000 

1,800 

1,400 

70   ' 

900 

3,800 

Fig.   238.     Emerson    Pumps   Fighting   Three 
Miles  of  Quicksand   at  Gary,   Ind. 


PUMPS  519 

Each  pump  is  furnished  complete  with  either  basket  or  mush- 
room strained  steam  and  release  valve  connection,  and  pump  hook 
for  suspending  when  necessary,  but  no  piping. 

A  pump  working  on  similar  principles,  but  which  may  be 
slightly  more  economical  in  steam  consumption  and  works 
against  greater  heads,  is  illustrated  in  Figs.  238  and  239.  The 
main  differences  are  in  the  steam  distribution,  which,  in  this  type, 
is  governed  by  a  simple  engine,  and  in  the  necessity  of  oil  for 


Fig.   239.     A   Junior   Emptying    a 
Cofferdam. 

lubrication.  These  pumps  will  work,  admitting  30  per  cent  of 
air  or  25  per  cent  of  grit,  and  a  continuous  run  of  four  months 
has  been  recorded.  They  are  especially  valuable  in  quicksand 
and  wherever  the  quantity  of  water  is  variable.  The  cost  of 
repairs  is  nominal.  v 

These  pumps  are  made  in  two  types;  the  standard  consists  of 
two  vertical  cylinders,  each  with  a  discharge  and  suction  valve, 
topped  by  one  simple,  three-cylinder  horizontal  engine,  with  the 
necessary  air  cocks,  lubricator  and  condenser  piping,  but  no 
steam,  suction  or  discharge  pipe  is  supplied. 


IOU5OOIOO 

f  1-1  LO co co eo 
<M  eo  "*<  ce  o  to 


JU    HI3I9H    £o2£S£ 


520 


PUMPS 


521 


The  Junior  consists  of  a  single  cylinder,  a  steam  piston  valve, 
suction  valve,  discharge  valve,  condenser  pipe,  check  valve  and 
stop  cock,  and  is  furnished  with  the  patented  foot  valve  and  quick, 
cleaning  strainer. 

,  Capacity 

in  Gals.  ,— Greatest-^ 

^-Size  of  Pipes  (Ins. )^      per         Dimensions. 

Cat.  No.  Steam.  Suction.  Dis'ge.  Minute.  Br'dth.  H'ght. 

A  1/2  3  2%          100          14V2          47 

B  %  4  3  150          171/2  47 

C  %  5  4  200          21  47 


Weight, 

Lbs.    Price. 

219        $100 

290  125 

410          175 


Capacities  stated  in  table  in  gallons  per  minute  and  per  hour 
are  calculated  on  a  head  or  lift  of  20  feet.  These  capacities 
diminish  at  the  rate  of  about  6  per  cent  for  each  10  feet  of  addi- 
tional head  up  to  100  feet,  the  highest  lift. 

A  Double  Acting*  Force  Hand  Pump  for  filling  tank  wagons 
from,  brooks  or  other  water  sources  has  a  capacity,  with  on© 
man  pumping,  of  one  to  two  barrels  per  minute.  Maximum  total 
lift  and  force,  50  feet;  maximum  lift  25  feet,  cylinder  diameter 
5  inches,  stroke  5  inches,  capacity  per  stroke  0.85  gallons.  Suc- 
tion hose  2  inches,  discharge  hose  1  inch;  price  of  pump,  with 
strainer,  hose-couplings  and  clamps,  but  no  hose,  $8.00. 

Lift  and  Porce  Diaphragm  Pump,  No.  3,  one  man  pumping, 
capacity,  4,000  gallons  per  hour;  price,  with  15  feet  of  hose, 
$42.00;  with  20  feet  of  hose,  $48.00.  No.  4,  two  men  pumping, 
capacity  6,000  gallons  per  hour;  price,  with  15  feet  of  hose, 
$61.50,  with  20  feet  of  hose,  $70.00.  Diaphragm  pumps  are  suited 


Fig.  240. 

I 

for  general  construction  work,  where  the  pumping  is  inter- 
mittent and  the  amount  of  water  to  be  raised  is  small.  The  life 
of  the  pump  depends  on  the  care  it  is  given  and  the  amount  of 


522 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


grit  the  water  contains.  In  very  gritty  water  a  diaphragm 
wears  out  in  two  or  three  weeks.  These  cost  $1.30  each;  extra 
strainers,  which  are  sometimes  broken  by  careless  handling,  cost 
$1.35  each.  A  set  of  brass  hose-couplings  costs  $3.00. 

Lift  and  Force  Diaphragm  Pump,  No.  6,  capacity  1,000  gallons 
per  hour  with  one  man  working;  weight  50  Ibs.;  price,  with  10 
feet  of  suction  and  25  feet  of  connection  hose,  $54.00.  No.  8, 
4,000  gallons  per  hour  with  two  men  pumping;  weight,  270  Ibs.; 
price,  $104.50.  No.  10,  6,000  gallons  per  hour  with  two  men 
pumping;  weight,  395  Ibs.;  price,  $139.75.  Pumps  alone,  No.  6, 
$25.00;  No.  8,  $70.00;  No.  10,  $90.00.  Pumps,  with  20  feet  of 
suction  hose  and  200  feet  of  connection  hose,  No.  6,  $123.50;  No.  8, 
$200.00;  No.  10,  $276.00. 

The  above  pumps  are  especially  suitable  in  mining  prospecting 
or  for  any  work  where  the  water  contains  as  much  as  50  per  cent 
of  solids.  These  pumps  will  handle  grout  and  quicksand. 

A  Diaphragm  Pump,  known  as  No.  3  Contractors'  Mud  Pump 
<Fig.  240),  with  double  diaphragms,  and  a  gasoline  engine  rated 
at  3  H.  P.,  and  having  a  speed  of  500,  all  mounted  on  a  truck, 
equipped  with  15  feet  of  3  inch  spiral  wire  suction  hose  and  25 
feet  of  discharge  hose,  with  brass  couplings  and  strainer,  tools, 
etc.,  costs  $300.00.  The  capacity  of  this  pump  is  from  6,000  to 
8,000  gallons  per  hour  of  water  containing  a  considerable  amount 
of  sand,  sewage  and  gravel.  It  is  guaranteed  for  one  year; 
weight,  1,000  Ibs.;  space  occupied  2  feet  by  5  feet. 

Suction  or  Bilge  Pump,  consisting  of  a  tin  pipe  with  a  plunger 
worked  by  hand. 

2  in.  diameter,  per  foot $0.45 

2%    in.  diameter,  per  foot 50 

3  in.  diameter,  per  foot 55 

3  %   in.  diameter,  per  foot 60 

4  in.  diameter,  per  foot 65 

Pumps  less  than  5  feet  long  charged  as  5  feet. 

Special  Pump — Fig.  241  is  a  sectional  view  of  the  Marsh  Steam 
Pump,  and  shows  the  steam  valve  in  position,  the  steam  and 


Fig.  241.     The  Improved  Marsh  Steam  Pump. 

water  pistons,  manner  of  packing,  etc.     The  steam  valve  is  made 
of  brass,    and   though   nicely   fitted,   moves   freely   in   the   central 


PUMPS 


523 


bore  of  the  steam  chest.  It  has  no  mechanical  connections  with 
other  moving  parts  of  the  pump,  but  is  actuated  to  admit,  cut 
off  and  release  the  steam  by  live  steam  currents,  which  alternate 
with  the  reciprocations  of  the  piston.  Each  end  of  the  valve  is 
made  to  fit  the  enlarged  bore  of  the  steam  chest,  and  it  is  due 
to  those  enlarged  valve  heads,  which  present  differential  areas  to 
the  action  of  steam,  and  the  perfect  freedom  of  the  valve  to 
move  without  hindrance  from  other  mechanical  arrangements  or 
parts,  that  the  flow  of  steam  into  the  pump  is  automatically 
regulated.  Because  the  pump  is  so  regulated  it  can  never 
run  too  fast  to  take  suction;  or,  should  the  water  supply  give  out 
when  the  throttle  valve  is  wide  open,  no  injury  can  occur  to  the 


Fig.   242.     Standard   Side  Suction    Volute   Pump. 


moving  parts.  The  steam  valve  does  not  require  setting.  The 
steam  piston,  as  shown,  is  double,  and  each  head  is  provided  with 
a  metal  packing  ring,  the  interior  space  constituting  a  reservoir 
for  live  steam  pressure,  supplied  by  the  live  steam  pipe  through 
a  drilled  hole  shown  by  dotted  lines.  At  each  end  of  the  steam 
cylinder  are  similar  holes  leading  to  each  end  of  the  steam  chest, 
which,  together  with  the  centrally  drilled  hole  and  the  space  be- 
tween the  piston  heads,  constitute  positive  means  for  tripping  or 
reversing  the  valve  with  live  steam. 


Size. 


Gallons 
per  Hour. 
B  200 

BB  400 

C  600 


Horse- 
power. 

36 

60 

75 


Inches 

Floor 

Space. 

7x12 

8x16 

10x22 


Weight. 
Lbs. 

40 

75 
145 


Price. 

$11.50 
14.00 
25.00 


524  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

RAILS  AND  TRACKS 


The  price  of  rails  at  Pittsburg  and  other  centers  varies  from 
$27  to  $35  per  ton. 

The  following  prices  were  current  in  the  summer  of  1910  on 
lots  of  500  tons  and  over  with  the  necessary  fastenings,  f.  o.  b. 
car  at  works,  Chicago: 

Standard  quality  No.   1  Bessemer  rails,  $28  per  gross  ton. 

Standard  quality  No.  I  open  hearth  rails,  $30  per  gross  ton. 

Angle  bar  splices,  1.50  cts.  per  Ib. 

Spikes,  1.85  cts.  per  Ib. 

Bolts  with  square  nuts,  2.45  cts.  per  Ib. 

Bolts  with  hexagon  nuts,  2.60  cts.  per  Ib. 

The  prices  mentioned  contemplate  furnishing  rails  in  30-ft. 
lengths  with  10  per  cent  of  shorts,  diminishing  by  even  feet 
down  to  24  feet.  Where  rails  are  required  in  60-ft.  lengths,  add 
$2  per  ton  to  the  above  prices.  If  ordered  in  lots  less  than 
500  tons  down  to  carloads,  there  is  an  additional  cost  of  $2  per 
ton  to  the  prices  mentioned  above. 

Other  quotations  on  light  rails  at  Chicago  are  as  follows: 

Per  Ton 

40    to    45-lb $27.00 

30  to  35-lb 27.75 

16,  20  and  25-lb 28.00 

12-lb 29.00 

The  following  quotations  are  per  gross  ton  delivered  at  Chicago: 

Relaying  rails,  standard  sections $23.00  to  $25.00 

Old  iron  rails 14.00  to     19.50 

Old  steel  rails,  less  than  3  ft 12.50  to     17.50 

The  A.  S.  C.  E.  rail  sections  are  most  generally  used  and  their 
dimensions  are  as  follows: 


Wt.  Rail 


Base 


(Lbs.  per  Yd.)    (Ins.) 


Tread 
(Ins.) 

2% 
2% 
2  13/32 

15/32 


Wt.  Rail        Base 
(Lbs.  per  Yd.)  (Ins.) 

8  1ft 

12  2 

14  2ft 

16  2% 

20  2% 

25  2% 

30  3% 

35  3ft 

40  3^5 

45  3H 

50  3% 

One  flat  car  will  hold  about  60  rails  of  80  Ibs.  section. 
The  ordinary  R.   R.  rails  are  classified  about  as  follows: 
I.     Fit  for  main  track  on  a  standard  railroad. 
II.     Sides  worn  from  curves  but  perfectly  smooth. 
III.     In  good  condition  but  with  battered  ends  which  can  be  cut 

off  and  the  bolt  holes  rebored. 
IV.     Fit  only  for  sidings. 


Weight    of    rail, 
pounds  per  yd. 


.   .   .    gection  No 
.  *  •    B  ' 


co co co  co  co  co  co  co  co  co  eo  co  co  co  co  co  eo  eo  co  Number    Of    pairs 

£      of   splice   bars. 


Number  of  bolts.      H 

OS  OS  O4  rf^  i£-  >*»•  >*>•  OS  OTO  OS  OS  OS  OJ  OS  OS  OS  O>  OS  J> 

i 

F 

i_i  |_4  (_i  »_i  i_i  1-1  i_i  i-i  1-1  *-*  i-"  i-*  M  i-1  1-1  H*  H»  i-1  1-1  frl 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  -11 

-cjas  Number  Of  spikes  ^i 

^   ££ 


OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 


of  splice 
bars,  gr.  tons. 


opppp  Weight  of  bolts,    QH 
ST.  tons.  DO  cc 


tc tab* to tsstssba to j-'H-'j-'t-'f-'ppp pop  weight  of  spikes,    ^  M 

bobobobobooobo-V«o-J wcncnoo-q-j 4*^*»       gj«.  tons.  Q 

F  g 


weight    of  HH 

r.  W  ,-s 

i.  Q 

tons.  JIT  h^ 

w  ^d 

*.cocoMtoi-*H-n-'M  Weight    of    rails.  l> 

qocntoocn*.K>        X.5  i~  "^ 


Total    weight    of         0 

rails  and  fast- 
coco  *»u  en  to  bo  'cno  boo  ^io«o  bo  »*».  io  b»  o  "*•      enings.gr.  tons. 


nf       i! 

P   ^  co  3*g 


H,  s  § 


525 


526 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


FISHPLATES     AND     BOLTS     REQUIRED     FOR     ONE     MILE 
SINGLE    TRACK 


Complete 
Length  of  Rail.  Joints. 

All  21  feet 503 

All  24  feet 440 

All  26  feet 406 

All  28  feet..  ..377 


Complete 
Length  of  Rail.  Joints. 

All  30  feet 352 

90  per  cent.,  30  feet)  350 

10  per  cent.,  shorter]  * ' 


Each  joint  consists  of  two  plates  and  four  bolts  and  nuts. 
Therefore  the  number  of  plates  required  is  twice  as  many  as 
the  number  of  complete  joints,  and  the  number  of  bolts  required 
is  four  times  as  many.  If  six  bolts  are  required  for  a  joint, 
then  the  number  of  bolts  will  be  six  times  the  number  of 
complete  joints. 

RAILROAD    SPIKES. 
Size 

Rail  Used, 

Weight 

per  Yard. 

45  to  100 
40  to  56 
35  to  40 

25  to    35 

16  to  25 
12  to  16 


ured 

Average  Number 

Ties  2  Feet  between 

Under 

per  Keg  of 

Centers,  4  Spikes 

Head. 

200  Pounds. 

per  Tie  Needed  per  Mile. 

6     x-& 

320 

6600  pounds  —  32       kegs 

5  %xA- 

375 

5870  pounds  —  30       kegs 

5     x$r 

400 

5170  pounds  —  26       kegs 

5     x% 

450 

4660  pounds  —  23%   kegs 

4%x% 

530 

3960  pounds  —  20       kegs 

4  %xvk 

680 

3110  pounds  —  15%   kegs 

600 

3520  pounds  —  17%  kegs 

720 

2910  pounds  —  14%   kegs 

1000 

2090  pounds  —  10%   kegs 

3  %x% 

800 

2200  pounds  —  11       kegs 

3  %XT^r 

900 

2350  pounds  —  12       kegs 

3%x% 

1190 

1780  pounds  —  9       kegs 

3     x% 

1240 

1710  pounds  —  8%   kegs 

1342 

1575  pounds  —  7%   kegs 

PERMANENT   SWITCHES. 


wt. 

of  rail, 

Ibs.  per 
yard. 

Length  of 
switch  points. 

Number  and 
style  of  frog. 

12 

5'0" 

41 

16 

5'0" 

4 

20 

5'0" 

4 

20 

T  6" 

4 

25 

7'  6" 

4 

^Plate 

25 

7'  6" 

5 

H 

7'  6" 
10'  0" 

5 

35 

7'  6" 

4 

35 

10'  0" 

5J 

<* 

40 

10'  0" 

5 

40 

12'  0" 

6 

40 

15'  0" 

7 

45 

10'  0" 

5 

45 

12'  0" 

6 

Cast  filled 

45 

15'  0" 

7 

„       and 

50 

lO'O" 

5 

bolted 

50 

12'  0" 

6 

60 

15'  0" 

7 

60 

10'  0" 

5 

IS 

12'  0" 
16'  0" 

6 

Weight  of 

complete 

switch, 

pounds. 

215 

260 

310 

360 

425 

470 

485 

685 

550 

665 

740 

885 

990 

840 
1005 
1125 

920 
1105 
1240 
1070 
1295 
1455 


Price. 

$21.40 
23.10 
25.20 
27.50 
29.85 
31.08 
32.00 
35.05 
34.00 
37.15 
38.40 
43.25 
46.85 
42.00 
47.25 
51.45 
43.05 
48.70 
53.15 
47.25 
53.75 
61.20 


RAILS  AND  TRACKS 


527 


If  switches  of  25-lb.  rails  or  over  are  provided  with  low  target 
stand  instead  of  ground  throw,  $3.00  extra  per  switch. 

If  provided  with  banner  stand  and  high  target,   $6.00  extra. 

Portable  Tracks  are  used  mainly  for  industrial  purposes,  espe- 
cially in  plantations,  mines,  handling  lumber,  quarries,  wharves, 
power  and  industrial  plants,  but  many  times  in  general  con- 
tractors' work  the  use  of  such  track  is  economical  because  of 
its  light  weight,  compactness,  and  portability.  Portable  track 
is  usually  shipped  "knocked  down"  to  save  freight  charges. 


PORTABLE   TRACK. 


Gauge 

of 

Track, 
Inches, 

20 


20 


-Weight  of  Rail 

Pounds  Kg. 

per  Meter. 
4.5 
4.5 
4.5 


per  Yard. 


30 
36 
20 


30 
36 

a* 

30 
36 


9 
9 
12 
12 
12 
12 
12 
16 
16 
16 
16 
16 
20 
20 
20 
20 


6 

6 
8 
8 

10 
10 
10 
10 


Weight 
per  Foot 
of  Track, 
Pounds. 

8.5 

8.5 

9 

11 
11 

11.50 
12 
14 
15 
15 

15.50 
16 
17 
17.5 
18 
19 
20 


Price 
per  Foot 

Track 
Complete. 
$0.315 
0.315 
0.315 
0.371 
0.371 
0.371 
0.420 
0.476 
0.476 
0.476 
0.476 
0.515 
0.581 
0.515 
0.515 
0.581 
0.630 


The  above  prices,  etc.,  are  for  track  in  sections  of  15'  (or  5  m.) 
with  5  ties. 

Section  of  7'  6"  (or  2.5  m.)  length,  $0.15  extra  per  foot,  with  3 
ties. 

Curved  section,  $0.25  extra  per  foot. 

Note. — All  material  for  21^"  gauge  of  track  for  outside  flanged 
wheels. 

TABLE  144— PORTABLE  SWITCHES. 


Price. 

$16.80 
16.80 
16.80 
16.80 
18.90 
18.90 
21.00 
47.25 
18.90 
18.90 
21.00 
47.25 
26.25 
26.25 
S8.35 
63.00 
21.00 


Gauge 

Weight 

of 

of  Rail, 

Track, 
Inches. 

Pounds  per                          Leng 
Yard.      Description.       Fee 

20 

9 

Right 

9 

20 

9 

Left 

9 

24 

9 

Right 

9 

24 

9 

Left 

9 

20 

12 

Right 

9 

20 

12 

Left 

9 

20 

12 

Symmetric 

9 

20 

12 

3  way 

9 

24 

12 

Right 

9 

24 

12 

Left 

9 

24 

12 

Symmetric 

9 

24 

12 

3  way 

9 

24 

12 

Right 

15 

24 

12 

Left 

15 

24 

12 

Symmetric 

15 

24 

12 

3  way 

15 

20 

16 

Right 

9 

Length, 

Radius 

,  wt., 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Pounds. 

9 

12 

200 

9 

12 

200 

9 

12 

205 

9 

12 

205 

9 

12 

250 

9 

12 

250 

9 

12 

240 

9 

12 

370 

9 

12 

255 

9 

12 

255 

9 

12 

245 

9 

12 

375 

15 

30 

350 

15 

30 

350 

15 

30 

535 

15 

30 

600 

9 

12 

345 

528 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


TABLE  144— PORTABLE  SWITCHES— (Continued). 


Gauge 
of 

Weight 
of  Rail, 

Track,    I 

•ounds  pei 

:                         ) 

Length, 

Radius 

3,     Wt., 

Inches. 

Yard. 

Description. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Pounds. 

Price. 

20 

16 

Left 

9 

12 

345 

$21.00 

20 

16 

Symmetric 

9 

12 

330 

23.10 

20 

16 

3  way 

9 

12 

510 

52.50 

24 

16 

Right 

9 

12 

350 

21.00 

24 

16 

Left 

9 

12 

350 

21.00 

24 

16 

Symmetric 

9 

12 

335 

23.10 

24 

16 

3  way 

9 

12 

515 

52.50 

24 

16 

Right 

15 

30 

430 

31.50 

24 

16 

Left 

15 

30 

430 

31.50 

24 

16 

Symmetric 

15 

30 

420 

33.60 

24 

16 

3  way 

15 

30 

675 

73.50 

24 

20 

Right 

9 

12 

410 

23.10 

24 

20 

Left 

9 

12 

410 

23.10 

24 

20 

Symmetric 

9 

12 

395 

26.25 

24 

20 

Right 

15 

30 

550 

34.65 

24 

20 

Left 

15 

30 

550 

34.65 

24 

20 

Symmetric 

15 

30 

520 

37.80 

21% 

12 

Right 

8 

12 

225 

21.00 

21  y2 

12 

Left 

8 

12 

225 

21.00 

21% 

12 

Symmetric 

8 

12 

220 

23.10 

21% 

12 

3  way 

8 

12 

350 

50.40 

21% 

16 

Right 

8 

12 

310 

23.10 

21% 

16 

Left 

8 

12 

310 

23.10 

21% 
21% 

16 
16 

Symmetric 
3  way 

8 
8 

12 
12 

300 
460 

25.20 
54.60 

Note.— All   material   for   21%' 
flanged  wheels. 


gauge  of  track   is   for  outside 


TURNTABLES. 

Turntables  for  industrial  cars  using  rail  weighing  up  to  about 
20  Ibs.  per  yard,  cost  from  $25.00  to  $175.00  and  weigh  from 
300  to  3,000  Ibs.  Their  capacity  ranges  from  2  to  7  tons. 


Fig.  242a.     Standard   Ball- Bearing  Turntable. 

DEPRECIATION. 

Rails  In  general  lose  value  from  the  following  causes: 
1.     Through  loss  of  weight  due  to  corrosion. 
'2.     From  becoming  bent  and  unfit  for  smooth  operation. 
3.     From  the  weakening  effect  of  attrition  or  wear. 

The  first  of  these  causes  depends  partly  upon  the  climatic 
conditions  and  partly  upon  the  nature  of  the  traffic  that  goes 
over  the  rails.  Refrigerator  cars  containing  a  large  amount  of 


RAILS  AND  TRACKS  529 

brine  are  very  deadly  to.  steel  rails  because  the  brine  leaking 
slowly  upon  the  rail  tends  to  keep  it  more  or  less  saturated 
with  a  salt  solution  which  rapidly  combines  with  the  iron  to 
form  hydrated  iron  oxide  or  rust. 

The  second  cause  outlined  above  obtains  principally  on  con- 
tractors' light  rail,  where  the  rail  is  too  light  for  the  track  and 
where  the  ties  are  spaced- too  far  apart,  if  contractors  would 
appreciate  the  fact  that  a  rail  which  has  been  thoroughly  kinked 
is  fit  only  for  scrap  and  that  it  need  not  be  kinked  at  all  if 
the  ties  are  properly  spaced,  their  depreciation  on  ordinary 
equipment  of  this  kind  would  be  much  less  than  it  usually 
averages,  and  there  would  be  the  collateral  advantage  of  fewer 
derailments.  Today  the  habit  is  growing  among  contractors 
to  use  a  rail  of  heavier  section  than  formerly,  and  also  to  space 
the  ties  nearer  together.  These  ties  should  never  be  more 
than  three  ft.  apart  and  seldom  more  than  30  in.  A  good 
weight  of  rail  for  narrow  gauge  track  is  40  Ibs. 

Mr.  Thos.  Andrews  has  published  the  results  of  some  exam- 
inations of  the  loss  of  weight  per  annum  of  11  rails  of  known 
age  and  condition  under  mail  train  traffic  in  England.  The 
first  ten  of  these  were  in  the  open  and  the  eleventh,  with  a  life 
of  7  years,  was  in  a  tunnel.  The  average  wear  and  life  of  each 
are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Average  Loss  of 

Wt.  per  Annum, 

Time  Life.  Pounds  per  Yard. 

22  years 260 

24  years 0.310 

23  years 0.130 

23  years 0.130 

21   years 0.480 

25  years 0.420 

17  years 0.320 

18  years 0.280 

18  years 0.280 

19  years 0.630 

21  years,  average  (10) 0.324 

7   years 2.800 

Cost  of  Rail  Unloading*.  Mr.  S.  A.  Wallace  gives  the  following 
costs  for  unloading  70-lb.,  33-ft.  rail  by  dropping  it  off  the  sides 
of  cars.  The  cars  unloaded  were  3  Gondola  cars  containing  281 
rails,  and  1  fiat  car  containing  113  rails,  a  total  of  394  rails. 
The  time  consumed  was  3  hours  and  the  cost  as  follows: 

18  men  at  $1.10  per  day $  7.59 

3  foremen  at  $50.00  per  month 1.84 

Work  train 25.00 


Total    $34.43 

This  gives  a  cost  of  8.7  cts.  per  rail,  or  $27.84  per  mile  of 
track. 

Under  favorable  circumstances  ninety  85-lb.  rails  were  un- 
loaded from  a  flat  car  in  45  minutes  at  the  following  cost: 


530  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Train  service $   1.56 

Labor 1.05 


Total  for  90  rails $   2.61 

This  gives  a  cost  of  2.9  cts.  per  rail,  or  of  $9.30  per  mile  of 
track. 

Contractors'  light  track  of  30-lb.*  rail  with  36-in.  gauge  was 
laid  on  a  grading  job  in  1909.  Teams  and  drivers  cost  55  cts.; 
labor,  15  cts.,  and  foreman,  35  cts.  per  hour.  The  rail  and  ties, 
which  latter  were  of  6x6-in.  spruce,  5  ft.  long,  were  gathered 
from  various  places  on  the  work  and  hauled  by  horses  an 
average  distance  of  1,500  ft.  to  the  site  of  the  track;  1,000  ft. 
of  track,  including  2  complete  switches,  with  ties  4  ft.  apart, 
were  laid,  at  a  total  labor  cost  of  $56.65,  or  $0.057  per  ft. 

1,500  lin.  ft.  of  track,  including  two  switches,  similar  to  above, 
were  laid  on  another  job  in  five  days  at  the  following  cost: 

1  foreman  at  $3.50 $  17.50 

8  men  at     1.50 60.00 

1  man  at     2.00 10.00 

1  man  at     1.75 8.75 

1  team  at     5.00..  25.00 


$121.25=$0.081/ft. 

The  labor  cost  of  unloading  and  setting  up  industrial  track 
in  buildings  under  construction  is  about  3  cts.  per  lin.  ft.  of 
track.  It  costs  about  the  same  to  move  such  track  from  floor 
to  floor  and  set  up  again. 

PARTICULARS    REQUIRED    FOB    INQUIRIES    AND    ORDERS. 

In  order  to  facilitate  the  making  up  of  offers  and  estimates 
and  to  save  time  and  unnecessary  correspondence,  buyers  should 
always  answer  the  following  questions  as  completely  as  possible: 

Tor  Rails.  State  weight  per  yard,  name  of  mill  rolling  the 
rail  and  number  of  section  (both  of  which  can  be  found  on  web 
of  rail),  or  send  sketch  of  section  or  a  short  sample  piece.  Also 
state  drilling  of  same;  distance  from  end  of  rail  to  center  of  first 
hole  and  distance  from  center  of  first  hole  to  center  of  second 
hole,  and  diameter  of  holes. 

Por  Switches.  Besides  the  foregoing,  state  gauge  of  track, 
length  of  switch  points,  number  or  angle  of  frog,  style  of  frog, 
kind  of  groundthrow  or  switchstand,  radius  desired,  whether 
right,  left,  two-way  or  three-way,  and  whether  for  wooden  ties 
or  mounted  on  steel  ties. 

Por  Crossing's.  Besides  rail  section,  drilling  and  gauge,  as 
above,  for  all  tracks,  that  are  to  be  connected  by  the  crossing, 
state  angle  of  crossing,  curvature,  if  any,  and  style  of  crossing. 

Por  Turntables.  Besides  rail  section,  drilling  and  gauge,  as 
above,  state  weight  of  car,  including  load  to  be  turned,  its 
wheelbase  (wheelbase  Is  the  distance  from  center  to  center  of 
axle  on  one  side  of  the  car),  diameter  of  wheels,  and  whether 
turntable  is  to  be  used  inside  or  outside  of  buildings,  and  portable 
or  permanent. 


RAILS  AND  TRACKS 


531 


Por  Wheels  and  Axles.  State  gauge  of  track,  diameter  of 
wheels,  diameter  of  axles,  outside  or  inside  journal  and  dimen- 
sions, load  per  axle,  width  of  tread,  height  of  flange. 


RAIL   BENDERS  AND   TRACK   TOOLS. 
Jim  Crow  Benders  cost  as  follows: 


No. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 


For  Rail,  Lbs. 
100 
75 
56 
30 
20 


Weight,  Lbs. 

225 
178 

87 

63 

48 


Roller  Rail  Benders  cost  as  follows: 
No.  For  Rail,  Lbs.         Weight,  Lbs. 

3  61   to    70  400 

4  71   to    80  470 

5  81   to    90  520 

6  91   to  100  830 


Price. 

$17.00 

15.00 

11.25 

9.25 

7.75 


Price. 

$   70.00 

90.00 

115.00 

200.00 


Track  Tools — Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  track  tools  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

PerLb. 

Mauls,  6,  8,  10  and  12  Ibs $0.05 % 

Chisels,  4%,  4%  and  5  Ibs. 12 

Punches,  4,  4%  and  5  Ibs 12 

Railroad  track  tongs,  17  Ibs.,  pair 07^4 

Rail  forks,  each  15  Ibs .07 


Fig.  243. 

RAIL   PUNCHES. 

Capacity  Holes  Up  to  Weight 

(Inches)  (Inches)  (Pounds) 

1/2  %  250 

%  1  350 

1  1%  500 

Extra  dies  and  punches,  $4.00  to  $8.00. 


Price. 

$  90.00 
131.65 
169.00 


532 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


RAIL   DRILLS. 

Weight,  65  Ibs.    Price  $30.00. 

Guard  Bails.    The  cost  of  a  15-ft.  guard  rail  with  the  proper  rail 
braces,  new,  is  about  as  follows: 


05 
TJ 

Ifl 

03° 

OT 

'U11L1» 

BQ 

[JC1 

02 

£1 

'O 

'O 

•o 

•o 

^3 

3 

c 

c 

c 

c 

C 

0 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

PH 
o 

O 

PH 

s 

S 

o 

PH 

O 
PH 

o 
1-1 

0 
era 

o 
oo 

0 

t- 

0 

to 

o 
to 

W  03 

-a          -a         fa 
c          c         c 

2         p         2 

000 
PH  PH  PH 

000 

•f  co  c^i 


Price,       $10.30   $9.30   $8.30   $7.30  $6.30   $5.30   $4.80  $3.80   $2.80   $2  30 
Weight,        450       410       370       330       290       240       200       150       100         80 


Fig.  244. 

SPRING    RAIL   FROGS,    15'   LONG. 
Pounds  per  Yard 


Price,    $51.00 
Weight,  1600 


$47.50 
1450 


$44.50 
1300 


4 

i 
I 

o 
t- 

$41.00 
1170 


a 
o 
PH 

o 

<£> 

$38.00 
1060 


$35.50 
950 


FROGS,  8',  WITH  5'  PLATE. 
Pounds  per  Yard 


Price,   $24.00 
Wt.,  640 


<£> 

$22.00  $20.50  $19.50  $18.50  $17.50  $16.50  $14.50  $13^50 
570   500    460    415    375    330    260    230 


RAILS  AND  TRACKS  533 

For  additional  length  of  frog  add  per  foot  of  frog: 

90c  75c  65c  50c  45c  33c  30c 

SWITCHES,    STANDARD   GAUGE,    4'   8%". 

15'  Switch,  4  Tie  Bars,  10  C.  I.  Braces,  10  Slides. 

Pounds  per  Yard 


wu                     .  .                     • 

'O                   M              W  CO                   CO             OQ 

C                "O           «O  "O  W           'O 

3                C           C  C                G           C 

O                33  3                33 

CL                O           O  O                O           O 

Pk             PH  fe  PlH             fe 

O                   00  O  00 

Price,   $43.00  $40.00  $38.00  $34.50  $33.00  $31.00 

Wt.,     1300  1200   1075  975  850   725 


534  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


RAKES 


Two-Man  Rakes.  Two-man  rakes,  used  in  leveling  broken 
stone,  sell  at  the  following  net  prices,  for  quantities,  at  Chicago: 

Per  Doz. 

10-tooth $21.25 

12-tooth 23.75 

14-tooth 26.25 

Asphalt  or  Tar  Bakes.  Asphalt  or  tar  rakes  made  of  solid 
steel,  with  drop  shank,  strap  ferrules,  5-ft.  selected  white  ash 
handles  and  18-in.  square  iron  shanks,  sell  at  a  net  price,  for 
quantities,  at  Chicago,  of  $12.85  per  doz. 


REFRIGERATING  PLANT 


On  large  jobs  where  a  camp  of  considerable  size  is  maintained 
a  refrigerating  plant  would  often  be  very  satisfactory.  A  3-h.  p. 
motor  and  air  compressor  with  a  direct  expansion  system  and 
brine  tank  auxiliary  for  storage  will  take  care  of  a  box  9x6x11 
ft.,  containing  1%  tons  of  perishable  foods.  The  first  cost  of 
such  an  equipment  would  be  about  $1,000.00  and  the  operating 
cost  of  electricity  about  $20.00  per  month. 


to    N>    HI    ._» Weight,    Pounds. 

CO       O       o>       01 


Cubic  Feet  Free 
o  o  £  S  Air  Per  Minute 
5  °  £  £  at  80  Pounds 
•5-  ^  ^-  pressure. 


Piston  Stroke, 
•     Inches. 


Length  Over  All,  & 
Inches. 

0 


oop 

S*. 

p  O 


3.3  HJ  3  -,  3  M 

e-    0.-  0,-0.. 


M  MM  a 
u>      M  "   m  * 

K    S^     J«    t^ 

5        5         5        * 


CTCT  P 

00  O 

00  O 


535 


536 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


On  Pierson  &  Son's  work  on  the  East  River  tunnels  for  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad  200,000  rivets  were  required  in  each  of 
2  caissons.  The  record  day's  work  on  the  caisson  was  1,496 
rivets  by  a  gang  with  a  Boyer  riveter  working  from  a  regularly 


Fig.  245.     Imperial  Type  E   Riveting   Hammer.      For  Driving   Rivets 

up  to  %-inch  Diameter. 

suspended  scaffold.  One  extra  man  worked  in  the  gang.  1,200 
rivets  were  the  ordinary  day's  work.  All  rivets  had  to  be  tightly 
driven  so  as  to  render  work  absolutely  water  tight. 

Steel  Rivets.*     The  following  prices  for  steel  rivets  were  f.  o.  b. 
Pittsburgh   and  were  minimum  on  contracts  for  large  lots;   the 


Fig.  246.     Riveting   Hammer  at  Work. 

manufacturers  charged  the  usual  advances  of  $2.00  to  $3.00  per 
ton  to  the  small  trade.     The  terms  were  net  cash  f.  o.  b.  mill: 

Structural  rivets,  %-in.  and  larger,  2.15  cts.  base. 

Steel  Rivets,  t  The  following  prices  for  steel  rivets  were  f.  o.  b. 
mill  at  Pittsburgh: 

Structural  rivets,  %-in.  and  larger,  1.90  cts.  base;  cone  head 
boiler  rivets,  %-in.  and  larger,  2  cts.  base;  %-in.  and  \%-in.  take 
an  advance  of  15  cts.,  and  %-in.  and  iVin.  take  an  advance  of 
50  cts.;  lengths  shorter  than  1-in.  also  take  an  advance  of  50  cts. 

*  Engineering-Contracting,  Apr.  6,  1910. 

^Engineering-Contracting,  Apr.  5,   1911. 


ROAD  MACHINES 

(See   Grading   Machines) 

ROAD    CONSTRUCTION    PLANT    OF    THE    BOARD    OF    ROAD 
COMMISSIONERS  OF  WAYNE  COUNTY,  MICHIGAN. 

(From  Engineering-Contracting,  Nov.  9,  1910.) 

Some  years  ago  Wayne  County,  Michigan,  adopted  a  plan  for 
the  construction  of  good  roads  throughout  the  county.  In  accord- 
ance with  this  plan  a  board  of  county  road  commissioners, 
reporting  to  the  county  supervisors,  was  appointed  to  handle 
and  disburse  all  money  appropriated  for  county  road  purposes. 
A  definite  systematic  plan  of  road  construction  covering  a  period 
of  years  was  adopted,  and  work  under  this  plan  has  now  been 
under  way  for  four  years.  The  work  of  the  commissioners  is 
extensive,  covering,  as  it  does,  the  main  highways  leading  into 
the  city  of  Detroit  and  the  main  highways  radiating  from  the 
smaller  communities  in  the  county.  One  feature  of  especial 
interest  in  the  work  of  the  commissioners  is  the  comparatively 
large  mileage  of  concrete  paved  roads  that  have  been  constructed. 
Of  this  type  of  road  about  15  miles  have  been  completed  or  are 
under  way  at  the  present  time.  Most  of  the  road  work  has  been 
done  by  day  labor,  at  times  as  many  as  250  men  being  in  the 
employ  of  the  commission. 

In  its  road  work  the  board  has  eliminated  all  hand  and  horse 
labor  wherever  the  same  or  better  results  could  be  achieved  by 
machinery.  Stone,  cement  and  sand  are  hauled  in  trains  of  from 
two  to  six  cars  holding  seven  ton  loads  by  road  engines.  Water 
is  piped  and  pumped  by  gasoline  engines  wherever  possible. 
Plowing  and  grading  are  done  behind  an  engine.  Concrete  is 
mixed  in  a  mechanical  batch  mixer  which  travels  under  its  own 
power  and  from  which  a  long  crane  projects  over  the  work,  on 
which  a  clamshell  bucket  travels  with  the  mixed  material.  The 
accompanying  figures  taken  from  the  fourth  annual  report  of  the 
road  commissioners  for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1910,  show  the 
original  cost  of  the  plant  used  by  the  commissioners  in  their 
road  work: 

Hauling  and  Grading  Machinery  and 
Equipment: 

Steam  engines 2          $  4,870.00 

Road  rollers 4  9,607.00 

Seven-ton   Stone   dump   wagons 24  6,780.00 

Top   boxes   for   same 24  432.00      . 

Tongues   for   same 1  16.00 

Sprinkling  wagons 12  2,229.00 

Team   dump    wagons 4  440.00 

Graders    2  425.00 

Scarifier   1  424.79 

Plows    3  61.75 

Tool   wagons 4  190.00 

Tool    boxes 2       -  8.50 

Scrapers,    Doan 3  15.00 

Scrapers,    steel 2  9.50 

Scrapers,    hand 1  1.00 

Scrapers,    wheeled 4  100.00 


$25,609.54 
537 


538 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Concrete  Equipment: 

Concrete    mixers 2          $  3  475  00 

Platform  for  same 1  23.15 

Concrete  carts 6  11400 

Wheelbarrows    37  130  27 

Road  forms 7  4590 

Road  irons,  25  feet  long 3  17  50 

Trowels    2  1.50 

Galvanized  cylinder 1  2  50 

Floats,  steel 1  .95 

Wire   screens 1  159 

Name  plates 2  27.50 

2-in.  black  lead  pipe,  feet,  5,367 30217 

Canvases  for  protecting  concrete 24  433.93 

Tarpaulins,  20x30 2  78.00 

Tarpaulins,    12x15 2  23.40 

Water   tanks,    stationary 2  15.00 

Hydrant  reducer 1  4.75 

Special  goose-neck  reducer 1  1.20 

Hose    15  00 

Tampers,  various  sizes 9  6.75 

Iron  pins 48  12.00 

T-squares   (grading  bars) 9  9.00 

$   4,740.97 

Maintenance  Equipment: 

Street   sweeper    (and  extra  broom) 1         $      238.00 

Road   drag 1  15.63 

Scythe  and  snath 3  5.25 

Tar  kettles,  100  gallons 2  220.00 

Wire  and  splint  brooms 14  8.40 

Sprinkling   cans 14  14.00 

Barrel   spouts 15  .90 

~$      502.18 

Blacksmithing  Outfit  and  Tools: 

Post  drill 1         $        10.50 

Ratchet    drill 1  6.75 

Breast   drill 1  3.75 

Drill    bits set  4.15 

Anvil     1  16.80 

Forge    1  10.80 

Tongs,  pairs 2  4.60 

Reamer    1  .50 

Hacksaw    1  1.00 

~$        58.85 

Shovels  and  Handled  Tools: 

Shovels,  L.  H 87          $         63.53 

Shovels,  D.  H 67  48.40 

Shovels,  scoop 7  5.25 

Spades,   garden 7  4.88 

Spades,    tiling 20  18.90 

Stone   forks 17  30.69 

Picks     47  30.75 

Grub  hoes 2  1.00 

Mattocks    14  11.20 

Stone   rakes 5  3.75 

Post  hole  digger 1  1.50 

Hoes    3  2.75 

Crowbars 4  2.40 


225.00 


ROAD  MACHINES  539 

Concrete  Tile  Making  Equipment: 

Molds,     8-in 5          $         87.50 

Molds,     12-in 7  153.50 

Top    rings,    8-in , 5  4.00 

Top    rings,    12-in 3  2.85 

Bottom   rings,    8-in 36  18.00 

Bottom  rings,  12-in 72  46.90 

Irons    for   bending   reinforcement 1  2.00 

Pallets    200  27.12 


$       341.87 

Camp  Equipment: 

Mess   and   bunk   tents 2          $       104.86 

Outhouse    tents 2  3.92 

Tent  cover,  20x30,  with  poles 1  42.14 

Canvas    fences 2  7.35 

Cots 18  16.02 

Pads  for  cots 15  18.75 

Comforters    18  17.64 

Pillows 18  8.82 

Pillow-cases    18  2.25 

B    blankets 18  28.62 

G    blankets 18  10.62 

Towels    12  1.25 

Dishes,    cutlery,    pots,    kettles,    cooking 

utensils  and  other  camp  equipment..  ..  98.93 

$       361.17 
In  addition  to  the  above  the  commissioners  own  the  following: 

Cost. 

Carpenters'    tools $       32.73 

Miscellaneous   131.96 

Engineering   and   office   equipment 1,025.97 

Cement  testing  apparatus 55.05 

The  total  original  cost  of  the  plant  and  property  was  $33,185.38. 
The  depreciation  for  1909  was  placed  at  $3,850.88  and  the  depre- 
ciation for  1910  at  15  per  cent  was  placed  at  $4,400.18. 

ROAD-MAKING    PLANT. 

The  following  is  the  approximate  cost  of  a  road-making  plant, 
operating  in  the  State  of  Missouri: 

Six  dump  cars  and  200  ft.  of  trackage  for  use  in  quarry.  .$    600.00 

Crusher,  11  in.  by  18  in.,  25  tons  per  hour  capacity 775.00 

Bin — 3   sections 350.00 

Elevator — 14    ft 150.00 

Revolving  screen — 30  in.,   4   ft.   long 125.00 

Two  traction  engines — 20   h.  p 3,000.00 

One  10-ton  steam  roller — 15  h.  p 2,500.00 

One    6-horse   grader 200.00 

Six   dump  wagons — iy2    cu.   yds 600.00 

Twelve  hand  drills,  12  picks,  12  crowbars,  24  shovels 50.00 

One  road  plow,  $5 — 11  in.  cut,  4  horse 20.00 

Six  wheelers,  No.  2 — 12  cu.  ft.  capacity 200.00 

Six  drags,  No.  2 — 4  %  cu.  ft.  capacity 40.00 

Sprinkling  wagon,  No.  3 — 600  gals,  capacity 325.00 

)  $8,935.00 

Moving  the  plant  12  miles  overland  and  setting  it  up  at  a  new 
quarry  cost  $500.  After  the  move,  the  plant,  new  to  begin  with, 
which  had  only  been  used  to  build  four  miles  of  16-ft.  roadbed, 
cost  $200  for  new  fittings  and  repairs,  which,  for  six  months' 
use,  is  an  annual  depreciation  on  plant  of  5  per  cent  of  the  cost. 


540  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 


ROOFING  SLATE 


Market  Price.  Quotations  are  named  per  "square,"  or  100  sq. 
ft.  of  roof  surface,  in  carload  lots  of  the  sizes  most  generally 
used,  f.  o.  b.  quarry  station: 

Per  100  Sq.  Ft. 

Vermont,  sea  green $   3.50  to  $4.10 

Pennsylvania,  Bangor  Ribbon 3.50  to     4.00 

Maine,  Brownsville  No.  1 5.00  to     7.75 

Maine,  Brownsville  No.  2 4.50  to     6.00 

No.  1  red 10.50  to  12.00 

Unfading  green 4.00  to     5.50 

Genuine  Bangor   '. 4.00  to     6.50 

Pen  Argyle 4.00  to     5.50 


ROLLERS 


A  reversible  horse  roller  of  the  latest  type,  with  two  rolls 
having  a  total  face  width  of  5  ft.,  is  manufactured  in  sizes  from 
3%  to  10  tons  of  y2-ton  variation  and  is  sold  for  $70.00  per  ton. 
The  diameter  of  the  rolls  varies  from  4y2  ft.  on  the  lightest 
rollers  to  6  ft.  on  the  heaviest. 

A  steel  reversible  horse  road  roller  having  two  rolls  of  a 
total  width  of  5  ft.  conies  in  the  following  sizes  and  prices: 

3V2-ton    $230.00 

4-ton     .       .  .  .    .       .    260  00 

4% -ton    290.00 

5-ton     325.00 

5V2-ton     355.00 

or  about  $65.00  per  ton. 

Horse  Lawn  Rollers  in  3  to  5  sections,  weighing  500  to  1,500 
Ibs.,  cost  3%  cts.  per  Ib. 

HAND  ROLLERS 

Diameter  Length  Sections  Weight 

(Ins.)  (Ins.)  (Ins.)  (Lbs.)  Price 

15                          24  3  200  $   8.00 

20                          24  3  300  12.00 

20                          24  2  300  12.00 

24                           24  2  450  17.75 

24                          24  3  450  17.75 

Rollers  50  to  300  Ibs.  heavier  than  any  of  the  above,  4  cts.  per 
Ib.  extra. 

HORSE  ROLLERS 

Diameter  Length  No.  Face  Weight  Price 

No.  (Ins.)  (Ft.)  Sections  (Ins.)  (Lbs.)  Each 

80  36  4  4  12  3,000  $141 

81  36  5  5  12  3,500  161 

82  36  6  6  12  4,000  180 

83  48  3%  3  15  4,000  186 

84  48  5  4  15  5,000  228 

85  48  6%  5  15  6,000  270 

86  54  3%  3  15  6,000  276 

87  54  5  4  15  8,000  363 

88  54  6^  5  15  10,000  450 

A  standard  steam-driven  road  roller  with  a  double  cylinder 
engine,  having  two  speeds,  which  can  be  thrown  out  of  gear 
and  used  for  motor  power  (for  which  purpose  a  set  of  extra 
driving  attachments  are  necessary),  is  made  in  three  sizes.  It 
has  a  differential  gear  and  a  hand  wheel  steering  device,  and  is 
constructed  entirely  of  steel,  with  the  exception  of  wheels  and 
engine  bed,  which  are  of  cast  iron. 

Weight  10  Tons  12  Tons  15  Tons 

Price  $2,500  $2,650  $2,850 

Another  standard  steam  roller  of  improved  type  whose  points 
of  superiority  lie  in  the  extra  large  steam  dome,  the  fly  wheel 

541 


542 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


and  crank  shaft  mounted  so  as  not  to  obstruct  the  view,  differ- 
ential gear,   two  speeds,   and  a  very  accessible  boiler,  also  has  a 


Fig.  247.     Cast   Iron    Reversible   Road    Roller. 

sloping  crown  sheet  which  assists  in  keeping  this  part  covered 
with  water  when  working  head-on  down  hill.  < 

Weight  10  Tons  12  Tons  15  Tons 

Price  $2,400  $2,800  $3,300 

A  10-ton  steam  road  roller  which  is  convertible  into  a  traction 
engine  has  the  following  advantages:  a  short  wheel  base  allowing 


Fig.  248.     Iroquois  5-Ton  Tandem. 


ROLLERS  543 

short  turnings,  a  spring  differential  gear,  a  friction  clutch  for 
gradual  application  of  power,  a  steam-operated  friction  steering 
mechanism,  8%xlO-in.  cylinder.  Simple  engine,  $2,000.00;  com- 
pound engine,  $2,100.00. 

Extra  traction   engine  wheels  and  equipment,    $110.00. 

Another  10-ton  road  roller  convertible  into  a  traction  engine, 
which  has  a  boiler  of  the  return  flue  type  and  a  friction  steering 
device,  costs  $2,400.00.  The  front  roll  of  this  roller,  when 
detached  and  fitted  with  a  pole,  which  is  included  in  the  above 
price,  can  be  used  as  a  horse  roller. 

A  5-ton  tandem  roller  (Pig.  248),  with  a  vertical  boiler  and  an 
engine  of  the  double  cylinder  plain  slide  valve  type,  costs 
$1,600.00.  Power  steering  device,  $50.00  extra. 

Cost  of  Maintenance  and  Operation  of  Steam  Boilers.  The 
following  table  shows  the  cost  of  maintenance  and  operation  of 
the  six  steam  road  rollers  owned  by  the  city  of  Grand  Rapids, 
Mich.  The  figures  have  been  taken  from  the  annual  report  of 
the  City  Engineer  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31,  1911. 


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544 


ROLLERS 


545 


Repairs  on  two  rollers  of  the  convertible  type  during  the  first 
season  of  operation  cost  $86.00;  $77.00  of  this  was  for  one  roller 
which  had  not  been  kept  in  good  shape  and  $9.00  was  for  the 
other  roller,  which  was  operated  by  a  particularly  efficient 
engineer. 

In  1905,  on  16  steam  rollers  belonging  to  the  Massachusetts 
Highway  Commissioners,  each  roller  averaged  90.3  working  days 
per  year  and  the  average  cost  of  repairs  was  $1.12  per  day  per 
roller. 

In  1906  the  total  days'  work  of  16  rollers  under  the  control  of 
the  Massachusetts  Highway  Commission  was  1,719.5,  an  average 
of  107.5  days  per  roller  per  season.  Total  cost  for  maintenance 
of  these  rollers  was  as  follows: 

$1,725.00  for  practically  rebuilding  two  rollers  which  had  been 
in  active  service  about  ten  years,  and  an  average  of  $53.14  each 
on  14  others.  The  total  cost  of 'repairs  on  16  rollers  was,  there- 
fore, $2,468.96,  or  an  average  of  $154.31  each. 

In  1907  the  above  16  rollers  did  1,808  days'  work,  an  avera'ge 
of  113  days  per  roller  per  season.  Two  rollers  were  practically 
rebuilt  for  $1,888.00  and  ordinary  repairs  on  the  14  others  cost 
$651.69.  The  total  average  cost  was,  therefore,  $158.73. 

Mr.  Thomas  Aitken,  the  English  author,  states  that  the  repairs 


Fig.  249.     American  Motor  Road   Roller  (Left  Side  View). 

on  a  roller  up  to  the  14th  year  were  small,  with  the  exception 
of  new  driving  wheels  and  repairs  to  the  firebox  and  tubes.  All 
repairs  amounted  to  an  average  of  $55.00  a  year.  At  this  time 
heavy  repairs,  costing  $850.00,  were  needed.  The  total  cost  per 
year  during  a  life  of  25  years,  of  100  working  days  each,  is 
$105.00,  or  5%  of  the  first  cost.  The  rear  wheels  of  a  roller 
lasted  7  years,  during  which  time  they  consolidated  60,000  tons  of 
road  metal. 


546  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

A  motor  road  roller  of  the  3-wheeled  type  (Fig.  249),  operated 
by  gasoline  or  denatured  alcohol,  is  made  in  five  sizes  at  the 
following  prices: 

Price  f.  o.  b. 
Size.  Factory 

7-ton     $2,250 

8-ton     2,300 

10-ton     2,500 

12-ton     2,650 

15-ton    3,000 

The  10-ton  or  larger  sizes  will  haul  a  scarifier,  grader  or  road 
plow. 

This  machine  has  a  trussed  frame  made  of  heavy  steel  plates, 
which  carries  the  engine,  thereby  eliminating  a  great  defect 
found  in  steam  rollers,  that  of  making  the  boiler  act  as  the 
frame. 

Some  of  the  advantages  over  the  steam  roller  claimed  for  this 
machine  by  the  manufacturers  are: 

1.  No  smoke,  steam,  sparks  or  soot  blowing  about. 

2.  No  daily  water  supply  needed. 

3.  No  daily  coal  supply  needed. 

4.  No  nightly  banking  of  fires. 

5.  No  time  lost  raising  steam. 

6.  Licensed  engineer  not  necessary. 

7.  No  laying  up  for  boiler  repairs. 

The  great  disadvantage  is  the  unreliability  of  all  gasoline 
engines.  However,  in  situations  where  coal  transportation  is 
expensive,  a  motor  roller  is  the  proper  machine  to  use,  as  it  has 
a  tank  capacity  for  10  to  20  hours'  fuel,  and  can  trail  a  tank 
wagon  carrying  a  month's  supply. 


ROPE 


Wire  Rope.  The  first  wire  ropes  were  constructed  largely  of 
iron  wire,  but  the  modern  wire  rope  is  made  of  variously 
manipulated  and  treated  carbon  steels.  The  usual  classifications 
are: 

Iron. 

Crucible   steel. 

Extra  strong  crucible  steel. 

Plow  steel. 

The  so-called  Iron  is  a  mild  Bessemer  or  Basic  steel  of  from 
60,000  to  100,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch  tensile  strength;  the 
Crucible  Steel  is  a  carbon  open  hearth  steel  of  from  160,000  to 
200,000  Ibs.  per  square  inch  tensile  strength;  the  Extra  Strong 
Crucible  Steel  ranges  in  strength  from  200,000  to  240,000  Ibs. 
per  square  inch,  and  the  Plow  Steel  ranges  from  about  240,000 
Ibs.  per  square  inch  up. 

Up  to  May  1,  1909,  the  breaking  strengths  of  wire  rope  man- 
ufactured in  the  United  States  were  based  upon  the  strength  of 
the  individual  wires  in  the  rope,  but  since  that  time  all  manu- 
facturers have  adopted  strength  figures  compiled  from  results 
of  actual  tests. 

There  are  a  vast  number  of  arrangements  possible  in  wire  rope 
construction,  but  the  usual  construction  is  one  in  which  a  number 
of  wires  are  built  up  on  a  hemp  core. 

Discounts.  The  standard  discounts,  Dec.,  1913,  were  47%  and 
from  list  for  galvanized,  and  55%  and  2l/z%  for  the  bright. 


TRANSMISSION,    HAULAGE    OR    STANDING    ROPE. 


Fig.  250.  6 
Strands  —  7 
Wires  to  the 
Strand  — One 
Hemp  Core. 


Six  strands  of  seven  wires  each  built  on  a 
hemp  core  make  what  is  known  as  haulage  rope. 
This  is  one  of  the  oldest  types  and  was  formerly 
largely  used  for  power  transmission,  but  now  its 
use  is  largely  confined  to  mines,  for  slope  haulage 
systems  embodying  endless  and  tail  rope  applica- 
tions, on  coal  docks,  in  oil  well  drillings,  and,, 
when  galvanized,  as  guys  for  derricks.  It  will 
stand  considerable  abrasion  and  rough  handling, 
but  is  stiff,  and  its  use,  therefore,  is  limited. 


547 


548  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION   PLANT 

PRICES    TRANSMISSION,    HAULAGE    OR    STANDING    ROPE. 

(Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910) 

6-Strands — 7  Wires  to  the  Strand — One  Hemp   Core 

SWEDES  IRON 


CO 

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11 

$0.51 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

32 

6.4 

16 

12 

.43 

1% 

414 

3 

28 

5.6 

15 

13 

.36 

4 

2.45 

23 

4.6 

13 

14 

.30 

1  % 

3i/2 

2 

19 

3.8 

12 

15 

.24 

1 

3 

1.58 

15 

3 

10.5 

16 

.18% 

7/8 

2% 

1.20 

12 

2.4 

9 

17 

.14 

% 

214 

.89 

8.8 

1.7 

7.5 

18 

.12 

H 

21/8 

.75 

7.3 

1.5 

7.25 

19 

.10 

5/8 

2 

.62 

6 

1.2 

7 

20 

.0814 

ft 

1% 

.50 

4.8 

.96 

6 

21 

.061/2 

% 

ll/o 

.39 

3.7 

.74 

5.5 

22 

.051/2 

j~ 

1V4 

.30 

2.6 

.52 

4.5 

23 

.041/2 

% 

1% 

.22 

2.2 

.44 

4 

24 

.03% 

A 

1 

.15 

1.7 

.34 

3.5 

25 

9/32 

7/8 

•121/2 

1.2 

.24 

3 

CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL 

11 

$0.60 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

63 

12.6 

11 

12 

.51 

1% 

3 

53 

10.6 

10 

13 

.43 

4 

2.45 

46 

9.2 

9 

14 

.36 

1  % 

3  % 

2 

37 

7.4 

8 

15 

.29 

1 

3 

1.58 

31 

6.2 

7 

16 

.22% 

7/8 

2% 

1.20 

24 

4.8 

6 

17 

.17 

21/4 

.89 

18.6 

3.7 

5 

18 
19 

•.It* 

1 

I* 

.75 
.62 

15.4 
13 

3.1 
2.6 

4% 
4% 

20 

.10 

1% 

.50 

10 

2 

4 

21 

.08 

1% 

.39 

7.7 

1.5 

3% 

22 

.061/2 

1V4 

.30 

5.5 

1.1 

3 

23 

.051/2 

.•  -% 

1% 

.22 

4.6 

.92 

2% 

24 

.041/2 

A 

1 

.15 

3.5 

.70 

25 

.04 

9/32 

% 

.12% 

2.5 

.50 

1% 

EXTRA 

STRONG 

CRUCIBLE 

CAST 

STEEL. 

11 

$0.75 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

73 

14.6 

11 

12 

.64 

1% 

414 

3 

63 

12.6 

10 

13 

.53 

1% 

4 

2.45 

54 

10.8 

9 

14 

.44 

f% 

3  % 

2 

43 

8.6 

8 

15 

.35 

1 

3 

1.58 

35 

7 

7 

16 

.27 

7/8 

2% 

1.20 

28 

5.6 

6 

17 

.20 

% 

2% 

.89 

21 

4.2 

5 

18 

.17 

u 

2% 

.75 

16.7 

3.3 

4% 

19 

.14% 

2 

.62 

14.5 

2.9 

4% 

20 

.12 

I9s 

1% 

.50 

11 

2.2 

4 

21 

.091/2 

% 

1% 

.39 

8.85 

1.8 

3% 

22 

.071/2 

T^T 

1% 

.30 

6.25 

1.25 

3 

23 

.06 

% 

1V8 

.22 

5.25 

1.05 

2% 

24 
25 

.05% 

.05 

9/32 

1 

7/8 

.15 
.12% 

3.95 
2.95 

.79 
.59 

*8 

ROPE 
PLOW  STEEL. 


549 


i  - 

13 

14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 

20 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 


$0.90 
.76 
.62 
.51 
.41 


.32 

:I 

.17% 


.051/2 


3.55 

3 

2.45 

2 

1.58 

1.20 

.89 
.75 
.62 
.50 

.39 
.30 
.22 
.15 
.12% 


fl-3 

$$% 

2Sn§ 

££c° 
»ra.Sej 

82 
72 
60 
47 
38 

31 
23 
18 
16 

12 

10 
7 

5.9 
4.4 
3.4 


jlJ'O  WO 

sggS 

^JhcJ 

Diameter 
of  Drum 
Sheave  i 
Ft.  Advii 

16.4 

11 

14.4 

10 

12 

9 

9.4 

8 

7.6 

7 

6.2 

6 

4.6 

5 

3.6 

4% 

3.2 

4% 

2.4 

4 

2 

sy2 

1.4 

3 

1.2 

2  %. 

.88 

2% 

.68 

1% 

MONITOR  PLOW  STEEL. 


11 
12 
18 

14 
15 

16 
17 
18 
19 
20 

21 

22 
23 


$1.05 
.88 
.72 
.58 
.48 


.37 

.281/2 
.241/2 
.201/2 
.17 

.13% 
.11% 

.08% 


3.55 

3 

2.45 

2 

1.58 

1.20 
.89 
.75 
.62 
.50 

.39 
.30 


79 
67 
52 

42 

33 
25 

20 


11 

II 


18 
16 
13 

10 

8.4 


5 
4 

3.5 
2.6 

2.2 
1.5 
1.3 


11 

10 


2% 


All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  more  than  7  and  less 
than  19  wires  to  the  strand,  with  the  exception  of  6x8,  take  19 
wire  list. 

Add  10  per  cent  to  list  prices  for  wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 


Fig.  251.  6 
Strands  —  19 
Wires  to  the 
Strand  —  One 
Hemp  Core. 


STANDARD   HOISTING  HOPE. 

Six  strands  of  nineteen  wires  each  make  a 
hoisting  rope  which  has  a  wider  and  more  varied 
application  than  any  other  type.  It  combines 
both  flexibility  and  wearing  service  and  is  used  in 
mining  shafts,  for  operating  the  cages  and  eleva- 
tors, derricks,  coal  and  ore  handling  machines, 
logging,  dredges,  skip  hoists,  conveyors,  etc. 


550  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

PRICES   STANDARD    HOISTING   ROPE. 

(Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910) 

6  Strands — 19  Wires  to  the  Strand — One  Hemp  Core 

SWEDES  IRON 


Trade 
Number 

ft: 
S« 

Diameter 
in  Ins. 

Circumfer 
ence  in  Ir 

|| 

f£.s£ 

• 

aJ-g-C  wo 
|-|S§o 

Jsjd 

00 

$1.70 

2% 

8% 

11.95 

in 

22.2 

17 

0 

1.40 

77/8 

9.85 

92 

18.4 

15 

1 

1.17 

21/4 

7% 

8 

72 

14.4 

14 

2 

.95 

2     • 

6% 

6.30 

55 

11 

12 

.88 

5% 

5.55 

50 

10 

12 

3 

.80 

1% 

5% 

4.85 

44 

8.8 

11 

4 

.65     ' 

1% 

5 

4.15 

38 

7.6 

10 

5 

.57 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

33 

6.6 

9 

51/2 

.49 

1  % 

4% 

3 

28 

5.6 

8.5 

6 

.40 

1* 

4 

2.45 

22.8 

4.56 

7.5 

7 

.33 

1% 

3% 

2 

18.6 

3.72 

7 

8 

.26 

1 

3 

1.58 

14.5 

2.90 

6 

9 

.20 

2% 

1.20 

11.8 

2.36 

5.5 

10 

.16 

% 

2% 

.89 

8.5 

1.70 

4.5 

10% 

.12 
.10 

« 

2 
1% 

.62 
.50 

6 
4.7 

1.20 
.94 

4 
3.5 

10% 
lOa 

.08% 
.07% 

A 

1% 

.39 
.30 

3.9 
2.9 

.78 
.58 

3 

2.75 

lOb 

.07 

% 

1% 

.22 

2.4 

.48 

2.25 

lOc 

.06% 

JL 

1 

.15 

1.5 

.30 

2 

lOd 

.06% 

% 

.10 

1.1 

.22 

1.50 

CRUCIBLE   CAST    STEEL. 


00 

$2.10 

2% 

O   K/ 

11.95 

211 

42.2 

11 

0 

1.75 

2  X^ 

7  % 

9.85 

170 

34 

10 

1 

1.44 

2% 

7V8 

8 

133 

26.6 

9 

2 

1.16 

2 

6.30 

106 

21.2 

8 

2% 

1.02 

1% 

5% 

5.55 

96 

19 

8 

3 

.90 

1% 

5% 

4.85 

85 

17 

7 

4 

.77 

1% 

5 

4.15 

72 

14.4 

6.5 

5 

.66 

4% 

3.55 

64 

12.8 

6 

.56 

1  % 

4i/4 

3 

56 

11.2 

5.5 

6 

.46 

1% 

4 

2.45 

47 

9.4 

5 

7 

.38 

3% 

2 

38 

7.6 

4.5 

8 

.31 

1 

3 

1.58 

30 

6 

4 

9 

.24 

2% 

1.20 

23 

4.6 

3.5 

10 

.19 

% 

2% 

.89 

17.5 

3.5 

3 

.14 

K/L 

2 

.62 

12.5 

2.5 

2.5 

10% 

.12 

X 

1% 

.50 

10 

2 

2.25 

10% 

.11 

y. 

1% 

.39 

8.4 

1.68 

2 

lOa 

.10 

T£ 

154 

.30 

6.5 

1.30 

1.75 

lOb 

.09% 

% 

1% 

.22 

4.8 

.96 

1.50 

lOc 

.091/4 

JL 

1 

.15 

3.1 

.62 

1.25 

lOd 

.09 

tt 

% 

.10 

2.2 

.44 

1 

ROPE 
EXTRA  STRONG  CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL. 


551 


Trade 
Number 

* 

05  O> 
-ft 

Diameter 
in  Ins. 

Circumfer 
ence  in  In 

|J 

||| 

<jCQ."|W 

o>5  o  oo 
*"  K  »-3  E-I  N 

fc«5,_3 

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Pi  -5 

B?3r  , 

$&£ 

00 

?2.55 

2% 

8  *Y 

11.95 

243 

48.6 

11 

0 

2.10 

7  % 

9.85 

200 

40 

10 

1 

1.70 

2% 

7% 

8 

160 

32 

9 

2 

1.34 

2 

6% 

6.3 

123 

24.6 

8 

2y2 

1.25 

1% 

5% 

5.55 

112 

22.4 

8 

3 

1.10 

1% 

5y2 

4.85 

99 

1-9.8 

7 

4 

.94 

1% 

5 

4.15 

83 

16.6 

6.5 

5 

.80 

4% 

3.55 

73 

14.6 

6 

5% 

.68 

1% 

3 

64 

12.8 

5.5 

6 

.56 

4 

2.45 

53 

10.6 

5 

7 

.46 

iy8 

sy2 

2 

43 

8.6 

4.5 

8 

.37 

i 

3 

1.58 

34 

6.80 

4 

9 

.29 

% 

2% 

1.20 

26 

5.20 

3.5 

10 

.22 

% 

21/4 

.89 

20  2 

4.04 

3 

10% 

.16% 

% 

2 

.62 

14 

2.80 

2.5 

101/2 

.14 

ft 

1% 

.50 

11.2 

2.24 

2.25 

10% 

.12% 

11/2 

.39 

9.2 

1.84 

2 

lOa 

*1|  8 

JL 

1% 

.30 

7.25 

1.45 

1.75 

lOb 

.11 

% 

1% 

.22 

5.30 

1.06 

1.50 

lOc 

.10% 

JL 

1 

.15 

.  3.50 

.70 

1.25 

lOd 

.108 

% 

% 

.10 

2.43 

.49 

1 

PLOW   STEEL. 


00 

$3.00 

2% 

8% 

11.95 

275 

55 

11 

0 

2.50 

21/2 

9.85 

229 

46 

10 

1 

2.00 

2% 

IVs 

8 

186 

37 

9 

2 

1.58 

2 

61/4 

6.3 

140 

28 

8 

2y2 

1.46 

1% 

5% 

5.55 

127 

25 

8 

3 

1.30 

1% 

5y2 

4.85 

112 

22 

7 

4 

1.08 

1  5/ 

5 

4.15 

94 

19 

6.5 

5 

.93 

1  % 

4% 

3.55 

82 

16 

6 

5i/2 

.79 

1  % 

4% 

3 

72 

14 

5.5 

6 

.65 

1% 

4 

2.45 

58 

12 

5 

7 

.54 

iy8 

sy2 

2 

47 

9.4 

4.5 

8 

.43 

i 

3 

1.58 

38 

7.6 

4 

9 

.34 

% 

2% 

1.20 

29 

5.8 

3.5 

10 

.26 

% 

21/4 

.89 

23 

4.6 

3 

10% 

.19 

% 

2 

.62 

15.5 

3.1 

2.5 

101/2 

.16 

A 

1% 

.50 

12.3 

2.4 

2.25 

10% 

.14 

14 

iy2 

.39 

10 

2 

2 

i.Oa 

.13 

ik 

i% 

.30 

8 

1.6 

1.75 

lOb 

.121/2 

% 

iy8 

.22 

5.75 

1.15 

1.50 

lOc 

.121/4 

J5 

i 

.15 

3.8 

.76 

1.25 

lOd 

.12 

% 

% 

.10 

2.65 

.53 

1 

552 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


MONITOR  PLOW  STEEL 


I 

o 

M 

c 

i 

o 

a 

ES 
'£ 

P 
It 

0 

s| 

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6 

8 

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2% 

8% 

7% 

11.95 
9.85 

315 
263 

63 
53 

11 

10 

1 

2.50 

2? 

71/! 

8 

210 

42 

9 

2 

.85 

2 

6% 

6.30 

166 

33 

8 

.75 

1% 

5% 

5.55 

150 

30 

8 

3 
4 

.60 
.30 

it4 

5% 

D 

4.85 
4.15 

133 

110 

27 
22 

6% 

5 

.10 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

98 

20 

6 

.90 

i  % 

4J/4 

3 

84 

17 

5% 

6 

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1.8 

4 

2.45 

69 

14 

5 

I 

.62 
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1% 

3  2 

2 
1.58 

56 
45 

11 
9 

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9 

.39 

% 

2% 

1.20 

35 

7 

3% 

10 

.31 

% 

2% 

.89 

26.3 

5.3 

3 

.22% 

% 

2 

.62 

19 

3.8 

2% 

10% 

.19 

^ 

1% 

.50 

14.5 

2.9 

8=54 

10% 

.17 

S 

.39 

12.1 

2.4 

2 

lOa 

j£ 

.30 

9.4 

1.9 

lOb 

'.14% 

% 

.22 

6.75 

1.35 

I}l 

lOc 

.13% 

j> 

1 

.15 

4.50 

.9 

1  % 

lOd 

.13 

14 

% 

.10 

3.15 

.63 

1 

All  ropes  not  listed  herein  and  composed  of  strands  made  up  of 
more  than  19  and  less  than  37  wires,  take  37  wire  list. 

Add  10%  to  prices  for  wire  center  or  galvanized  rope. 

"Where  the  requirements  are  severe,  we  recommend  Monitor 
rope.  It  is  the  strongest  and  most  efficient  rope  produced. 

"It  is  indispensable  for  heavy  dredging,  logging,  stump  pulling, 
derricks,  coal  and  ore  hoisting  service." 


EXTRA     FLEXIBLE     STEEL 
ROPE. 


[OISTING 


Eight  strands  of  nineteen  wires  each  make 
an  extra  flexible  rope  whose  application  is 
confined  to  a  somewhat  limited  field.  It  is 
used  on  derricks  and  in  similar  places  where 
sheaves  are  of  very  small  diameter,  and  in 
flexibility  is  about  on  a  par  with  the  6x37 
construction,  differing  only  in  the  fact  that 
it  is  not  quite  as  strong,  owing  to  its  large 
hemp  center. 


Fig.  252.  8 
Strands  —  19 
Wires  to  the 
Strand  —  One 
Hemp  Center. 


•  ROPE  553 

LIST    PRICES    EXTRA   FLEXIBLE    STEEL    HOISTING   ROPE. 

Standard  Strengths  Adopted  May  1,  1910. 

Eight  Strands — 19  Wires  to  the  Strand — One  Hemp  Core. 

CRUCIBLE  CAST   STEEL. 


o"^ 

• 

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pi        o 

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$0.73 

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4% 

3.19 

58 

11.6 

3.75 

.62 

1% 

2.70 

51 

10.2 

3.5 

.51 

I  j 

4 

2.20 

42 

8.4 

3.2 

.42 

1.80 

3,4 

6.8 

2.83 

.34 

i 

3 

1.42 

26 

5.2 

2.5 

.27- 

7/8 

2% 

1.08 

20 

4 

2.16 

.21 

21/4 

.80 

15.3 

3.06 

1.83 

.16 

% 

2 

.56 

10.9 

2.18 

1.75 

.14 

ft 

1% 

.45 

8.7 

1.74 

1.5 

.12 

i% 

.35 

7.3 

1.46 

1.33 

.11 

( 

11/4     v 

.27 

5.7 

1.14 

1.16 

.10% 

.20 

4.2 

.84 

1 

.1014 

ft 

1 

.13 

2.75 

.55 

.83 

.10 

% 

.09 

1.80 

.36 

.75 

EXTRA 

STRONG 

CRUCIBLE  CAST 

STEEL. 

$0.88 

1% 

4% 

3.19 

66 

13 

3.75 

.75 

1% 

414 

2.70 

57 

11 

3.5 

.62 

1% 

4 

2.20 

47 

9.4 

3.2 

.51 

iy8 

3y2 

1.80 

38 

7.6 

2.83 

.41 

i 

3 

1.42 

29.7 

5.9 

2.5 

.32 

7/8 

2% 

1.08 

23 

4.6 

2.16 

.25 

21/4 

.80 

17.6 

3.5 

1.83 

.181/2 

% 

2 

.56 

12.4 

2.5 

1.75 

.16 

ft 

1% 

.45 

10.1 

2 

1.5 

.14 

JJi 

.35 

8 

1.6 

1.33 

.13 

i  ^ 

.27 

6.30 

1.26 

1.16 

.1214 

iy8 

.20 

4.66 

.93 

1 

.12 

ft 

i 

.13 

3.05 

.61 

.83 

.11% 

.09 

2.02 

.40 

.75 

PLOW  STEEL. 

$1.03 

1% 

4% 

3.19 

74 

14.8 

3.75 

.87 

1  % 

4% 

2.70 

64 

12.8 

3.5 

.72 

1% 

4 

2.20 

52 

10.4 

3.2 

.60 

iy8 

3y2 

1.80 

43 

8.6 

2.83 

.48 

i 

3 

1.42 

33 

6.6 

2.5 

.38 

% 

2% 

1.08 

26 

5.2 

2.16 

.29 

% 

2% 

.80 

20 

4 

1.83 

.21 

% 

2 

.56 

14 

2.8 

1.75 

.18 

ft 

1% 

.45 

11.6 

2.32 

1.50 

.16 

% 

1% 

.35 

8.7 

1.74 

1.33 

.15 

ft 

1  % 

.27 

6.90 

1.38 

1.16 

.14 

% 

iy8 

.20 

5,12 

1.02 

1 

.13i/2 

•131/4 

yl 

i 

.13 
.09 

3.35 
2.25 

.67 
.45 

.83 

.75 

554 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


MONITOR  PLOW  STEEL. 


$1.19 
.98 
.82 
.68 
.55 

.43 
.34 

.25 
.22 
.19 


1% 
1 


2% 


*j  O 

xx;o 


3.19 
2.70 
2.20 
1.80 
1.42 

1.08 
.80 
.56 
.45 
.35 


^d  O  03 


80 
68 
56 
46 
36 

28 
22 
15 
12 
9.5 


;^      <* 


16 

13 

11 
9.2 
7.2 

5.6 

4.4 

3 

2.4 

1.9 


3.75 

3.5 

3.2 

2.83 

2.5 

2.15 

1.83 

1.75 

1.5 

1.33 


Add  10%  to  list  prices  for  galvanized  rope. 


SPECIAL    FLEXIBLE    HOISTING   ROPE. 

Six  strands  of  thirty-seven  wires  each  make  a 
special  flexible  rope  which  is  largely  used  on 
electric  travel  cranes  and  for  large  dredge  ropes. 
It  permits  the  use  of  fairly  small  sheaves  and 
bends  over  them  easily.  This  rope  comes  in 
diameters  of  %-in.  variation,  but  is  much  better 
in  the  larger  size  than  the  extra  strong  on 
account  of  the  smaller  hemp  core. 


Fig.  253.  6 
Strands  —  37 
Wires  to  the 
Strand  — One 
Hemp  Core. 


LIST  PRICES  SPECIAL  FLEXIBLE  HOISTING  ROPES 

(Standard  Strengths,  Adopted  May  1,  1910) 

Six  Strands — 37  Wires  to  the  Strand — One  Hemp  Core 

CRUCIBLE    CAST    STEEL. 


'  «.§ 

ill 

gfi 

«M)S 

S£~ 

-<HC 
0«H.rt 

pi 

P* 

8% 

11.95 

200 

7% 

9.85 

160 

8 

125 

6  ^4 

6.30 

105 

5% 

4.85 

84 

5 

4.15 

71 

4% 

3.55 

63 

414 

3 

55 

4 

2.45 

45 

2 

34 

40 
32 
25 
21 
17 

14 

12 

11 

9 

7 


3.75 
3.5 
3.2 
2.83 


ROPE 
CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL— Continued. 


555 


List  Price 
per  Foot. 

Diameter 
in  Inches. 

Circum- 
ference 
in  Inches. 

(fip 

III 

Approx. 
Strength 
in  Tons  of 
2,000  Lbs. 

o^ 

111! 

jZfiOBfc 

$  .37 

1 

3 

1.58 

29 

6 

2.5 

.28 

2% 

1.20 

23 

5 

2.16 

.23 

& 

2% 

.89 

17.5 

3.5 

1.83 

.18 

K/ 

2 

.62 

11.2 

2.2 

1.75 

.15 

ft 

1% 

.50 

9.5 

1.9 

1.5 

.13 

% 

1  1/ 

.39 

7.25 

1.45 

1.33 

.121/2 

•5 

1  ^ 

.30 

5.5 

1.1 

1.16 

.12 

% 

i£ 

.22 

4.2 

.84 

1 

EXTRA 

STRONG 

CRUCIBLE  CAST 

STEEL 

$2.80 

2% 

8% 

11.95 

233 

47 

2.35 

9  I/ 

7% 

9.85 

187 

37 

e 

1.90 
1.55 

2*4 
2 

il 

8 
6.30 

150 
117 

30 
23 

•• 

1.28 

1% 

4.85 

95 

19 

•  •" 

1.07 

1% 

5 

4.15 

79 

16 

.95 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

71 

14 

3.75 

.78 

1  % 

IS 

3 

61 

12 

3.5 

.65 

1^4 

4 

2.45 

50 

10 

3.20 

.55 

1% 

3% 

2 

39 

8 

2.83 

.44 

1 

3 

1.58 

32 

6.4 

2.5 

.34 

2% 

1.20 

25 

5 

2.16 

.27 
.21 

I 

.89 
.62 

19 
12.6 

3.8 
2.5 

1.83 
1.75 

•  17% 

£ 

1% 

.50 

10.5 

2.1 

1.5 

.15 

1% 

.39 

8.25 

1.65 

1.33 

.14 

1  ^/4 

.30 

6.35 

1.27 

1.16 

.13 

1  % 

.22 

4.65 

.93 

1 

PLOW  STEEL. 

$3.30 

2% 

8% 

11.95 

265 

53 

2.75 

2% 

9.85 

214 

43 

*  [ 

2.20 

2% 

7  % 

8 

175 

35 

f  | 

1.80 
1.50 

2 
1% 

ti 

6.30 
4.85 

130 
108 

26 

22 

•• 

1.25 

1% 

5 

4.15 

90 

18 

1.10 

1% 

4% 

3.55 

80 

16 

3.75 

.91 

1  % 

414 

3 

68 

14 

3.5 

.75 

1  % 

4 

2.45 

55 

11 

3.2 

.64 

1% 

3% 

2 

44 

9 

2.83 

.51 

1 

3 

1.58 

35 

7 

2.5 

.40 

2% 

1.20 

27 

5 

2.16 

.31 

s/. 

.89 

21 

4 

1.83 

.24 

% 

2 

.62 

14 

3 

1.75 

.20 

& 

1% 

.50 

11.5 

2.3 

1.5 

.17 

% 

.39 

9.25 

1.85 

1.33 

.16 

•ft 

.30 

7.2- 

1.4 

1.16 

.15 

% 

.22 

5.1 

1 

1 

556 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


MONITOR  PLOW  STEEL. 


$3.75 
3.15 
2.50 
2.10 
1.75 


£fi 

l«. 
gss 

5<BM 

8% 
7% 
7V8 


11.95 
9.85 
8 

6.30 
4.85 


278 
225 
184 
137 
113 


55 
45 
37 
27 
23 


1.45 

1.25 

1.05 

.86 

.75 

.59 
.46 
.36 
.27 
.23 

.20 


.18% 
.17% 


5 

4% 
4% 

3% 

3 

2% 

i* 

1% 


1% 
1% 


4.15 
3.55 
3 
2.45 

2 

1.58 

1.20 

.89 

.62 

.50 

.39 
.30 

.22 


95 
84 
71 
58 
46 

37 
29 
23 
16 
12% 

9.75 
7.50 
5.30 


19 
17 
14 
11 
9.2 

7.4 
5.8 
4.6 
3.2 
2.5 

1.9 
1.5 


3.75 
3.50 
3.20 
2.83 

2.50 
2.16 
1.83 
1.75 
1.50 

1.33 
1.15 
1 


Ropes  composed  of  strands  made  up  of  more  than  37  wires  add 
10%  to  list  price  of  6x37. 


Fig.  254.  S  i  x 
Strands  of  42  Wires 
Each  (252  Wires  in 
All)— 7  Hemp  Cores. 


TILLER  ROPE  OB  HAND  ROPE. 

The  6x6x7  construction  is  known  as  tiller 
rope  and  is  the  most  flexible  rope  manufac- 
tured. Its  first  applications  were  to  the 
steering  gear  of  boats,  but  its  greatest  ap- 
plication today  is  for  hand  rope  on  ele- 
vators. This  is  made  up  of  six  strands  of 
forty-two  wires  each  and  seven  hemp  cores 
and  comes  in  diameters  of  is-in.  variation. 


PRICES   TILLER   ROPE   OR   HAND   ROPE 


Diameter  Circumference 
in  Inches          in  Inches 
1  3 

%  2% 

I  !* 

&  1% 


—  List  Price  per  Foot  — 

Crucible 

Iron 

Cast  Steel 

$0.33 

$0.43 

.27 

.36 

.22 

.30 

.17 

.24 

.14 

.20 

.11% 

.17 

.10 

.15 

.09 

.14 

.08 

.12% 

.07% 

.11 

Approx. 

Weight 

per  Foot 

Lbs. 

1.10 

.84 

.62 

.43 

.35 

.28 
.21 
.16 
.11 
.07 


ROPE  557 

The  wires  are  very  fine.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  subject 
it  to  much  abrasive  wear. 

It  is  used  to  a  limited  extent  for  steering  lines  on  yachts  and 
motor  boats.  Galvanized  Crucible  Cast  Steel  Yacht  Rope,  6 
strands,  19  wires  to  the  strand,  1  hemp  core,  is  preferred  by 
many  for  motor  boats. 

%  and  %-in.  diameter  Iron  Tiller  or  Hand  Rope  is  used  for 
starting  and  stopping  elevators.  This  rope  is  also  called  Elevator 
Shipper  Rope. 

Tiller  Rope  of  tinned  or  galvanized  iron  or  steel  is  furnished 
if  required.  For  this  rope  add  10%  to  the  foregoing  list  prices. 

FLATTENED   STRAND    ROPE. 

Flattened  Strand  Ropes  are  used  for  heavy  derricks,  hoists, 
etc.,  where  great  flexibility  and  long  life  are  required.  They  are 
made  in  a  variety  of  types  and  steels.  Those  with  an  odd  number 
of  oval  strands  are  particularly  difficult  to  splice.  The  best  type 


TrpeD 

Fig.  255. 

is  that  composed  of  6  triangular  shaped  strands  of  wire,  each 
strand  made  up  of  12  large  outside  steel  wires,  1  large  triangular 
inside  iron  wire,  with  12  smaller  round  steel  wires  between. 
This  comes  in  the  various  iron  and  steels,  but  we  give  prices 
and  capacities  of  Monitor  plow  steel  rope  only. 


558  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

FLATTENED    STRAND    ROPE 

Type  A — 5  Strands,  28  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 
Type  B — 6  Strands,  25  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 

Type  A Type  B 

^j  xJo  bc<w  +J          430  be**-1  *J  03  n 

-*->  o  g  O  ,C  -MO  c  O  ,C  >  i 

I       |S       «3        f      §3       2»       |          SJ 

G  u,<w  op  tfe     -    »*<n  op 


b 
$J 

o 

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CO 

cS'Oo 

*!   . 
$   I 

M            eg 

i*      ^ 

|cg          poo 

o 

|s 

iameter 
)rum  01 
n  Feet 

55 

3 

*  H     i 

£ 

<A     < 

j. 

»a 

Q 

2% 

$2.85 

210 

42 

8.00 

231 

46.2 

9.20 

12 

2 

2.25 

166 

33.2 

6.30 

183 

36.6 

7.25 

11 

2.08 

133 

26.6 

4.85 

146 

29.2 

5.60 

9 

1  % 

1.56 

110 

22 

4.15 

121 

24.2 

4.75 

8  V& 

1  V 

1.37 

98 

10.6 

3.55 

108 

21.6 

4.00 

8 

1% 

1.12 

84 

16.8 

3.00 

92 

18.4 

3.45 

7V 

114 

.89 

69 

13.8 

2.45 

76 

15.2 

2.80 

7   2 

1  % 

.71 

56 

11.2 

2.00 

62 

12.4 

2.30 

6 

1 

.60 

45 

9 

1.58 

50 

10.0 

1.80 

5 

% 

.49 

35 

7 

1.20 

39 

7.8 

1.38 

% 

.375 

26.3 

5.26 

.89 

29 

5.8 

1.00 

4 

% 

.28 

19 

3.8 

.62 

21 

4.2 

.72 

& 

.25 

14.5 

2.9 

.50 

16 

3.2 

.58 

3 

.20% 

12..1 

2.42 

.39 

13.3 

2.7 

.45 

2% 

Type  C — 5  Strands,  9  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 
Type  D — 6  Strands,  8  Wires  to  the  Strand,  One  Hemp  Core 


$0.88 
.70 
.58 
.44 
.35 


.25 

.16%          11 


ROPE  559 

NON-SPINNING    HOISTING    ROPE. 

Standard  strengths  adopted  May  1,  1910. 
Eighteen  strands,  seven  wires  each,  one  hemp  core. 

Non-Spinning  Rope  is  necessary  in  "back-haul"  or  single  line 
derricks,  in  shaft  sinking  and  mine  hoisting  where  the  bucket 
or  cage  swings  free.  That  of  the  best  type  is  composed  of  six 
strands  of  seven  wires  each,  laid  around  hemp  core  and  cov- 


Fig.  256. 

ered  with  an  outer  layer  of  twelve  strands  of  seven  wires  each, 
regular  lay.  It  is  made  in  Swedes  iron,  crucible  cast  steel,  extra 
strong  crucible  cast  steel,  and  plow  steel.  With  a  rope  of  this 
type  the  Vermont  Marble  Co.,  of  West  Rutland,  Vt.,  hoisted  a 
large  block  of  marble,  hanging  free,  250  ft.  without  its  making 
a  half  turn.  (Fig.  256.) 


560 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


EXTRA  STRONG  CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL 


$1.10 
.94 
.80 
.68 
.56 

.46 
.37 
.29 
.22 


.14 

.121/2 


$1.30 

1.08 

.93 

.79 

.65 

.54 
.43 
.34 
.26 
.19 


.16 
.14 
.13 

.121/2 


Sg 

-  ~ 


e 

o» 
H£2 


-•->  3 


51/2 

5.50 

101.00 

5 

4.90 

87.60 

4% 

4.32 

75.00 

4i/4 

3.60 

62.40 

4 

2.80 

51.60 

3% 

2.34 

43.20 

3 

1.73 

33.00 

2% 

1.44 

26.50 

21/4 

1.02 

19.60 

2 

.70 

13.10 

1% 

.57 

10.70 

11/2 

.42 

8.10 

.31 

5.80 

1% 

.25 

4.60 

PLOW  STEEL 

5i/2 

5.50 

111.10 

5 

4.90 

96.30 

4% 

4.32 

82.50 

4% 

3.60 

68.60 

4 

2.80 

56.80 

3y2 

2.34 

47.50 

3 

1.73 

36.30 

2% 

1.44 

31.80 

21/4 

1.02 

24.60 

2 

.70 

15.75 

1% 

.57 

12.80 

11/2 

.42 

9.75 

1% 

.31 

6.85 

1% 

.25 

5.55 

22.2 
19.2 
16.5 
13.7 
11.3 

9.5 

7.2 
6.3 
4.9 
3.1 

2.5 

1.9 
1.3 
1.1 


c  t,  .  c 

if  ? 
ill 


7.00 
6.50 
6.00 
5.50 
5.00 

4.50 
4.00 
3.50 
3.00 
2.50 

2.25 
2.00 
1.75 
1.50 


7.00 
6.50 
6.00 
5.50 
5.00 

4.50 
4.00 
3.50 
3.00 
2.50 

2.25 
2.00 
1.75 
1.50 


FLAT    WIRE    ROFE. 

Flat  wire  rope  is  composed  of  a  number  of  wire  ropes  called 
flat  rope  strands  of  alternate  right  and  left  lay,  usually  of 
crucible  steel  placed  side 
by  side  and  sewed  to- 
gether with  soft  Swedish 
iron  or  steel  wire.  This 
sewing  wire,  being  softer 
than  the  steel  strands, 
acts  as  a  cushion  and 
wears  out  much  faster 
than  the  strands  them- 
selves. The  rope,  how- 
ever, is  very  easily  re- 
paired. As  a  large  reel  is 
not  necessary  for  wind- 
ing it,  it  is  used  princi- 
pally where  space  is  limited. 


Fig.   257.     Flat   Wire    Rope    Made   of 

Crucible  Cast  Steel. 
It  comes  in  widths  of  %-in.  variation. 


WidtB 

and 

Thickness 
in  Inches 

%x7 
i/2x6 


x5 


%*% 


%x5V2 
%x5 


ROPE                                                        56] 
y2   INCH  THICK 

Approximate 
Breaking 

Proper 

Weight  per 
Foot 

Stress* 
in  Tons  of 

Working  T^oad 
in  Tons  of 

Approx. 
Price 

in  Pounds 

2,000  Pounds 

2,000  Pounds 

per  Pound 

5.90 

89 

13 

$0.12  y2 

5.10 

77 

11 

.I2y2 

4.'82 

72 

10.5 

.13% 

4.27 

64 

9.25 

.12% 

4.00 

60 

8.50 

.12% 

3.30 

2.97 

50 
45 

7.25 
7.00 

.13% 
"13% 

2.38 

36 

5.25 

.13  y2 

%    INCH  THICK 

3.90 

55 

8 

.13% 

3.40 

50 

7.5 

3.12 

47 

7 

!l3*4 

2.86 

43 

6 

.13% 

2.50 

38 

5.5 

.13% 

2.00 

30 

4.5 

.13% 

1.86 

28 

4 

.13% 

1.19     . 

18 

2.5 

.13% 

x4 

%x3 

%x3 

tx2 
x2 

Unless  order  distinctly  specifies  to  the  contrary,  the  rule  for 
thickness  applies  to  size  of  strand  before  sewing. 

Wire  rope  is  as  flexible  as  new  manila  or  hemp  rope  of  the 
same  strength,  and  when  used  as  hauling,  hoisting  or  standing 
rope  is  generally  more  durable.  The  working  load  for  hoisting 
and  haulage  ropes  should  be  about  %  the  breaking  strength; 
standing  rope  about  %  ;  in  shafts  and  elevators  from  1/7  to  1/10. 

Use  the  largest  drums  and  pulleys  possible,  and  have  them 
truly  aligned  with  the  rope.  To  increase  the  capacity  of  hoisting 
rope  increase  the  load  but  not  the  speed,  as  the  wear  increases 
with  the  latter.  Do  not  "fatigue"  the  rope  unnecessarily  by 
repeated  shocks.  A  wire  rope  should  be  discarded  by  the  time 
half  the  diameter  of  the  outside  wire  is  worn  away. 

Galvanized  ropes  have  about  10  per  cent  less  strength  than  un- 
galvanized,  and  the  latter  may  be  protected  from  the  weather 
by  the  use  of  one  of  the  many  oil,  tar  or  grease  mixtures. 

In  wire  rope  the  outer  fibres  of  each  wire  going  round  the 
sheaves  are  in  tension,  and  the  inner  wires  are  in  compression 
with  a  neutral  point  within  the  circumference  of  the  rope.  As 
the  rope  goes  round  the  drum  or  sheave  the  result  of  these 
differential  stresses  is  to  produce  a  crawling  or  creeping  or 
sliding  of  the  wire  upon  each  rope.  It  therefore  follows  that 
when  thoroughly  greased  the  life  of  wire  rope  will  be  very 
greatly  increased.  In  Engineering  &  Mining  Journal  it  is  reported 
that  the  same  kind  of  rope  well  oiled  made  386,000  turns  over 
24"  pulley  before  breaking,  as  against  75,000  turns  when  not 
oiled;  a  difference  in  favor  of  oiling  of  over  500  per  cent.  In 
mine  work  when  a  rope  is  coated  with  cable  compound  once  a 
week  a  steel  wire  rope  of  best  grade  1%"  in  diameter  with  an 
ultimate  strength  of  about  100  tons  will  last  from  1  to  1%  years. 


*  Crucible    steel    will    average    30%    to    50%    stronger    than   the 
figures  in  these  columns. 


562  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

To  prevent  kinking,  the  cage  should  be  lowered  to  the  bottom  of 
the  shaft  and  the  rope  removed,  being  allowed  to  hang  loose 
to  uncoil. 

In  the  Rookery  Building,  Chicago,  44  Swedish  iron  hoisting 
cables,  %"  diameter,  of  six  strands  of  nineteen  wires  each,  four 
cables  to  an  elevator,  have  been  running  twelve  years,  without 
replacement.  They  are  lubricated  twice  a  year  and  carefully  in- 
spected each  month.  The  hand  rope  in  the  same  elevators,  how- 
ever, wears  out  very  rapidly  on  account  of  the  abrasion  caused 
by  the  eye  holes. 

CABLE    ON   BROOKLYN   BRIDGE. 

S          I  1  -2          «•§ 


>  3                                                                              o  *iS 

«  M                                    J»                                                                                    J  tf7 

»  fc,o                S  *3 

«  £3*3                      P  ®  ® 


3» 

•°«H 

o 

1 

i| 

e3 

h 

0)  O 

£•< 

3° 

£Q 

5 

£ 

£W 

<°* 

1 

1,140 

228,329 

49,002,442 

22,142,000 

97 

6 

2 

607 

120,232 

47,840,000 

25,292,890 

212 

7.3 

3 

393 

82,099 

36,971,000 

20,345,073 

348.4 

7.6 

4 

356 

74,111 

34,134,640 

18,923,469 

255.3 

7.6 

5 

520 

111,116 

56,287,452 

33,857,669 

304.7 

8.3 

6 

509 

109,475 

58,071,000 

35,149,894 

321.1 

8.4 

The  life  of  street  railway  cable  "is  likely  to  range  from  60  to 
115,000  miles  where  the  cable  itself  is  between  13,000  and  33,000 
feet  long.  The  average  of  12  cables  of  which  we  have  record  is 
74,017  miles. 

A  cable  used  on  a  Lidgerwood  Unloader  Plow  on  the  Panama 
Canal  work  was  installed  April  12,  1909,  and  was  first  broken 
May  5,  1910.  In  the  thirteen  months  it  unloaded  1,830  nineteen- 
car  trains  of  spoil  from  Culebra.  This  is  a  record,  as  the  pull 
on  these  cables  ranges  from  90  to  125  tons.  The  life  of  the  cable 
on  this  work  averages  from  350  to  500  trains.  After  breaking, 
the  cables  are  spliced  and  used  again. 

The  principal  causes  of  destruction  of  wire  ropes  are: 

(a)  The  wearing  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  outside  wires. 

(b)  The  fatigue  of  the  steel  where  the  rope  is  worked  over 
small  pulleys. 

As  an  example  of  the  first  case,  the  cable  on  cable  tramways 
is  worn  by  the  grips;  therefore,  use  a  stiff  cable  with  large  wires; 
as  an  example  of  the  second  case,  ropes  used  over  small  blocks 
break  frequently;  therefore,  use  a  rope  with  small  wires.  The 
strength  of  a  wire  rope  is  about  10  per  cent  less  than  the  sum  of 
the  strengths  of  the  wires  composing  the  rope. 

A  wire  rope-way  was  constructed  for  the  Plimosas  Line  con- 
sisting of  an  endless  rope  20,230  feet  long  supported  at  intervals 
of  from  104  to  1,935  feet  on  notch  sheaves.  "After  the  rope  had 
been  running  about  two  years  the  splices  commenced  to  give 
way  at  the  points  where  the  two  cable  strands  are  inserted  into 
the  rope  to  take  the  place  of  the  hemp  heart.  *  *  *  When 


ROPE  •  563 

new  rope  is  spliced  with  old  the  new  strands  stand  out  somewhat 
more  than  the  old  ones  and  the  wear  is  very  rapid.  *  *  *  A 
flexible  wire  rope  (19  wires  to  the  strand)  can  be  spliced  so 
that  there  will  be  little  difference  in  the  wear;  but,  in  a  rope  of 
seven-wire  strands  made  out  of  plow  steel,  at  the  point  just 
above  and  below  where  the  two  steel  strands  are  inserted  into 
the  core  and  take  the  place  of  the  hemp  heart,  there  is  a  spot 
(about  an  inch  in  length)  where  the  rope  is  seven  strands  instead 
of  six  on  the  circumference.  This  makes  the  diameter  greater 
and  increases  the  wear  on  the  splice.  *  *  *  In  a  flexible  rope 
the  strands  can  be  set  together  with  a  mallet  so  that  the  splice 
cannot  be  noticed." 

DIRECTIONS  FOB  SPLICING  WIRE  ROPE. 

Wire  rope  is  susceptible  to  the  most  perfect  splice;  a  smoother 
and  better  splice  can  be  put  in  a  wire  rope  than  in  any  other  kind 
of  rope,  for  the  simple  reason  that  it  is  made  with  a  view  to  this 
purpose.  It  has  the  desired  number  of  strands  and  a  hemp  core 
which  provides  a  place  for  fastening  the  ends.  It  is  a  plain, 
simple  process,  and  but  the  work  of  an  hour  for  any  one  to 
learn. 

To  Get  the  Leng-th  of  the  Rope  to  Be  Spliced  Endless. 

In  most  cases  the  ropes  can  be  applied  endless,  and  in  such 
cases  the  ropes  can  be  forwarded  spliced  ready  to  go  on.  Ropes 
ready  spliced  can  be  procured  by  giving  the  exact  distance  from 
center  to  center  cf  shaft,  and  the  exact  diameters  of  the  wheels 
on  which  the  rope  is  to  run.  This  measure  can  be  got  best  by 
stretching  a  wire  from  shaft'  to  shaft,  marking  the  distance  from 
center  to  center  of  shaft  and  carefully  measuring  the  wire. 

In  cases  where  the  endless  rope  cannot  be  put  on,  the  rope  has 
to  be  put  around  the  sheaves,  hove  taut  by  pulley  blocks,  and 
the  splice  made  on  the  spot.  See  Fig.  1  in  diagram  of  splices. 

The  Necessary  Tools.  A  hammer  and  sharp  cold  chisel  for 
cutting  the  ends  of  strands;  a  steel  point  or  marlin  spike  for 
opening1  strands;  two  slings  of  tarred  rope  with  sticks  for  un- 
twisting rope;  a  pocket  knife  for  cutting  the  hemp  core;  a 
wooden  mallet  and  block. 

First.  Put  the  rope  around  the  sheaves,  and  heave  it  tight 
with  block  and  fall.  (See  Fig.  1.)  The  blocks  should  be  hitched 
far  enough  apart  so  as  to  give  room  between  to  make  a  20-ft. 
splice.  A  small  clamp  may  be  used  to  prevent  the  lashing 
from  slipping  on  the  rope  where  the  blocks  are  hitched.  (See 
Fig.  1.)  Next,  see  that  the  ropes  overlap  about  20  feet;  about 
ten  feet  each  way  from  the  center,  as  shown  by  the  arrow  lines 
in  Fig.  1.  Next  mark  the  center  on  both  ropes  with  a  piece  of 
chalk,  or  by  tying  on  a  small  string.  Now  proceed  to  put  in  the 
splice,  with  the  blocks  remaining  taut  when  it  is  necessary;  but 
the  better  way  is  to  remove  the  blocks,  throw  off  the  rope  from 
the  sheaves,  let  it  hang  loose  on  the  shafts,  and  proceed  with 
the  splice  on  the  ground  or  floor,  or  scaffold,  as  the  case  may  be. 


*  Abstracted  from  catalogue  of  Brodefick  &  Bascom  Rope  Co. 


564 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Second.  Unlay  the  strands  of  both  ends  of  the  rope  for  a  dis- 
tance of  ten  feet  each,  or  to  the  center  mark,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2. 
Next,  cut  off  the  hemp  cores  close  up,  as  shown  in  Fig.  2,  and 
bring  the  bunches  of  strands  together  so  that  the  opposite 
strands  will  interlock  regularly  with  each  other.  (See  Fig.  3.) 

Third.  Unlay  any  strand,  A,  and  follow  up  with  strand  1  of 
the  other  end,  laying  it  tightly  in  open  groove  made  by  unwind- 
ing A,  make  twist  of  the  strand  agree  exactly  with  the  twist  of 
the  open  groove.  Proceed  with  this  until  all  but  twelve  inches 
of  1  are  laid  in,  or  till  A  has  become  ten  feet  long.  Next,  cut  off 
A,  leaving  an  end  about  twelve  inches  long. 

Fourth.  Unlay  a  strand,  4,  of  the  opposite  end,  and  follow 
with  strand  D,  laying  it  into  the  open  groove  as  before,  and 


k- 


Fig.  5 


Fig.  258. 


Fig.  6. 


treating  this  precisely  as  in  the  first  case.  (See  Fig.  3.)  Next, 
pursue  the  same  course  with  B  and  2,  stopping  four  feet  short 
of  the  first  set.  Next,  with  5  and  E,  stopping  as  before;  then 
with  C  and  3;  and  lastly  with  6  and  F.  The  strands  are  now 
all  laid  in  with  the  ends  four  feet  apart,  as  shown  in  Fig.  4. 

Fifth  and  Last.  The  ends  must  now  be  secured  without  enlarg- 
ing the  diameter  of  the  rope.  Take  two  rope  slings  or  twisters 
(see  Fig.  5)  and  fasten  them  to  the  rope  as  shown  in  Fig.  6; 
twist  them  in  opposite  directions,  thus  opening  the  lay  of  the 
rope.  (See  Fig.  6.)  Next,  with  a  knife,  cut  the  hemp  core  about 
twelve  inches  on  each  side.  Now  straighten  the  ends,  and  slip 
them  into  the  place  occupied  by  the  core;  then  twist  the  slings 
back,  closing  up  the  rope,  taking  out  any  slight  inequality  with 
a  wooden  mallet.  Next,  shift  the  slings,  and  repeat  the  operation 
at  the  other  five  places,  and  the  splice  is  made. 

if  the  rope  becomes  slack,  in  time,  and  runs  too  loose,  a  piece 


ROPE 


565 


can  be  cut  out  and  the  rope  tightened  up.  This  will  require  a 
piece  of  rope  about  40  feet  long  and  two  splices,  one  splice  to 
put  on  the  piece  of  roper  and  the  other  splice  to  join  the  two 
ends  together. 


Rope 
in  Inches 
%  to  1  % 
1&  toiy2 


List  for 

Splicing 

$4.00 

4.50 


COST  FOR  LABOR  OF  SPLICING  ROPE  TO  MAKE  ENDLESS. 

Diameter  of  Diameter  of 

Rope  "List"  for 

in  Inches  Splicing 

1/4  to  •&  $2.50 

%  to  T7s  3.00 

%  to  %  3.50 

The  above  charge  to  be  in  addition  to  the  extra  rope  used  in 
making  splice.  These  prices  apply  only  on  wire  ropes  spliced 
at  the  works  of  the  manufacturer. 

MANILA   AND   SISAL   ROPE. 

Manila  and  sisal  rope  are  usually  classed  as  "regular"  rope  or 
rope  having  three  strands,  four  strand  rope,  bolt  rope  or  espe- 
cially selected  long  yarns  and  transmission  rope  which  is  of 
yarn  selected  and  woven  with  great  care.  The  prices  are  com- 
puted from  a  "base"  which  varies  with  the  season  and  according 
to  the  condition  of  the  trade;  this  base  averages  8  cents  per  Ib. 

The  table  below  gives  the  standard  sizes,  weights,  etc. 


Size  in 
Circum- 
ference 

6  th'd 

9  th'd 
12  th'd 
15  th'd  fine 
15  th'd 

1%  in. 

11/2  in. 

2  *  in.' 

21/4  in. 
2  %  in. 

2  %  in. 

3  in. 
314  in. 
3%  in. 

3  %  in. 

4  in. 
414  in. 
4%  in. 
4%  in. 

5  in. 
51/2  in. 

6  in. 

6  y,  in. 

7  in. 
7 1/2  in. 

8  in. 
81/2  in. 

9  in. 
9 1/2  in. 

10      in. 


MANILA   ROPE 

Weight 

Strain 

of  200 

Borne 

Faths. 

by  New 

Size  in 

Manila 

•  Manila 

Diameter 

in  Lbs. 

Rope 

tin. 

22 

620 

in. 

29 

1,000 

in. 

44 

1,275 

%  in.  full 

50 

1,600 

iV  in. 

65 

1,875 

•fs  in.  full 

75 

2,100 

1/2  in. 

90 

2,400 

T%  in. 

125 

3,300 

%  in. 

160 

4,000 

%  in. 

198 

4,700 

}£  in. 

234 

5,600 

7/s  in. 

270 

6,500 

1      in. 

324 

7,500 

1-Ar  in. 

378 

8,900 

li/8  in. 

432 

10,500 

li/4  in. 

504 

12,500 

iff  in. 

576 

14,000 

%  in. 

648 

15,400 

tin. 

720 

17,000 

in. 

810 

18,400 

in. 

900 

20,000 

1%  in. 

1,080 

25,000 

2      in. 

1,296 

30,000 

2%  in. 

1,512 

33,000 

21/4  in. 

1,764 

37,000 

2  i/o  in. 

2,016 

43,000 

2%  in. 

2,304 

50,000 

2  %  in. 

2,590 

56,000 

3       in. 

2,915 

62,000 

3  i/s  in. 

3,240 

68,000 

314  in. 

3,600 

75,000 

Length  of 
Manila  Rope 
in  One  Pound 
55  ft. 
41ft. 
27  ft. 
24ft. 
18ft. 
16  ft. 
13  ft. 


9  ft. 
7ft. 
6  ft. 
5ft. 
4ft. 
3  ft. 
3  ft. 
2  ft. 
2  ft. 
2  ft. 
1  ft.  10 
1  ft.    8 
1ft.    6 
1ft.     4 
1ft.     1 
11 

9V2  in. 

8      in. 

7      in. 

61,4  in. 

5y2  in. 

5      in. 

4V2in. 

4       in. 


in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 
in. 


566  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Sisal  rope  has  approximately  the  same  weight  as   Manila. 
Manila  about  25  per  cent  stronger  than  sisal. 
Hawser  laid  rope  weighs  about  one-sixth  less  than  3  strand. 
The  prices  of  rope  are  as  follows: 

Regular  Rope,  &  in.  diameter,  l%c  over  base. 

%  in.  and  ^  in.  diameter,  Ic  over  base. 
%  in.  diameter,  y.2c  over  base. 
•fa  in.  diameter  arid  larger,  base. 

Four  Strand  Manila,  %  in.  diameter  and  under,  Ic  over  base. 
Manila  Bolt  Rope,  2c  over  base. 

Towing  Hawsers,  up  to  18-in.  circumference  and  any  length,  base. 
Tarred  Sisal  Lath  Yarn,  coarse  (110),  medium  (130),  base. 

fine  (200),  %c  per  Ib.  over  base. 

Tarred  Sisal  Fodder  Yarn,  24  and  21  oz.,  base,  18  oz.,  iy2c  above 
base. 

Drilling  Cables,  Ic  above  base. 
Sand  Lines,  Ic  above  base. 
Jute  Rope  (unoiled) — 

%  in.  diameter  and  larger,  base. 

Js  in.  diameter  and  larger,  %c  above  base. 

TABLE   146— MANILA  TRANSMISSION  ROPE. 

Smallest 

Approximate  Approximate  Length  in  Diam. 

Diam.  Wt.  in  Lbs.  Breaking  Ft.  Required  of 

Inches  per  100  Ft.  Strength  for  Splice  Sheave 

%  20  4500  8  28 

%  26  6125  8  32 

1  34  8000  10  36 
1%  43  10125  10  40 
1%  53  12500  10  46 
1%  65  15125  12  50 
iy2  77  18000  12  54 
1%  90  21125  12  60 
1%  104  24500  12  64 

2  136  32000  14  72 

Price  lie  to  15%  cents  per  pound. 


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HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Mr.  George  J.  Bishop  in  1897  made  some  records  to  determine 
the  life  of  manila  rope  in  pile  driving.  The  drum  of  the  engine 
and  the  sheave  on  the  top  of  the  leads  were  14"  in  diameter.  The 
sheave  at  the  front  of  the  pile  driver  was  10".  The  hammer 
weighed  10,000  Ibs.  The  rope  was  of  three  different  makes  of  1%" 
diameter.  Common  manila  three-ply  rope  made  the  best  showing. 
The  length  of  rope  was  125',  and  its  weight  ranged  from  74  to 
95  Ibs.;  average  85  Ibs.,  or  nearly  0.7  Ibs.  per  foot.  The  price 
of  the  rope  was  6i£  cents  per  lb.,  or  $5.53  per  average  rope.  Ten 
ropes  were  used  up  in  driving  1,335  piles  to  an  average  penetra- 
tion of  20';  hence,  each  rope  averaged  135  piles  at  a  cost  of 
4  cents  per  pile  per  rope.  However,  5  ropes  averaged  only  101 
piles  each,  and  5  averaged  166  piles  each. 

The  Plymouth  Cordage  Company  in  1910-11  conducted  a  series 
of  tests  on  various  brands  of  rope  to  determine  the  extent  to 
which  manila  rope  might  vary  in  quality.  An  average  Plymouth 
cordage  sample  was  used  as  a  standard  and  from  this  the  varia- 
tions plus  or  minus,  in  size,  weight  and  strength  were  plotted 


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Fig.  259.     Diagram  Showing  Variation  of  Wire  Rope  from  Standard 
Plymouth  Cordage. 


on  the  accompanying  diagram.  Twenty-two  samples  of  rope 
nominally  3  ins.  in  circumference,  ma'de  by  various  manufac- 
turers, were  tested.  The  strongest  rope  failed  under  a  load  of 
9,010  Ibs.,  while  the  weakest  was  able  to  stand  only  4,946  Ibs. 
Glancing  at  the  table  it  will  be  seen  that  in  several  cases  where 
the  size  curve  shows  a  decided  rise  the  weight  curve  dips.  It 


ROPE  569 

would  be  natural  to  suppose  that  the  weight  would  increase  cor- 
respondingly with  the  size,  but  this  does  not  seem  to  be  the  case 
and  must  indicate  that  some  brands  are  more  loosely  twisted 
than  others.  As  will  be  noticed  the  weights  vary  between  minus 
9.61%  and  plus  20%  and  the  table  shows  that  so-called  3  in.  rope 
is  not  always  3  ins.  in  circumference. 


570  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


SAND  BLAST  MACHINES 


A  portable  sand  blast  machine,  20  ins.  diameter,  52  ins.  total 
height,  fitted  with  water  trap  and  pressure  gauge,  helmet  to  pro- 
tect operator,  nozzle  holder  and  24%x5  ins.,  hard  iron  nozzles, 
costs  about  $190.  A  machine  of  this  kind  may  be  used  for  many 
purposes,  among  them  to  clean  or 

finish   concrete    surfaces.      A    2-in.  FopVaM( 

hose   connection  is   regularly   fur- 
nished   with    the   machine,    but    a 

1-in.  sand  blast  hose,  costing  about  *rt' 

$1  per  ft.,  would  facilitate  opera- 
tions. To  furnish  air  at  50  to  60 
Ibs.  pressure  would  require  a  com- 
pressor having  a  capacity  of  120 
cubic  feet  of  free  air  per  minute,  Fig.  260.  Portable  Sand  Blast, 
which  would  be  a  10x10x10  steam 

driven  machine.     Two  to  three  feet  of  surface  may  be  cleaned  per 
minute. 

At  the  United  States  Naval  Station,  Key  West,  Fla.,  steel  sheds 
were  cleaned  and  painted  by  compressed  air.  These  sheds  were 
used  to  store  coal  and  the  action  of  heat  and  the  impurities  in 
the  coal,  combined  with  the  salt  water  used  for  extinguishing 
spontaneous  combustion  fires,  rapidly  corroded  the  steel  and  ne- 
cessitated a  thorough  cleaning  and  painting  every  time  the  sheds 
were  emptied.  The  following  outfit  was  purchased  and  cost 
$2,090: 

1  horizontal  gasoline  engine,  about  20  H.  P. 

1  air  compressor,  capacity  about  90  ft.  of  free  air  per  min.  com- 
pressed to  a  pressure  of  30  Ibs.  per  sq.  in.  in  one  stage,  belt 
connected  to  engine. 

1  rotary  circulating  pump,  belt  connected  to  engine. 

1  galvanized  steel  water  tank. 

1  air  receiver,  18x54  ins. 

(The  above  apparatus  was  all  mounted  on  steel  frame  wagon 
with  wooden  housing.) 

2  sand  blast  machines,  capacity  2  cubic  feet  of  sand  each. 

2  paint  spraying  machines,  one  a  hand  machine  of  %  gal.  ca- 
pacity for  one  operator,  the  other  of  10  gals,  capacity  for 
two  operators. 

100  lin.  ft.  of  sand  blast  hose. 

200  lin.  ft.  of  pneumatic  hose  for  sand  blast  machines. 
400  lin.  ft.  of  pneumatic  hose  for  painting  machines. 
100  lin.  ft.  of  air  and  paint  hose  for  painting  machines. 

4  khaki  helmets,  with  mica-covered  openings  for  the  eyes. 
200  lin.  ft.  of  2-in.  galvanized  iron  pipe. 

Cleaning  by  hand  cost  over  4  cents  per  square  ft.  The  labor 
cost  per  day  of  cleaning  by  machine  is  shown  on  the  following 
page. 


SAND  BLAST  MACHINES  571 

1  engine  tender $   3.04 

1  helper  (in  charge  of  the  work  and  tending  machines) 2.24 

2  laborers  on  machines  at  $1.76  each 3.52 

1  laborer  drying  sand,  filling  machines,  etc 1.76 

Total $10.56 

9,000  square  feet  of  surface  were  cleaned  at  a  cost  for  labor 
of  $97.68  and  for  gasoline  of  $16.15,  or  at  the  rate  of  less  than 
iy2  cents  per  square  foot;  9,000  square  feet  of  surface  were 
painted  at  a  cost  for  labor  of  $28.16  and  for  gasoline  of  $3.80, 
or  at  the  rate  of  %  cent  per  square  foot.  The  interest,  deprecia- 
tion and  repairs  to  plant  would  add  an  inconsiderable  amount  to 
this. 


572  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

SAW  MILLS 


A  light  weight  medium  sized  portable  mill  with  standard 
equipment,  including  variable  friction  feed,  cable  drive,  mud 
sills^  self-oiling  and  self-aligning  mandrel  boxes,  binding  pulley 
and  frame  for  drive  belt,  2  cant  hooks,  monkey  wrench,  oil  can 
and  belt  punch.  Fig.  261. 


Fig.  261.     Eclipse  No.  01  Saw  Mill. 
SPECIFICATIONS 

Will  swing  56  in.  saw. 

Husk,  4  ft.  1  in.  x  5  ft.  11  in.  long. 

Mandrel,  2%  in.  diam.,  72  in.  long. 

Mandrel  pulley,  24  in.  diam.,  10  in.  face. 

Carriages  built  in  standard  lengths,  20,  25  and  30  ft. 

Knees,  open,  38  in. 

Feed,  %  in.  to  2%  in.  to  each  revolution  of  saw. 

Capacity,  with  15  H.  P.  engine,  3,000  to  5,000  feet  per  day. 

Price  with  20  ft.  carriage,  55  ft.  ways,  f.  o.  b.  N.  Y.  (not  in- 
cluding saw)   $293.00 

Necessary  extras,  as  paper  wheel  fillings,  saw  guide  jaws, 

dog  springs,  etc 22.00 

Third  head  block  with  dogs 16.00 

Foot  receder  and  gauge  roll 40.00 

Longer  carriage,  per  foot 3.50 

Axles  and  wheels  for  log  carriage 9.50 

Weight,  net,   5,316  Ibs. 

Weight,  boxed,  7,531  Ibs. 

Cubic  feet  space,  boxed,  343  cu.  ft. 

An  extra  strong  portable  mill  with   standard  equipment. 

SPECIFICATIONS 

Will  swing  62  in.  saw. 

Husk,  4  ft.  4  in.  x  9  ft.  long. 

Mandrel,  3x78  in. 

Mandrel  pulley,  24x12  in. 

Carriage  lengths,  20,  25  and  30  ft. 

Feed,  y2  to  4  in. 

Knees,  open,  44  in. 

Capacity  with  20  H.  P.  engine,  5,000  to  8,000  ft.  per  day. 


SAW  MILLS 


573 


Price  with  20  ft.  carriage,  55  ft.  ways,  f.  o.  b.  N.  Y.  (not  in- 
cluding saw) 1312.00 

Necessary  extras  for  renewals 23.00 

Third  head  block  and  dogs 20.00 

Foot  receder  and  gauge  roll 40.00 

Longer  carriage,  per  foot 4.00 

Taper  movements  on  head  blocks,  each 8.50 

Weight,  net,  7,096  Ibs. 

Weight,  boxed,  8,885  Ibs. 

Cubic  feet  space,  boxed,  400  cu.  ft. 

Inserted  tooth  saws,  54  in $  90.00 

Inserted  tooth  saws,  56  in 100.00 

Fig.    262    illustrates    a    well-known    type    of    rip    saw    which 
comes  in  various  sizes  as  per  specifications. 


Fig.    262.     Wood    Frame    Rip    Saw. 

\ 

Size  No.  1  wood  frame  saw  table,  without  countershaft.    Price, 
f.  o.  b.  factory,  $48. 


SPECIFICATIONS. 

These  machines  have  hardwood  frames,  well  seasoned,  carefully 
mortised  and  firmly  bolted  together. 

The  Top  is  made  of  narrow  strips  of  different  wood  glued 
together,  being  fastened  to  cross  girts  cannot  warp  or  split,  and 
is  raised  or  lowered  by  crank  and  screw  at  front  and  locked  in 
place  by  finger  wheels  at  side,  heavy  hinges  being  used  at  the 
rear  of  the  machine. 

The  Saw  Arbor  is  of  the  cone  bushing,  self-oiling  type,  having 
connected  babbitted  boxes  with  the  pulleys  placed  on  the  outside 
unless  ordered  otherwise. 

A  Square  Ripping-  Gauge  is  furnished  and  one  14"  saw,  which 
extends  from  2  to  3%"  above  table,  according  to  machine  ordered. 

A  Bevel  Rip  Gauge  in  place  of  the  regular  rip  gauge  can  be 
furnished  when  so  ordered,  at  a  slight  additional  cost. 


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SAWS— PORTABLE 


A  small  portable  circular  saw,  mounted  upon  a  durable  frame, 
costs  -$12.00,  and  may  be  run  by  a  one-cylinder  farm  engine 
costing  about  $75.00.  These  saws  are  invaluable  where  the  con- 
struction of  wood  frame  buildings  is  concerned  as  well  as  being 
in  constant  demand  by  the  farmer  for  use  about  his  place. 


575 


576 


HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

SCALES 


Counter  scoop  scales  weighing  up  to  5  Ibs.  cost  from  $2  to  $5. 
Portable  Platform  Scales  adapted  to  the  weighing  of  all  kinds 
of  general  merchandise. 

Capacity,    Ibs 400x%  800xy2  1500x%  2500xy, 

Size  of  platform,  inches.  16x22  17x26  21x28  26x34 

Weight,  approx.  pounds.  125  200  300  400 

Price  without  wheels.  ..  $13.00  $20.00  $30.00  $48.00 

Price  with  wheels 15.00  22.00  33.00  51.00 

Wheelbarrow  scales,  with  runs  on'both  sides  for  wheelbarrows 
and  hand  trucks.  • 

Capacity,  pounds 1,000  1,500  2,000  2,500 

Platform,  inches 42x30  42x30  44x35  45x36 

Price  without  wheels..  .  $42.00  $48.00  $49.00  $69.00 

Price  with  quick  weigher  66.00  ....  .... 

Price  with  wheels 45.00  51.00  60.00  75.00 

Price  with  quick  weigher  69.00  ....  ....  .... 

A  Steel  Pitless  Waggon  Scale  which  can  be  easily  moved  at  a 
cost  of  $20  to  $30,  complete  with  frame  and  scale  costs  as 
follows: 

4  ton,  weight  1,400  Ibs.     Price .  .  $100.00 

5  ton,  weight  1,500  Ibs.     Price 110.00 

Standard  wagon  and  stock  scales  without  timber,  or  foundation 
cost  as  follows: 

Capacity,  tons 3  5  10  15  20 

Size  of  platform  feet.  ..     14x8          14x8          18x8          22x7          22x7 
Price    $80.00     $100.00     $120.00     $210.00     $250.00 

A   Car    Scale   of   10    tons   capacity,    with    a   platform    4'  6"x8', 
costs,  without  platform,  framing,  or  material  for  pit,  $150.     The 
frames  take  about  1,000   feet  B.   M.   of  lumber  and  cost  erected 
about  $45.     The  foundation,  including  the  boxing  of  the  pit,  will  • 
cost  from  $75  to  $100. 

A  Steelyard  or  Weigrhmaster's  Beam  with  a  capacity  of  2,000 
Ibs.,  beam  7'  10"  long,  weighing  127  Ibs.,  costs  $28. 


Fig.  263. 


A  Track  Scale  (Fig.  263)  for  weighing  of  material  In  small  cars 
is  as  follows: 


SCALES  577 

Capacity,  tons 2  3  5  6 

Size  of  platform 5'x30"  5'x30"  5'x30"  12'x30" 

Weight,   Ibs . 750  780  900  1,500 

Price    $72.00  $80.00  $88.00  $130.00 

Wooden  parts  for  2  and  3  ton  scales  $28  extra.  For  double 
beam  add  $5. 

Cost  of  Track  Scales.*  On  the  New  York  Central  a  100-ton 
track  scale,  42  ft.  long,  cost  as  follows,  in  1902: 

Scales  and  materials .  .  $1,760.00 

Labor    .  640.00 


Total    $2,400.00 

8.7  tons  rails  (relayers),  at  $20 174.00 

15  ties  at  $0.60 9.00 

Miscellaneous  material 150.00 

Labor  laying  track,  etc 70.00 

Grand  total $2,803.00 

No  piles  were  used  in  foundation. 

The  cost  of   50-ton   track  scales,   42   ft.   long,   on   the  Northern 
Pacific,  in  1899,  averaged  as  follows: 

Scales,    delivered ,  .  .  $    580.00 

Other  materials 170.00 

Labor  ($175  to  $300) 250.00 

Total    $1,000.00 

The  cost  of  80-ton  track  scales,   50   ft.   long,   in   1905,   was   as 
follows: 

Scales  and  materials $1,250.00 

Labor  ($500  to  $700) 650.00 


Total    $1,900.00 

*  Hand  Book  of  Cost  Data,  by  H.  P.  Gillette. 


578  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

SCARIFIERS 


A  scarifier  illustrated  in  Fig.  264,  which  can  be  pulled  by  a 
10-ton  roller,  and  whose  depth  of  loosening  can  be  regulated 
by  the  man  in  charge  while  in  operation,  costs  $500. 


Fig    264. 

Another  type  of  scarifier,  built  on  the  same  general  lines  as  a 
road  machine,  is  shown  in  Fig.  265.  This  machine  has  13  teeth, 
1x2  ins.x20  ins.  long,  with  a  cutting  depth  below  frame  of  9  ins. 
The  extreme  width  of  cut  is  4  ft.  8  in.  The  machine  is  reversible 


Fig.  265.     New  Scarifier. 

and  is   13   ft.   8%    ins.  long,   axle  to  axle,  weighs   2,900  Ibs.,   and 
costs  $500,  f.  o.  b.  New  York  state. 

One  of  these  machines  was  recently  tried  out  on  a  hard  ce- 
mented macadam  pavement.  Previous  to  the  use  of  the  scarifier, 
the  work  of  ripping  up  the  pavement  was  done  by  hand  at  the 
following  cost: 


SCARIFIERS  579 

20  men  with  picks  at  $2.00  per  day $40.00 

Sharpening  80  picks  at  lOc 8.00 

Foreman    3.00 


Cost  per  day  for  170  ft.  of  road  16  ft.  wide $51.00 

Cost  per  mile $1,585.00 

The  cost  by  machine  was  as  follows: 

Operator   on   machine    $  2.50 

Sharpening  picks 2.50 

Roller  operator 3.00 

Fuel,  etc 2.00 

Rent  of  roller 10.00 


Cost  per  day  for  1818  ft.  of  road  16  ft.  wide $20.00 

Cost   per   mile    $57.00 


SCRAPERS 


(See  Grading  Machines,  page  335.) 


550  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


SCREENS 


Ordinary  sand  and  coal  screens  cost  from  $3  to  $12  each.  Re- 
volving screens  with  rollers  and  gears,  but  no  frame  nor  driving 
mechanism  cost  as  follows: 

Size  Price                                  Weight,  Lbs. 

32  ins.  x    8  ft.  $160.00                                                3,800 

32  ins.  x  10  ft.  175.00                                                4,300 

32  ins.  x  12  ft.  190.00                                                4,500 

40  ins.  x  16  ft.  335.00                                                6,600 

40  ins.  x  20  ft.  385.00                                                7,400 

48  ins.  x  20  ft.  455.00  12,500 

Screens  in  permanent  plants  should  be  made  of  the  best  steel. 
A  carbon  steel  screen  of  %-in.  plate,  after  handling  10,000  to 
14,000  yards  of  crushed  trap  rock,  was  reduced  to  ya  inch  at  the 
point  where  the  chute  delivered  it.  The  holes  had  been  enlarged 
from  1&  inches  to  111  inches,  and  from  2%  inches  to  2%  inches. 
A  ^-inch  rolled  manganese  steel  plate  screen  replaced  the  first 
screen,  and  after  handling  10,000  cubic  yards  showed  no  appre- 
ciable wear. 


Material 

Wood 

Wood 

Steel 

Steel 

Steel 

Steel 


SKIPS 

SKIPS  SIMILAR  TO  FIGURE  266. 


Listed 
Capacity 

1  cu.  yd. 

2  cu.  yds. 
%  cu.  yd. 
30  cu.  ft. 

2  cu.  yds. 

3  cu.  yds. 


Size 

5'x5'xl4" 
6'x6'xl8" 
4'x5'xlO" 
5'x6'xl2" 
6'x7'xl5" 
7'x8'xl8" 


Weight 
(Lbs.) 

650 

750 

600 

700 

750 

800 


Price 

$40.00 
60.00 
36.00 
48.00 
65.00 
90.00 


Fig.  266. 
SKIPS  SIMILAR  TO  FIGURE  267. 


Listed  Capacity 

Material       (Cu.  yds.)  Size 

Steel  1  4'     x5'x!8' 


Steel 
Steel 
Steel 


4'6"x6'xl8' 


5' 


x6'x22' 
x7'x24' 


Weight 

(Lbs.) 

725 

850 

1,350 

1,700 


Price 

$   47.00 

55.00 

80.00 

102.00 


Material 
Steel 


Fig.  267. 

SKIP  WITH  BAIL  AND  CLOSING  FRONT. 
Weight 


Listed 
Capacity 
4  cu.  yds. 


(Lbs.) 

2,500 

581 


Price 
$190.00 


Cable 
Grips 
$25.00 


582  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

SLEDGES  AND  HAMMERS 


Weight  Length  Width  Handle  Price 

Style              (Lbs.)  of  Head  of  Head  Length  Each 

Stone   8  7V2"  2%"  36"  $1-50 

Stone    12  9"  2%"  36"  2.25 

2-face*    15  7"  3*4"  36"  2.75 

2-face2    8  6"  2%"  36"  1.50 

Handdrill    5  7"  2"  14"±  1.25 

All  weights  given  without  handle,  for  which  add  %  to  1  Ib. 

Cost  of  handles,  $1.50  per  doz. 

Double  Face  and  Cross  Feen  oil  finish  sledges  and  hammers, 
5-lb.  to  24-lb.  weight,  iy2  cents  per  Ib.;  striking  and  drilling 
hammers,  long  pattern,  3  to  4%  Ibs.,  10  cents  per  Ib. ;  5  to  14 
Ibs.,  Tyz  cents  per  Ib. ;  stone  sledges,  10  to  24  Ibs.,  7%  cents 
per  Ib. 

Bricklayer's  Hammers.  The  following  are  net  prices  for  brick- 
layer's hammers,  in  quantities,  at  Chicago: 

Weight  Price  per  Dozen              \ 

Without  Handle  Plain  Eye                               Adze  Eye 

1  Ib.  2  oz.  $4.95                                            $5.85 

1  Ib.  8  oz.  5.40                                              6.30 

2  Ibs.  5.85                                              6.75 
2  Ibs.  8  oz.  6.30                                            7.20 

Nail  and  Riveting1  Hammers,  Etc.  The  following  are  net  prices 
in  Chicago  for  quantities  of  nail  hammers  and  riveting  hammers: 

NAIL  HAMMERS. 
No.  Weight,  Each  Price,  Each         Price  per  Doz. 

0  •       1  Ib.  12  oz.  $0.625         V  $6.25 

1  1  Ib.     4  oz.  .45  4.50 
1%                         lib.                                              .425  4.25 

2  13  oz.  .40  4.00 

3  7oz.  .375  3.75 

The  hammers  are  made  of  solid  steel,  polished  with  adze  eye 
and  plain  or  bell  face,  as  desired. 

RIVETING  HAMMERS  (PLAIN  EYE). 

No.  Weight,  Each  Price,  Each  Price  per  Doz. 

0  4oz.  $0.275  $2.75 

1  7oz.  .275  2.88 

2  9  oz.  .30  3.00 

3  12  oz.  .30  3.13 

4  15  oz.  .33  3.25 

5  1  Ib.     2  oz.  .35  3.50 

6  1  Ib.     6  oz.  .375  3.75 

7  1  Ib.  10  oz.  .40  4.00 

Sewer  Builders'  Mauls.  Net  prices  for  mauls  for  sewer  build- 
ers, etc.,  with  selected  hickory  handles  and  iron  bound  head, 
range  from  $1.40  each  for  6x8  and  6x9-in.  sizes  to  $1.50  each  for 
7x9,  $1.60  for  7x10  and  $1.70  for  8xlO-in. 

1  Blacksmiths'  sledge.      2  Striking  hammer. 


SPRINKLERS 


SPRINKLING  CABS  AND  WAGONS,  Oil.  DISTRIBUTORS  AND 
TANK  WAGONS. 


PLATFORM  SPRING  GEAR  SPRINKLING  WAGONS. 


Capacity  (Gals.) 

500 

600 
1,000 

Cut  under  reach  gear. 
Capacity  (Gals.) 

600 


Weight  (Lbs.) 
2,600 
2,750 
3,300 


Price 

$300.00 
325.00 
350.00 


Weight  (Lbs.)  Price 

2,750  $254.00 

All  of  the  above  fitted  with  4-inch  tires.    Add  $12.00  for  6"  tires. 
The  above  wagon  fitted  with  a  tank  pump,  one  piece  of  hose 
15  feet  long  and' one  piece  of  hose  12^  feet  long  costs  $25  extra. 
A  steel  tank  holding  12  barrels  mounted  on  a  steel  wheel  truck 
fitted  with   traction   engine   tongue   and  horse   tongue  costs    $96. 
The  same  tank  unmounted  for  use  on  a  farm  wagon  costs  $57.50. 


Fig.  268. 

A  brake  for  the  outfit  costs  $6.  A  single  cylinder  suction  pump 
with  hose  and  strainer  for  the  tank  costs  $13,  and  a  perforated 
pipe  sprinkling  attachment  $35. 

A  600  gallon  tank-wagon  for  carrying  tar,  oil  or  asphalt  road 
binding  material  fully  equipped  with  driver's  seat,  pole  and  whif- 
fle-tree  costs  $400.  Equipped  with  fire  box  for  keeping  contents 
warm,  $500. 

583 


584 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


A  sprinkler  with  wheels  fitted  with  8-inch  tires  and  having 
the  rear  axle  longer  than  the  front,  so  that  the  wheels  overlap, 
resulting  in  a  rolled  surface  of  14  inches  on  either  side,  costs 
$380. 

A  one-horse  sprinkler  cart  (Fig.  269)  holding  150  gallons  and 
weighing  780  Ibs.,  costs  $90. 

An  improved  road  oiler  with  a  seat  for  the  operator  in  the  rear 
of  the  wagon,  where  he  is  best  able  to  observe  and  control  the 
supply  of  oil,  complete  with  6-inch  tires,  steel  tank,  etc.,  holding 


Fig.  269. 

600  gallons,  costs  $350;  if  fitted  with  steam  coils,  $375,  and  if 
fitted  with  heating  furnace,  which  is  necessary  when  spreading 
heavy  oils,  $500. 

An  oil  sprinkler  and  distributor  for  surface  oiling  of  roads 
and  distributing  bituminous  binder  consists  of  two  horizontal 
cylindrical  tanks  with  ducts  leading  to  them  from  the  tank 
wagon,  and  with  a  seat,  and  flow  regulating  levers.  This  can  be 
attached  very  easily  to  any  tank  wagon  or  cart  and  costs  $150. 


SHOVELS 


$7.50 
5.25 
7.50 
5.25 
5.25 
7.00 


Fig.  270.     Concrete   Facing   Spade. 

Concrete  Pacing1   Spades   similar   to   Fig.   270   cost   about   $2.50 
each. 


No. 
No.  3,  i 

No.   3,  i 
No.   3,   £ 
No.    3,   s 

No.   2,   s 
No.   4,   s 

Shape 
ound    

GQ 
9^x13 
10      x!2!/> 
9      x!2 
10      x!3 
10     x!2i/2 

s*, 

27 
27 
27 
27 
51 
51 

J  d 
40 
40 

-i  .1 
40 
61 

5y2 

61/2 

«« 

5% 
5y2 

•ound,   light.  . 

>quare,    light.  . 
quare    
>quare 

z%  ~*-""L 

Si  ^ii                                       J 

Fig.  271.     Ore  and  Concrete  Shovel. 

Ore  and  Concrete  Shovels  (Fig.  271)  with  a  drop  tempered 
point  and  annealed  blade,  well  suited  for  concrete,  come  in  sizes 
2  to  6,  inclusive,  and  cost  $9.50  per  dozen. 


Fig.  272.     Nursery  Spade. 

Nursery  Spades  (Fig.  272)  cost  $11  per  dozen;  ditching  spades 
(Fig.  27C)   and  concave  drain  spades    (Fig.   274),   14  to  18  inches 


Fig.  273.     Ditching  Spade. 

long,  cost  $9  per  dozen;  post  spades  (Fig.  275)  cost  $12  per 
dozen;  and  marl  gouges  (Fig.  276),  10  to  14  inches  long,  cost 
$5  to  $7  per  dozen. 

No.  3  to  No.  6  Scoops  (Fig.  277)  cost  $7  to  $9  per  dozen.  Iron 
screening  or  potato  scoops  (Fig.  278)  cost  $12  to  $15.  Snow 
shovels  (Fig.  279)  cost  $9  per  dozen. 

585 


586 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Hand  Shovels.  Net  prices  for  standard  railroad  contractors' 
and  mining  shovels,  at  Chicago,  rn  quantities,  are  as  follows 
with  prices  for  four  grades:  (1)  Extra  grade  made  of  best 


Fig.  274.     Concave   Drain   Spade. 


Fig.  275.     Post  Spade. 


Fig.  276.     Marl  Gouge. 


Fig.  277.     Scoop. 


Fig.  278.     Screening  Scoop. 


Fig.   279.     Snow   Shovel. 


crucible  steel,  finely  finished  with  best  white  ash  handles;  (2) 
first  grade  shovels,  also  made  of  crucible  steel,  and  grades  (3) 
and  (4)  made  of  open  hearth  steel.  The  net  prices  in  Chicago 
on  these  four  grades  are  as  follows: 


SHOVELS 
PRICES  AND  SIZES  ON  HAND  SHOVELS. 


587 


02 

9% 

9% 

101/2 


11% 

12% 
12  V2 


1 
5s 


$8.91 
9.18 
9.45 


$7.83 
8.10 
8.37 


OJ 

•o  P. 

M 

$6.48 


$5.70 


The  above  prices  are  for  black  finish;  for  polished  add  50  cents 
per    doz.      Shovels    with    square    or    round    points,    "D"    or    long 


Fig.  280.     D   Handle,    Round   Point  Shovel. 


Fig.  281.     D  Handle,  Square  Point  Shovel. 


Fig.  282.     Long   Handle,   Round   Point  Shovel. 


handles  are  all  the  same  price.  The  size  No.  2  is  the  one  com- 
monly used.  For  sewer  or  brick  shovels  made  in  No.  2  size,  but 
having  a  shorter  and  heavier  blade  for  clay  and  other  heavier 
material,  net  prices  are  as  follows: 

Each         •        Per  Doz. 

Extra    grade     $1.00  $10.00 

Second  grade    648  6.48 


The  net  prices  at  Chicago  for  spades,  plain  strap,  polished,  "D" 
handle  or  long  handle,  are  as  follows:  For  size  No.  2;  Extra 
grade,  $9.18  per  doz.;  fourth  grade,  $5.40  per  doz.  Extra  grade 
shovels  made  the  same  as  "D"  handle  moulders'  shovel,  but  with 
straighter,  stiffer  and  heavier  blades,  for  finishing  concrete  in 
sidewalks,  in  forms,  etc.,  sell  for  $13.86  per  doz. 


588  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TELEGRAPH   SHOVELS  AND   SPOONS. 

Telegraph  shovels  made  of  fine  crucible  steel  with  white 
grained  ash  handles,  arrd  extra  length  22-in.  straps  and  black 
finish,  can  be  bought  in  quantities  at  the  following  net  prices, 
f.  o.  b.  Chicago. 

Extra  Grade  First  Grade 

Length  of  Handle  per  Doz.  per  Doz. 

6'                                                  $12.69  $11.07 

7'                                                      13.77  12.15 

8'                                                         14.85  13.23 

9'                                                         17.00  15.39 

10'                                                      19.17  16.65 

The  net  prices  in  quantities  for  telegraph  spoons  with  regular 
9-in.  straps  and  black  finish  are  as  follows: 

Extra  Grade  First  Grade 

Length  of  Handle  per  Doz.  per  Doz. 

6  $12.42  $10.80 

7  13.50  11.88 

8  14.58  12.96 

9  16.74  15.12 
10  18.90  17.28 

The  majority  of  all  telegraph  shovels  and  spoons  sold  are  those 
with  8-ft.  handles. 

DITCHING-  AND  DRAIN  SPADES. 

The  net  prices  at  Chicago  for  ditching  and  drain  spades  are 
as  follows: 

Extra  Grade  Third  Grade 

Length  of  Blade  per  Doz.  per  Doz. 

14-in.  $11.34  $8.40 

16-in.  11.01  8.70 

18-in.  11.88  9.00 

20-in.  12.15  

Skeleton  ditching  and  drain  spades  made  of  solid  cast  steel 
with  solid  sockets,  especially  adapted  for  mucky  and  sticky  soil, 
can  be  bought  at  the  following  net  prices  in  Chicago:  Ditching 
spades,  square  point,  e^xlS-in.,  $22.80  per  doz.;  drain  spades, 
round  point,  41/£xl8-in.,  $21.60  per  doz.  Drain  cleaners,  with 
6^-ft.  handles  for  finishing  tile  ditches,  can  be  bought  at  the 
following  net  prices: 


-Size  of  Blade- 


Length  (Ins.)                          Width  (Ins.)  Per  Dozen 

15                                                     4  $10.80 

15                                                     5  11.10 

15                                                       6  11.40 

STEAM  SHOVELS. 

(See   also  Locomotive   Cranes,   page   410.) 

Steam  shovels  are  built  weighing  as  much  as  140  tons,  but 
about  the  most  powerful  steam  shovel  regularly  built  weighs 
95  tons.  For  general  work  a  5-yard  dipper  may  be  used,  but  for 


SHOVELS  589 

iron  ore  or  shale  an  extra  heavy  one  of  2Y2  or  3^  yards  ca- 
pacity is  better.  The  clear  lift  from  the  rail  to  the  bottom  of 
the  open  dipper  door  is  16  ft.  6  in.  and  the  maximum  width  of 
cut  8  ft.  above  the  rail  is  60  ft.  This  shovel  has  a  record  out- 
put of  four  to  five  thousand  yards  per  day.  A  steam  shovel 
adapted  to  extra  hard  conditions  is  the  80-ton;  the  bucket  used  is 
generally  3  cubic  yards  for  rock  work  or  4  yards  for  earth.  The 
clear  lift  is  16  ft.  and  the  width  of  cut  60  ft.  A  70-ton  shovel  is 
the  one  most  in  demand  for  heavy  work  under  average  condi- 
tions. It  carries  a  2  to  3^ -yard  dipper;  the  clear  lift  is  16  ft. 
6  in.:  width  of  cut,  60  ft.  For  work  where  the  depth  or  amount 
of  excavation  is  not  great  enough  to  warrant  a  70-ton  shovel  a 
60-ton  is  more  economical.  A  2  % -cubic-yard  dipper  is  generally 
used;  clear  lift,  15  ft.;  width,  54  ft.  A  45-ton  shovel  is  designed 
for  use  on  fairly  heavy  work,  but  where  lightness  and  ease  of 
transportation  are  essential.  Capacity  of  dipper,  2  yards;  clear 
lift,  14  ft;  width  of  cut,  50  ft.  A  40-ton  shovel  is  designed 
for  lighter  work  or  sewer  excavation. 

The  price  of  steam  shovels  is  as  follows: 

Weight  Price 

120  tons .  .  .$14,500.00 

95  tons 12,700.00 

85  tons   11,250.00 

70  tons 9,250.00 

60  tons 8,500.00 

45  tons 7,000.00 

40  tons 6,500.00 

Shovels  fitted  with  motors  cost  from  $1,000.00  to  $2,500.00  more 
than  steam-driven  shovels. 

From  observations  made  by  the  author  on  half  a  hundred 
steam  shovels  in  actual  operation  during  a  considerable  number 
of  weeks  the  working  capacities  shown  in  Table  149  have  been 
recorded.  From  these  observations  the  average  number  of  cubic 
yards  per  day  excavated  by  all  shovels  in  all  materials  was  934. 
This  is  perhaps  less  than  may  be  expected  on  a  well-managed 
job.  A  shovel  should  load  a  dipper  60%  full  every  20  seconds 
while  actually  working.  About  50%  of  the  time  the  shovel  is 
held  up  by  various  causes,  such  as  waiting  for  trains,  moving 
ahead,  waiting  for  blasts,  and  making  repairs.  With  a  2^ -yard 
dipper  a  shovel  should,  therefore,  excavate  1,350  cubic  yards  in 
10  hours. 

The  maximum  width  of  cut  given  by  shovel  manufacturers 
is  far  greater  than  the  actual  average  as  recorded  in  observa- 
tions made  by  the  author.  70  to  95-ton  shovels  make  an  average 
cut  of  28%  ft.  wide.  With  a  30  or  40-ton  shovel  the  average 
cut  is  not  much  more  than  20  ft.  in  width. 

For  low  bank  work  in  average  earth,  where  the  amount  to  be 
excavated  is  small,  20  to  35-ton  shovels,  usually  fitted  with 
traction  wheels,  but  which  can  be  arranged  with  railroad  trucks, 
cost  as  follows: 


590  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Shipping-  Dipper                      Clear  Height  of  Lift 

Weight  Capacity  Traction  Wheels     R.  R.  Trucks  Price 

22  tons  %  cu.  yd.                  12' 2"                       13' 2"  $4,750 

32  tons  li,4  cu.  yd.                  12' 8"                      13' 8"  5,600 

Shovels  of  small  size  usually  have  vertical  boilers, 

A  35-ton  shovel,   with  a  very  high  crane  which  increases  the 

width  of  cut  about  7  ft.  and  the  height  of  lift  about  6  ft.,  costs 

$5,800.00.     These  are  regularly  equipped  with  a  1^4 -yard  dipper. 
Revolving  steam  shovels  on  traction  or  railroad  wheels    (Fig. 

283)   are  as  follows: 

Clear  Height  of  Lift 

Size        Shipping  Dipper  Traction          R.  R. 

No.  Weight  Capacity  Wheels         Wheels  Price 

0  15  tons  %  cu.  yd.  8' 4"  9'  $3,750 

1  24  tons  %  cu.  yd.  10' 6"  11' 3"  5,000 

2  35  tons  1%  cu.  yd.  10' 6"  11' 6"  6,000 

A  No.  1  shovel  of  the  above  type  was  designed  for  general 
use  on  such  work  as  real  estate  development.  For  excavating 
small  sewers  about  3  ft.  wide  and  10  to  16  ft.  deep  a  very 
narrow  dipper  of  l/z -cubic-yard  capacity  and  a  dipper  handle 
about  30  ft.  long  are  used.  In  very  sandy  soil  where  many 
shifts  from  place  to  place  are  necessary,  and  where  frequent 
curves  are  encountered,  this  shovel  is  not  a  success,  according 
to  observations  made  by  the  author,  but  in  firm  earth  where 
the  sewer  is  long  and  continuous  it  is  very  efficient.  50  to  75 
lin.  ft.  of  trench  4  ft.  wide  and  12  ft.  deep  have  been  excavated 
and  back-filled  in  eight  hours  by  a  machine  of  this  type.  One 
runner,  one  fireman,  and  two  helpers  form  the  crew.  Platforms 
16  ft.  long  of  12  x  12-in.  timbers  are  necessary  for  the  shovel 
to  run  on.  These  being  built  in  four  sections,  each  4%  ft.  wide, 
are  carried  forward  by  being  hooked  to  the  boom.  The  cost  of 
such  a  platform  was: 

Lumber— 168  lin.  ft.  12"xl2",  10  lin.  ft.  4"x4"  spruce $104.38 

Iron  bars,  bolts  and  nuts 6.22 

Labor  -putting  together 8.00 

Total    $118.60 

For  excavating  cellars  the  shovel  has  a  standard  dipper  handle 
with  a  %-yard  bank  dipper,  and  for  unloading  cars  or  erecting 
steel,  a  crane  boom  25  ft.  long  designed  for  use  with  a  ^-cubic- 
yard  clam  shell  or  orange  peel  bucket,  or  a  chain  and  hook. 

Shovel  with  %  cu.  yd.  dipper  and  30-ft.  dipper  handle $4,550.00 

Standard  dipper  handle  and  %  cu.  yd.  dipper 500.00 

Crane  boom  without  bucket 475.00 

A  revolving  shovel  with  a  horizontal  crowding  engine,  which 
enables  it  to  excavate  very  shallow  cuts  economically,  has  inde- 
pendent engines  for  hoisting,  swinging  and  crowding,  and  a 
vertical  boiler. 

Shipping     Wt.  Dipper  Rated 

Size              Wt.   Equipped  Capacity  Capacity 

No.            (Tons)    (Tons)     Mounting  (Cu.  Yd.)  Price  (Cu.  Yd.) 

0  13              15          Standard  %  $3,750  35—40 

1  26              30          Gauge  or  1  5,500  50—60 
Special        20              20           Traction  %  4,750  40 — 50 


SHOVELS 


'591 


Mr.  Charles  II.  Gow,  in  a  paper  published  in  the  Journal  of 
the  Association  of  Engineering  Societies  for  December,  1910, 
gives  some  facts  and  figures  concerning  the  operation  of  a  No.  1 
shovel  of  the  above  type.  This  shovel  was  assembled  at  the 
railroad  siding  and  transported  about  6%  miles  over  extremely 
bad  roads.  Plank  track  was  necessary  and  the  time  occupied 
was  six  days.  The  cost  of  unloading,  assembling  and  trans- 
porting to  work  was  $255.15.  The  depth  of  excavation  varied 
from  1  to  17  ft.  Part  of  the  ground  was  fairly  easy  .and  the 
shovel  excavated  300  to  5'00  cubic  yards  per  day,  or  at  the  rate 
of  one  loaded  team  per  minute  while  actually  working.  The 


Fig.  283. 


remainder  of  the  excavation  was  in  extremely  hard  ground  with 
many  large  boulders  and  a  shovel  of  60  to  70  tons  would  have 
been  more  economical.  The  yardage  fell  to  100  cubic  yards  per 
day.  In  the  light  cut  of  1  to  2  ft.  the  dipper  was  crowded 
7  ft.  horizontally,  thus  filling  it  reasonably  full. 

Cost   of  steam  shovel   excavation   at   Springfield,    Mass.,    45,081 
cubic  yards  during  191  working  days: 

Total  Per  Yd. 

Cost  of  delivering-  and  installing-  shovel $      495.89  $0.011 

Foreman,  supervising- 1,668.00  .037 

Shovel  operation,  labor    2,118.81  .047 

Shovel  operation,  coal,  oil,  etc 1,487.67  .033 


Total' cost  of  operation 

Repairs,  labor 

Repairs,  materials 


...$   3,1 


315.57 
631.14 


Total  cost  of  repairs $      946.71 

Depreciation  on  shovel    1,758.16 

Teaming  excavated  material    9,692.42 

General  expense,  12.9  per  cent 2,344.21 

Grand  total    .  $20,511.86 


$0.080 

.007 
.014 

$0.021 

.039 

.215 
.052 

$0.455 


592 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  cost  of  repairs  is  exceptionally  high  on  account  of  the 
very  difficult  nature  of  the  work  performed.  Two  new  booms 
were  supplied  by  the  makers  to  take  the  place  of  broken  ones, 
the  second  being  of  a  special  design.  Several  new  dipper  arms 
were  required  and  the  dipper  teeth,  chains  and  ropes  were 
replaced  every  few  weeks. 

A  No.  1  shovel,  working  in  a  cellar  excavation  about  13  ft. 
deep,  loaded  the  material,  which  consisted  of  pliable  clay  with  a 
few  12-in.  boulders,  into  cars  drawn  by  a  horse  along  a  single 
track.  The  costs  were  as  follows: 

Wages  of  engineer $  4.00 

Wages  of  fireman 2.00 

Wages  of  one  foreman 3.00 

Wages  of  three  laborers 5.25 

Coal 4.00 

Oil,  waste,  etc 1.00 

Interest,  depreciation  and  repairs  (estimated) ' 5.30 

Total    $24.55 

Cubic  yards  per  day 410 

Cost  per  cubic  yard    06 

45,  60  and  70-ton  shovels  equipped  with  dipper  handles  45 
to  55  ft.  long  are  used  for  excavating  large  trenches.  A  70-ton 
shovel  was  employed  in  excavating  a  sewer  trench  16  ft.  wide  by 


Fig.   284. 

26  ft.  deep  in  Chicago  in  1909.  (Fig.  284.)  This  shovel  was  of 
the  latest  design,  equipped  with  a  54-ft.  dipper  handle  and  a 
2-yard  dipper,  with  the  operating  levers  placed  far  forward  so 
as  to  enable  the  runner  to  see  the  bottom  of  the  trench.  The 


SHOVELS  593 

shovel  had  been  removed  from  its  trucks  and  mounted  on  a 
footing,  24  ft.  wide  by  38  ft.  long,  of  heavy  wood  beams  trussed 
with  steel  rods.  This  platform  rested  on  rollers,  which  in  turn 
rested  on  running  planks  laid  on  the  trench  bank.  To  move 
the  shovel  a  cable  was  attached  to  a  dead  man  and  wound  up 
by  the  shovel  engine.  The  average  length  of  forward  move  was 
35  ft.  The  shovel  moved  back  416  ft.  in  3^  hours.  569  cubic 
yards  were  loaded  in  a  day  into  4  and  6-yard  narrow  gauge  cars 
drawn  by  18-ton  dinkeys.  The  crew  consisted  of  I  engineer, 
1  craneman,  1  fireman,  and  7  roller  men.  In  addition  6  trimmers, 
6  bracers,  and  1  foreman  were  employed  on  the  excavation. 

For  digging  trenches  in  ground  where  it  would  not  be  safe 
to  support  the  shovel  on  the  banks,  however  well  sheeted  the 
trench  might  be,  an  arrangement  which  allows  the  shovel  to 
dig  backward  is  sometimes  used.  This  consists  of  an  extension 
boom  at  the  end  of  and  in  line  with  the  main  boom,  but  slanting 
downward  at  an  agle  of  about  45°  to  the  perpendicular.  On  the 
lower  end  of  this  are  placed  the  crowding  engines,  reversed  from 
their  usual  position,  thus  pointing  the  dipper  mouth  towards  the 
shovel.  This  allows  the  shovel  to  remain  ahead  of  the  trench 
on  solid  ground.  A  46-ton  shovel  .equipped  in  this  manner  costs 
$9,000.00. 

Where  a  through  cut  is  being  made,  the  excavation"  is  often 
too  narrow  to  permit  the  shovel  to  turn  around  and  excavate 
the  next  cut  in  an  opposite  direction,  but  necessitating  the  return 
of  the  machine  backward  to  the  starting  point  for  the  next  cut. 
Sometimes  this  return  is  3  or  4  miles  long  and  costs  considerable 
in  lost  time  as  well  as  money.  In  such  a  situation  the  shovel 
should  be  equipped  with  a  ball  socket,  which  allows  it  to  be 
jacked  up  and  revolved  on  the  forward  trucks  while  being  held 
in  equilibrium  by  the  weight  of  the  extended  bucket  and  dipper. 
This  equipment  costs  about  $500.00  extra. 

Repairs.  These  depend  more  on  the  amount  and  kind  of  work 
done  than  on  the  age  of  the  shovel.  Repairs  are  higher  for  rock 
work  than  for  earth  work,  and  higher  for  poorly  broken  rock 
than  for  rock  which  has  been  well  blasted.  Actual  total  charges 
for  repairs  to  steam  shovels  are  very  difficult  to  compute,  as 
minor  or  immediately  necessary  repairs  are  made  while  wait- 
ing for  trains  and  during  other  delays.  On  most  jobs  repairs 
are  made  at  night  or  on  Sundays  by  the  regular  crew  without 
extra  compensation.  Material  for  repairs  to  a  65-ton  shovel 
working  in  a  clay  pit  for  6^  years  amounted  to  an  average  of 
$108.00  per  year.  The  maximum  amount  per  year  was  $375.00 
and  the  minimum  $48.00.  This  does  not  include  the  labor  charge. 
Total  boiler  repairs  during  the  same  period  cost  $200.00.  On  a 
95-ton  shovel  in  rock  excavation  the  boiler  was  washed  and 
large  repairs  made  once  each  week  by  a  special  crew.  This  cost 
about  $32.00  per  week.  Repairs  on  a  70-ton  shovel  working  in 
iron  ore  were  made  by  the  regular  crew  and  cost  about  50  cts. 
a  day.  During  the  6  months  ending  June  30,  1910,  the  cost  of  re- 
pairs to  steam  shovels  on  the  Panama  Canal  work  averaged  $27.66 
per  day  per  shovel  for  9,527  days'  service. 


594  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Col.  Goethals,  chief  engineer  of  the  Panama  Canal,  has  been 
kind  enough  to  furnish  me  with  the  following  information  as  to 
steam  shovels  on  that  work  up  to  and  including  the  fiscal  year 
1908.  There  were  then  in  service  101  shovels,  one  20-ton,  ten 
45-ton,  seven  60-ton,  thirty-five  70-ton,  sixteen  91-ton,  and  thirty- 
two  95-ton  shovels,  which  cost  a  total  of  $1,094,367.00. 

The  cost  of  repairs  was  as  follows: 


ra~  wtf 

Fiscal  Year  Ending       ^  2  g  «„  - 


S 


O>> 

• 

June  30,  1906 41          $20,337.89  1,506,562         $0.0135 

June  30,  1907 63  209,244.48  6,215,771  .0337 

June  30,  1908 101  479,607.16          17,467,061  .0275 


Total    205          $709,607.53          25,189,394          $0.02815 

These  repairs  were  accomplished  under  peculiarly  expensive 
conditions: 

1.  Wages  over  50%  higher  than  in  the  United  States. 

2.  Cost  o"f  privileges  granted  employes. 

3.  Unusually  difficult  excavation. 

4.  High  cost  of  material. 

All  steam  shovels  were  given  such  field  repairs  as  were  neces- 
sary. 

Depreciation.  The  regular  life  of  a  steam  shovel  is  about  20 
years,  the  cost  new  is  about  $200.00  per  ton  and  the  scrap  value 
about  $10.00  per  ton.  Depreciation  per  year,  by  the  straight  line 
formula,  would  therefore  be  4.75%. 

The  size  of  shovel  for  any  given  work  should  depend  upon  the 
yardage  in  each  cut,  not  upon  the  total  yardage  of  the  contract. 
It  depends  also  upon  the  distance  and  the  character  of  the 
ground  over  which  the  shovel  has  to  be  moved  and  the  number 
of  moves  to  be  made.  Use  a  26-ton  shovel  for  small  cuts  where 
moves  will  be  frequent,  a  55  to  65-ton  where  cuts  are  heavy  and 
moves  not  frequent,  and  the  largest  available  one  where  the  cuts 
are  very  long  and  deep. 

The  cost  of  moving  a  shovel  varies  greatly  with  the  conditions. 
In  certain  railroad  excavation  it  took  4  weeks  with  a  full  crew 
to  move  a  65-ton  shovel  6  miles,  and  3  weeks  to  move  down 
across  a  valley  from  the  finished  cut  to  a  new  cut,  a  distance 
of  %  mile.  The  cost  of  moving  a  j65-ton  shovel  1  mile  on  a 
country  road  with  heavy  grades,  and  %  mile  through  fields  with 
a  15°  slope,  was  $316.  It  took  8  days,  involving  the  services 
of  1  shovel  crew,  1  team,  1  foreman,  and  8  men.  A  35-ton  trac- 
tion shovel  has  been  moved  18  miles  in  18  days  by  its  crew, 
whose  wages  amounted  to  $35  per  day,  17  miles  being  over 
rough  roads  and  1  mile  being  across  fields  and  up  hill. 

Shovels  may  be  rented  for  $250  to  $400  per  month,  according 
to  size  and  condition. 


ee  t£>  -i  ~j  <j>  vi  *. 

Size    of    Shovel 

cnoenoen 

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(Tons) 

MtO. 

: 

No.  of  Shovels'] 
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No.  of  Shovels 

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No.  of  Shovels'1 
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595 

596 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


POWER   CONSUMPTION   OF   ELECTRIC    SHOVEI,. 

An  electric  shovel  with  a  2  ^-cubic-yard  dipper  was  used  in 
excavating  gravel  for  the  Carson  River  dam  at  Lahontan,  Nev. 
The  line  voltage  was  2,300,  which  was  stepped  down  to  440  by 
three  90  K.  V.  A.  single-phase  transformers  located  on  the 
shovel.  These  transformers  were  connected  to  the  distributing 


Fig.  285. 

system  by  700  ft.  of  triple-covered  flexible  cable  armored  with 
D-shaped  steel  tape,  which  was  dragged  along  the  ground  as  the 
shovel  moved.  This  cable  was  dragged  over  rocks  and  through 
mud  and  water,  but  required  very  little  protection.  The  hoist- 
ing machinery  was  driven  by  a  115-hp.,  440-volt,  three  phase,  60- 
cycle,  variable-speed  induction  motor.  The  propelling  machinery 


Fig.  286. 


Little  Giant  High  Crane  Steam  Shovel,  35  Tons,  1'/4  Cubic 
Yard  Dipper. 


SHOVELS 


697 


Fig.  287.     No.  1  Revolving  Shovel  Excavating  Cellars. 


Fig.  288. 


598 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


was  also  driven  by  this  motor.  The  swinging  machinery  was 
geared  to  a  50  hp.  motor,  and  the  thrust  motor  was  also  50-hp. 
The  compressor  which  furnished  air  to  the  hoisting  drum  brake, 
the  emergency  brake  on  the  swing  motor,  and  the  friction  clutch 
and  brake  on  the  intermediate  shaft  were  driven  by  a  2-hp.  con- 
stant speed  induction  motor. 

A  test  made  on  October  14,  1912,  when  the  shovel  was  working 
in  a  gravel  bank  10  to  12  ft.  high,  with  a  clear  lift  of  dipper 
of  16  ft.,  loading  6-car  trains,  gave  the  following  results: 


Fig.  289.     View  Showing  Excavator  Digging. 

Total  time  observed,   45.5  minutes. 

Digging  and  loading  occupied  57%  of  the  time.  Delays,  mov- 
ing up,  etc.,  occupied  43%  of  the  time.  Rate  of  digging  on 
observed  basis,  1,500  cubic  yards  of  loose  gravel  in  8  hours. 
Total  power  consumed  by  shovel  in  8  hours,  453  kw.  hours  = 
0.302  kw.  hours  per  cubic  yard  of  loose  gravel. 

Figs.  285-287  illustrate  several  makes  of  shovels  in  operation 
on  different  classes  of  excavation. 

DERRICK  EXCAVATOR. 

A  recent  addition  to  the  large  number  of  excavators  is  the 
Bishop  Derrick  Excavator  (Figs.  288-289). 

The  properties  of  this  machine  furnished  by  the  manufacturer 
are  as  follows: 


/S  £0000 


2         r^?  t-C~<»00 

Q    ° 

& 


Q>  5  d  o,  cotoeoco 

J  ^  ^   Ifl  O  O  O 

X  •«H'S'  « •*"*"* 

>  ^ 


O  U50U50 

.  >  fl  < 

-t->  O  3 


o  M 

S*  c-^^ 

O  "^  r  )  & 


599 


600  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Carriages  can  be  made  for  any  size  of  booms,  other  than 
specified  above. 

The  length  of  dipper  stick  is  governed  by  the  depth  of  dig- 
ging; if  digging  is  to  be  done  at  a  considerable  depth  below 
base  oi'  derrick,  the  dipper  stick  must  be  lengthened  accordingly. 

The  changing  of  the  carriage,  for  example,  from  a  12  x  12  to  a 
12  x  14  boom,  or  vice  versa,  is  accomplished  by  simply  shifting 
two  angles  held  by  a  number  of  bolts. 

The  prices  of  the  above,  f.  o.  b.  New  York,  including  carriage 
with  all  attachments  ready  to  be  fitted  to  the  boom  of  a  derrick, 
manganese  steel  teeth,  and  gripping  cable,  but  not  including 
wooden  dipper  arm,  are  as  follows: 

1/2  cu.  yd.  capacity $    800.00 

%  cu.  yd.  capacity 900.00 

%  cu.  yd.  capacity 1,000.00 

1       cu.  yd.  capacity 1,050.00 


STEEL 


Structural  Shapes.  The  following  prices  were  abstracted  from 
Engineering  and  Contracting.  They  are  subject  to  considerable 
variation  with  the  market. 

Structural  shapes  f.  o.  b.  Pittsburgh: 

T-beams  and  channels,  3  to  15  in.,  1.50  to  1.55  cts.  net. 

I-beams  over  15  in.,  1.65  cts.  net. 

H-beams  over  8  in.,  1.75  cts. 

Angles,  3  to  6  in.,  1.60  cts. 

Angles  over  6  in.,  1.65  cts. 

Tees,  3  in.  and  up,  1.65  cts. 

Zees,  3  in.  and  up,  1.60  cts.  net. 

Angles,  channels  and  tees  under  3  in.,  1.50  cts.,  base,  plus  10  cts. 

Deck  beams  and  bulb  angles,  1.80  cts.  net. 

Hand  rail  tees,  2.80  cts.  net. 

Checkered  and  corrugated  plates,  2.80  cts.  net. 

Prices  at  Chicago   for  shipment   from  stock  are  as   follows: 

Angles,  3  to  6  in 2.00 

Angles  over  6  in 2.10 

Beams  and  channels 2.00 

Beams  over  15  in 2.10 

The  New  York  quotations  for  structural  shapes  are  as  follows: 

Beams  and  channels,  3  to  15  in 1. 66  @  1.71 

Zees,  8  in.  and  up 1.76@..  .  . 

Angles,  3x3  up  to  6x6 1.66@1.71 

Tees    1.81@ 

Steel  bars,  full  extras 1.71  @  1.76 

Plates.  The  corresponding  prices  for  plates  f.  o.  b.  Pittsburgh 
on  the  basis  of  net  cash  in  30  days  are  as  follows: 

Tank  plates,   %  in.  thick,  6%  in.  up  to  100  in.  wide,  1.55  cts. 
to  1.60  cts.  base. 

Gages  under  %  in.  to  and  including  T35  in $0.10 

Gages  under  T3ff  in.  to  and  including  No.  8 15 

Gages  under  No.  8  to  and  including  No.  9 25 

Gages  under  No.  9  to  and  including  No.  10 30 

Gages  under  No.  10  to  and  including  No.  12 40 

Sketches,  3  ft.  and  over  in  length .10 

Complete  circles,  3  ft.  diameter  and  over 20 

Boiler  and  flange  steel 10 

A.  B.  M.  A.  and  ordinary  fire  box  steel 20 

Still  bottom  steel 30 

Marine  steel 40 

Locomotive  fire  box  steel 50 

Plates  in  widths  over  100  in.  to  110  in 05 

Plates  in  widths  over  110  in.  to  115  in 10 

Plates  in  widths  over  115  in.  to  120  in 15 

Plates  in  widths  over  120  in.  to  125  in 25 

Plates  in  widths  over  125  in.  to  130  in 50 

In  widths  over  130  in 1.00 

Prices  at  Chicago  for  shipment  from  stock  are  as  follows: 

%  in.  and  heavier,  up  to  72  in $2.00 

Over  72   in 2.10 

T35  in.  thick 2.10 

No.   8 2.15 

601 


602  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  following  were  the  New  York  quotations  on  plates,  the 
prices  being  based  on  carload  lots,  with  5  cts.  extra  for  less  than 
carload  lots.  Terms,  net  cash  in  30  days,  per  100  Ibs.: 

Tank  plates,  %  in.  thick,  6%  to  100  in.  wide $1.71 

Tank  plates,  %  in.  thick,  6V2  to  100  in.  wide 1.71 1 

Flange  and  boiler  steel 1.81 

Marine    2.11 

Locomotive  and  fire  box 2.21i 

Still  bottom 2.01  < 

Plates  more  than  100  in.  in  width,  5  cts.  extra  per  100  Ibs.; 
plates  T3s  in.  in  thickness,  10  cts.  extra;  gage  Nos.  7  and  8,  15  cts. 
extra;  No.  9,  25  cts.  extra. 

Sheets.  The  corresponding  minimum  prices  for  mill  shipments 
from  Pittsburgh  on  sheets  in  carload  and  larger  lots  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

Galvanized   roofing   sheets   No.    28,    2 14    in.    corrugations, 

per  square $3.00 

Painted  roofing  sheets,  No.  28,  per  square 1.70 

Galvanized  Sheets:  Per  Lb. 

Nos.  13  and  14 2.50  cts. 

Nos.  15  and  16 2.60  cts. 

Nos.  17    to    21 2.75  cts. 

Nos.  22    to    24 2.90  cts. 

Nos.  25  and  26 3.10  cts. 

No.    27 3.30  cts. 

No.    28 3.50  cts. 

No.    29 3.60  cts. 

No.    30 3.85  cts. 

Black  Annealed  Sheets: 

Nos.    3    to      8 1.70  cts. 

Nos.    9  and  10 1.75  cts. 

Nos.  11  and  12 1.80  cts. 

Nos.  13  and  14 1.85  cts. 

Nos.  15  and  16 1.90  cts. 

Box  Annealed  Sheets: 

Nos.  17    to    21...                                                                2. 20  cts. 

Nos.  22    to    24 2.25  cts. 

Nos.  25  and  26 2.30  cts. 

No.    27 2.35  cts. 

No.    28 2.40  cts. 

No.    29 2.45  cts. 

No.    30 2.55  cts. 

Prices  for  sheets  at  Chicago  for  shipment  from  stock  are  as 
follows: 

Cts.  per  Lb. 

Black  Galvanized 

No.    10..                                                                       .    2.25  3.20 

No.    12. 2.30  3.20 

No.     14 2.35  3.20 

No.     16 2.45  3.20 

Nos.  18  and  20 2.80  3.35 

Nos.  22  and  24 2.85  3.50 

No.     26 2.90  3.70 

No.     27 2.95  3.90 

No.     28 3.00  4.10 

No.    30 3.30  4.50 

Usual  extras  for  extreme  width. 


STEEL  603 

The  following  New  York  quotations  on  sheets  are  for  500- 
bundle  lots  and  over,  f.  o.  b.  mill: 

Cts.  per.  Lb. 

Gage                                                                    Black  Galvanized 

No.     30 2.55  3.85 

No.     29 2.45  3.60 

No.     28 2.40  3.50 

No.     27 2.35  3.30 

Nos.  25     to    26 2.30  3.10 

Nos.  22    to    24 2.25  2.90 

Freight  Bates.  The  freight  rates  from  Pittsburgh  on  finished 
iron  and  steel  in  car  loads,  per  100  Ibs.,  were  as  follows: 
Birmingham,  Ala.,  45  cts.;  Boston,  18  cts.;  Buffalo,  11  cts.;  Chi- 
cago, 18  cts.;  Cincinnati,  15  cts.;  Cleveland,  10  cts.;  Indianapolis, 
17  cts.;  New  York,  16  cts.;  New  Orleans,  30  cts.;  Philadelphia, 
15  cts.;  St.  Louis,  23  cts.;  St.  Paul,  32  cts.  For  the  Pacific  Coast 
the  rates  are  80  cts.  on  plates,  structural  shapes  and  sheets 
No.  11  and  heavier;  85  cts.  on  sheets  Nos.  12  to  16;  95  cts.  on 
sheets  No.  16  and  lighter,  and  65  cts.  on  wrought  pipe  and  boiler 
tubes. 

Corrugated  Roofing-.  The  following  quotations  on  corrugated 
roofing  are  for  small  lots: 

2%  In.  Corrugated  Painted  Galvanized 

No.  24,  per  100  sq.  ft $3.85  $4.80 

No.  26,  per  100  sq.  ft 2.95  4.00 

No.  28,  per  100  sq.  ft 2.60  3.75 

BRIDGE   BUILDERS'   AND    STRUCTURAL    STEEL   ERECTORS' 
SPECIAL   TOOLS. 

The  following-  prices  are  net  prices  in  Chicago,  for  quantities, 
for  special  tools  for  bridge  builders  and  structural  steel  erectors: 

Weight,  Length,  Price, 

Pounds  Face,  Inches  Inches  Each 

Riveting  hammers 4  l%andl%  8%  $1.25 

Flogging  hammers 7  1%  7  1.50 

Napping  hammers 3  1%  6  1.00 

Rivet    "buster" 5%  iy2  in.  sq.  6  .80 

Straight  blade  cold  cutter 1%  in.  sq.  6%  .80 

Cross  blade  cold  cutter iy2  in.  sq.  6V2  .80 

Side  set  or  cutter l1/^  in.  sq.  6%  .80 

Handle  gouge 1%  in.  sq.  6^  .85 

The  net  prices  of  other  tools  used  by  bridge  builders  and 
structural  steel  erectors  are  as  follows: 

Price, 
Each 

Straight  dolly    $2.75 

Club  dolly    3.25 

Spring  dolly    5.00 

Heel  dolly    4.50 

Half  round  seamers 65 

Hand  gauges   25  to  .35 

Hand    chisels 35 

Rivet  tongs,  pickup  at  heating,  per  pair 70 

Riveting  clamp 3.75 


604  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Rivet  snaps  or  sets  for  button  head  or  conical  head  rivets  cost 
as  follows: 

tin.  to  %  in.,  each $1.20 
in.,  each 1.25 
in.,  each 1.40 

1       in.,  each 1.50 

The  net  cost  "of  barrel  shaped  drift  pins  follow: 

7/10  in.,   each $0.10 

•fo   in.,   each 11 

il    in.,   each 12 

If    in.,   each 16 

I   in.,   each 17 

IT£   in.,   each 19 


The  net  cost  figures  fcr  heading  out  punches  are  as  follows: 

t  in.  to  %  in.  inclusive,  each $0.80 

t  in.  to    1  in.  inclusive,  each 85 


STONE  BOATS 


Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette  says:  "A  team  of  horses  can  exert  a  pull 
of  1,000  Ibs.  for  a  short  time  if  they  have  a  good  earth  foot- 
hold. The  sliding  friction  of  iron  or  wood  on  earth  is  about  50 
per  cent  of  the  weight  of  the  load  that  is  being  dragged,  hence 
a  team  is  capable  of  dragging  a  stone  boat  and  load  together 
weighing  2,000  Ibs."  If  a  "skid  road"  of  partly  buried  timber 
is  built  and  kept  well  greased  a  stone  boat  can  be  hauled  with 
extreme  ease.  A  weight  heavier  than  a  wagon  load  can  be 
pulled.  Stone  boats  3'  wide,  T  long  with  three  4"x4"  timber 
runners  curved  up  in  front  and  shod  with  iron,  and  a  2"  plank 
floor  have  been  made  on  jobs  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York  from 
1907  to  1910  costing  $15  to  $20.  They  last  about  one  season 
under  hard  work  with  one  reshoeing  which  costs  50  per  cent  of 
the  original  cost. 

Stone  boats  2'  wide  and  5'  long  of  three  2"x8"  planks  bent 
up  in  front,  but  not  shod  w.ith  iron  cost  $V.50. 

Stone  boats  with  a  timber  frame  and  a  steel  bottom  cost  as 
follows: 

No.  Length  Width  Weight  Price 

1  72  in.  28  in.  130  Ibs.  $6.50 

2  88  in.  30  in.  ,      160  Ibs.  7.50 


605 


606  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


STUCCO  MACHINES 


By  means  of  this  machine  stucco  may  be  applied  to  buildings, 
etc.,  with  various  finishes,  somewhat  more  cheaply  than  by  hand. 
It  consists  of  a  "plastic  material  hopper"  in  which  the  mixture 
is  placed,  and  from  the  bottom  of  which  it  is  drawn.  Upon  a 
shaft,  parallel  with  the  bottom  opening  of  the  hopper,  is  oper- 
ated a  cylinder  upon  the  surface  of  which  are  a  great  number 
of  spring  spokes.  By  special  construction  of  the  bottom  of  the 
hopper  directly  under  the  hub  the  springs  are  caused  to  snap 
and  throw  the  cement  aggregate  against  the  wall.  The  hub  is 
revolved  by  means  of  gears  operated  by  hand  or  other  power. 
On  the  "upright  machines"  the  hopper  is"  raised  and  loaded  on 
a  frame.  The  lower  uprights  are  made  In  14  ft.  lengths,  the 
upper  in  10  ft.  lengths,  one  upright  of  each  size  being  furnished. 


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607 


608  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

STUMP   PULLERS 


There  are  four  methods  of  grubbing:  By  hand,  by  burning, 
by  blasting,  and  with  a  stump  pulling  machine.  An  axe,  a 
mattock,  a  round  pointed  shovel,  and  a  long  heavy  pole  for  use 
as  a  lever  are  the  tools  required  in  the  first  method.  If  trenches 
are  dug  around  the  stumps  in  the  fall  of  the  year,  the  frost  will 
aid  materially  in  heaving  the  stumps. 

On  land  that  has  been  cut  over  previously,  leaving  the  stumps 
wholly  or  partially  dead,  burning  is  sometimes  economical. 
Where  the  stumps  are  green,  they  must  be  removed  from  the 
ground  and  dried  before  they  will  burn. 

By  far  the  best  method  of  grubbing  is  by  blasting,  if  properly 
done.  A  ship  augur  1  or  l1^  inches  in  diameter,  costing  $1  to 
$1.25  should  be  used  to  bore  a  hole  near  the  base  of  the  stump. 
For  small  stumps  dynamite  should  be  used  exclusively.  The 
hole  in  large  stumps  should  first  be  sprung  with  a  small  charge 
of  dynamite,  and  then  blown  with  Judson  or  black  powder. 

Mrs.  Edith  Loring  Fullerton  in  "The  Lure  of  the  Land"  gives 
the  following  account  of  means  used  in  grubbing  and  clearing 
the  land  of  the  Long  Island  Experiment  Farm:  "Small  stumps 
up  to  four  feet  require  about  y2  lb.,  while  large  ones,  say,  six 
to  eight  feet  in  diameter,  require  3  Ibs.  of  the  explosive  which 
is  placed  in  several  separate  holes  surrounding  the  stump.  .  .  . 

"Fourteen  fuse  charges  are  placed  under  as  many  stumps;  the 
method  of  placing,  by  the  way,  is  to  lower  the  charge  into  the 
oblique  hole,  press  it  steadily  and  firmly  with  a  blunt  ended 
stick  until  expanded  to  the  full  size  of  the  crowbar  hole,  then 
fill  up  the  hole  with  earth  and  tramp  it  firmly,  that  no  explosive 
gases  may  find  a  loophole  of  escape.  .  .  . 

"Dynamiter  Kissam,  with  'Dell'.  Hawkins'  assistance,  blew 
regularly  from  75  to  110  stumps  a  day.  The  dynamite  splits 
them  so  completely  that  they  can  be  burned  at  once.  The 
stumps  taken  out  by  hand  required  cleaning,  splitting  and  dry- 
ing before  they  could  be  burned;  an  added  expense.  Below  are 
the  comparative  figures  on  100  stumps:  , 

DYNAMITE. 

Average  60  Ibs.  dynamite  at  15c  per  lb $     9.00 

Labor  of  expert  and  helper 5.50 

100  fuses  at  45c  per  100  feet .75 

100  caps  at  75c  per  100 75 

Total $  16.00 

HAND  LABOR. 
100  average  stumps  require  3  men  33  days  at  $1.33  per  day. .   131.67 

"Stump  pullers  were  out  of  the  question,  there  was  no  stand- 
ing timber  for  the  block  and  fall  to  be  fastened  to,  the  time  nee- 


STUMP  PULLERS 


609 


essary  to  hitch  to  stumps  buried  just  under  the  surface,  fre- 
quently with  rotted  heart,  together  with  the  cost  of  the  puller,  hire 
of  horses  and  men,  made  it  way  beyond  the  power  of  competing 
with  dynamite." 

Where  there  are  a  number  of  large  stumps  or  trees  to  act  as 
dead  men,  the  use  of  stump  pulling  machines  is  economical. 
Figs.  290-291.  Where  there  are  no  natural  dead  men,  the 


Fig.  290. 


Fig.  291. 

machine  must  be  anchored  by  means  of  large  butts  driven  in 
the  ground. 

Stumps  are  pulled  with  a  direct  pull,  the  cable  running  from 
the  stump  to  the  machine,  or  with  a  double  pull,  the  cable  run- 
ning through  a  block  fastened  to  the  stump  and  being  attached 
to  another  dead  man. 

A  long  cable  should  be  used,  as  the  machine  is  then  moved 
fewer  times.  A  60-foot  cable  will  clear  about  %  acre,  an  85-foot 
cable  about  %  acre,  a  100-foot  cable  %  acre,  a  15-0-foot  cable 
iy2  acres,  a  200-foot  cable  nearly  three  acres,  from  one  set-up. 

There  are  many  types  and  makes  of  stump  pullers  on  the  mar- 
ket. The  one  illustrated  in  Fig.  291  is  an  improved  machine  con- 
structed of  steel  and  iron  with  the  exception  of  the  lever,  which 
is  a  pole  12  to  25  feet  long,  cut  from  the  woods. 

A  one-horse   operated   machine   suitable   for   pulling   trees   and 


610  HANDBOOK  OP  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

stumps  up  to  8"  in  diameter,  fitted  with  2  steel  double  power 
pulleys  and  100  feet  of  %"  cable,  weighs  490  Ibs.,  and  costs  $40. 

A  two-horse  machine  with  a  listed  capacity  of  22  tons,  with 
100  ft  of  %"  cable,  weighs  475  Ibs.,  and  costs  $35.  The  same 
outfit  with  one  steel  double  power  pulley  has  a  capacity  of  44 
tons,  weighs  535  Ibs.,  and  costs  $45;  with  two  pulleys  it  has 
a  capacity  of  66  tons,  weighs  595  Ibs.,  and  costs  $50. 

A  machine  with  a  capacity  of  30,  tons,  with  210  feet  of  %- 
inch  cable,  weighs  775  Ibs.,  and  costs  $85;  with  1  pulley,  having 
a  capacity  of  60  tons,  weighs  855  Ibs.,  and  costs  $90;  with  2 
pulleys,  having  a  capacity  of  90  tons,  weighs  930  Ibs.,  and 
costs  $110. 

The  pullers  having  50,  100  and  150  ton  capacities  with  the  out- 
fits heretofore  described,  weigh  respectively  1,160,  1,260  and  1,360 
Ibs.,  and  cost  $120,  $145  and  $155. 

The  capacities  and  prices  of  the  largest  machines  are  as 
follows: 

Capacity  63  tons,  with  100  feet  1%-inch  cable,  weight  1,450  Ibs, 
price  $145;  with  200  feet  cable,  weight  1,650  Ibs.,  price  $200. 

Capacity  125  tons,  with  1  pulley,  100  feet  1%-inch  cable, 
weight  1,600  Ibs.,  price  $175;  with  200  feet  of  cable,  weight  1,800 
Ibs.,  $225. 

Capacity  185  tons,  2  pulleys,  120  feet  1%-inch  cable,  weight 
1,750  Ibs.,  price  $200;  with  220  feet  of  cable,  weight  1,950  Ibs., 
price  $255. 

For  taking  up  the  slack  rope,  cam  take-ups  are  used.  These 
cost  from  $4.50  to  $25.  Root  and  stump  hooks  cost  from  $7 
to  $12. 

The  largest  sizes  of  these  machines  are  often  used  to  move 
houses  and  buildings. 


SURVEYING    AND    ENGINEERING    EQUIPMENT 


DRAWING    INSTRUMENTS 

(See  Levels,  Drawing 

Boards  and  Transits) 

Price 

Weight 

1  beam  compass  $6.00 

to   $12.20 

2  oz.     each 

1   dotting   pen  0.80 

to        6.80 

1  oz.     each 

1  railroad  pen  2.00 

to        3.00 

1  oz.     each 

1   set  drawing  instruments  

.  .  .  .      6.16  up 

16  oz.     each 

2  German  silver  protractors    1  jT'.  • 

(  O     .  . 

1.35  ) 
3.155 

2  oz.     each 

2  engineers'  triangular  scales,  12 

"...      1.20  each 

1  oz.    each 

2  archeticts'  triangular  scales,  12 

"...      2.00     " 

1  oz.    each 

2  45°  triangles   J    6",  

.36     "      ) 
76     "      } 

1  oz.    each 

2   3°-60    -{i^  

24     " 
52      "      J 

1  oz.    each 

1  set  R.  R.  curves  

6.98  > 
11.93  J 

5  Ibs.  each 

1  set  French  curves.  .  . 

9.26 

5  Ibs.  each 

("36"  

.441 

8  oz.    each 

2  T  squares  ^36"  

.84  f 

5  Ibs.  each 

[30"x42"  

13.05J 

1  blue  print  frame  

1  plan  case  

.  ...    18.00 

50  Ibs.  each 

Thumb   tacks    

1.28 

1  Ib.     each 

Water  colors,  20  colors  @  $0.18  a 

pan        3.60 

1  Ib.     each 

Higgins  Inks,  16  colors  @  $0.25  a 

bot.        4.00 

1  Ib.     each 

Rail    gauges  

5  Ibs.  each 

1  current   meter  , 

45.50 

5  Ibs.  each 

2   leveling  rods,  Philadelphia  , 

,  .  .  .    13.50  each 

5  Ibs.  each 

2  Florida  rods,   12-ft  

9.00     " 

3  Ibs.  each 

3  range  poles,   10-ft  

2.25     " 

3  Ibs.  each 

3  plumb  bobs  

1.80     " 

%   Ib.     each 

Stake  tacks  , 

,  ...      1.35 

5  Ibs.  each 

2  tape  mending  tools  

...      3.60 

1  Ib.     each 

2  steel  tapes,   100-ft  

...    10.32 

2  Ibs.   each 

2  steel  tapes,  50-ft  

6.00 

1  Ib.     each 

1  cloth   tape,    100-ft  

...      3.28 

1  Ib.     each 

1  planimeter  

...    25.20 

1  Ib.     each 

1  pantograph    

...      4.50 

1  Ib.     each 

611 


612  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TAMPERS 


Net  Prices.  The  net  prices  for  tampers  with  handles  are  as 
follows,  No.  1  having  steel  plate  base,  No.  2  a  cast  plate  base 
and  No.  3  a  round  cast  plate  base: 


No. 
1  .  . 

1  .-. 

1  .. 

2  . 


Size  Base 

(Ins.) 
8x8 

10     xlO 

12  x!2 
5x6 
6x7 
7x8 
8x8 

10     xlO 


x  6 


Curb    1     x 

Curb    4     x 

Curb    3y2x 

Comb,  curb 1     x 


Weight 
Finished 

13 

16 

26 
9 

13 

14 

15 

20 

24 

20 
3 


Price 

Each 

$1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

.78 

.01 

.98 

1.04 

1.25 

1.43 

1.50 

.62 

.78 

.82 

1.50 


Price 
per  Doz. 

$15.00 

16.50 

18.00 

7.80 

9.10 

9.80 

10.40 

12.50 

14.30 

15.00 

6.20 

7.80 

8.20 

15.00 


The  above  prices  are  for  tampers  with  wooden  handles. 
Paving-  Hammers.     Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  paving  rammers 
are  as   follows: 

Kind  Weight  (Lbs.)        Price,  Each 

Granite  rammer 56  $10.00 

Cobblestone  rammer 50  8.00 

A  Power  Tamping-  Machine,  Fig.  292,  consists  of  a  two- wheeled 
truck  on  the  rear  end  of  which  is  an  air-cooled  gasoline  engine, 
battery  box  and  gasoline  tank,  which  drives  by  a  belt  a  hard- 
wood "lifting  board"  with  a  cast  iron  head.  This  tamper  is  lifted 
by  the  power  engine  and  allowed  to  fall  by  gravity.  Only  one 


Fig.  292.     Power  Tamping  Machine. 

man  is  necessary  to  operate  the  machine,  and  the  manufacturer 
claims  that  it  will  strike  60  blows  per  minute  or  28,800  per  eight 
hour  day.  On  this  basis  and  allowing  50  per  cent  for  lost  time 
and  wasted  strokes,  the  head,  the  area  of  which  is  %  sq.  ft.,  will 


TAMPERS 


613 


cover  7,200  square  feet  in  one  day,  or  in  a  trench  3  feet  wide  and 
5  feet  deep,  tamped  in  6-inch  layers,  will  cover  240  lineal  feet  of 
trench.  It  is  claimed  that  the  machine  will  do  the  work  of  five 
or  six  men.  The  standard  machine  will  strike  in  a  trench  from 
1  to  4^  ft.  wide  from  6  ft.  in  depth  to  the  surface.  Length  of 
stroke,  2  ft.;  weight  of  tamper,  85  Ibs.;  size  of  head,  8"x9";  1 
H.  P.  gasoline  engine  consuming  iy2  gallons  of  gasoline  in  ten 
hours;  wheels,  4"x36"  steel;  net  weight,  950  Ibs.;  shipping  weight, 
1,200  Ibs.;  price,  $300. 

Compressed-Air  Driven  Rammers,  Fig.  293,  for  use  in  foundries 
are   comparatively    a   recent    innovation,    but    from    their    simple 


Fig.  293.     Chicago  and   Keller  Rammers  at  Work  on  Sewer  Covers. 


construction  and  the  large  amount  of  work  they  will  accomplish 
are  being  rapidly  adopted.  Owing  to  their  lessening  the  manual 
efforts  of  the  moulder,  they  enable  him  to  accomplish  from  four 
to  twelve  times  as  much  work  as  under  old  hand  methods.  These 
rammers  are  especially  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  concrete 
building  blocks,  pier  foundation  blocks,  sewer  covers,  chimney 
caps,  window  sills,  curbing,  etc.  The  prices  of  the  following 
rammers  are  as  follows: 


Size    (Ins.)       Used  for— 


%x  4     Bench  work  and  cores    9 
lTJsx  7      General     foundry     and 

concrete   work 15 

1^4x  7     General  floor  work...  20 
3     xlO     Pit  and  loam  work.  .  .  25 


18 
24 

280 


o 

s 

600  to  800 

400  to  550 
300  to  450 
250  to  300 


60  to  80  $0.60 

60  to  80  .60 

60  to,80  .60 

70  to  90  1.50 


614  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TELEPHONES  AND  TELEPHONE  LINES 


COST    OF    A    CONSTRUCTION    SERVICE    TELEPHONE     LINE 
IN    CUBA. 

Specifications:  Length  15  miles,  464  poles,  line  is  2-wire  metallic 
circuit  No.  12  B.  &  S.  gage,  hard  drawn  copper  wire,  oak  brackets, 
glass  insulators,  poles  spaced  171  feet  apart. 

Per  Mile 

Digging-  holes $  32.71 

Squaring  poles,  etc 14.19 

Setting  poles 135.65 

Stringing  wire 78.73 

Tools    2.86 

General   4.45 


Total    $268.59 

A  simple  system  a  mile  or  so  in  length,  suitable  for  con- 
tractors, costs  $11.00  for  each  instrument  complete  with  batteries 
and  lightning  arrester;  about  $7.00  per  mile  for  G.  I.  wire  and 
about  $3  00  per  mile  for  insulators.  This  is  for  a  ground  return 
line. 

A  double  metallic  circuit  system  costs  $8.70  for  each  instru- 
ment fitted  with  magneto,  1,000  ohm  ringer  and  3-bar  generator; 
about  $14.00  for  wire  and  $3.00  for  insulators  per  mile. 

Neither  of  the  above  lines  includes  costs  for  poles  or  erection. 

The  following  costs  have  been  compiled  from  an  article  in 
Engineering  and  Contracting  on  the  cost  of  building  a  high  power 
transmission  line.  The  average  length  of  haul  was  one  mile. 
The  wages  paid  per  10-hour  day  were: 

Foreman   $3.00 

Laborers  1.50 

Linemen    2.50 

Team,  2  horses  and  driver 4.50 

The  poles  were  of  chestnut  30  to  33  ft.  long,  5  to  9  inches  at 
the  top,  and  12  to  18  inches  at  the  bottom.  Seventy-four  poles, 
8  to  10  on  a  load,  were  unloaded  from,  cars  and  hauled  to  the 
work  for  $30.  Seventy-four  holes,  5  ft.  deep  and  an  average 
of  24  inches  in  diameter  were  dug  at  a  cost  of  $72.75  or  98  cents 
per  hole.  Poles  were  raised  by  hand  at  a  cost  of  $56.75  or  76 
cents  per  pole,  and  were  dapped  for  the  cross  arms  at  a  cost 
of  $22.62  or  9.8  cents  per  dap.  One  hundred  and  sixty-six  cross 
arms,  well  braced,  were  placed  at  a  cost  of  $27.62  or  17  cents  per 
cross  arm.  Nine  hundred  and  ninety-six  insulators  were  placed 
at  a  cost  of  $6  or  0.6  cents  per  unit. 

At  all  the  turns  the  poles  were  guyed,  and  elsewhere  where 
necessary.  The  cost  of  digging  the  holes  for  this  was  $8.25  or 
92  cents  per  hole.  Raising  the  poles  cost  $12,  and  guying  them 
$9,  or  a  total  of  $3.25  per  guy  pole.  In  some  places  trees  and 
bushes  interfered  with  the  work  and  these  were  cut  down  for 
$33.50. 


TELEPHONES  AND  TELEPHONE  LINES  ,      615 

Twelve  light  wires  were  strung  on  each  pole  at  a  cost  of 
$118.50  for  21.6  miles  or  for  $5.50  per  mile  of  wire.  Where  the 
line  was  connected  with  the  old  line  4  poles  had  to  be  changed, 
which  cost  $56.50  or  $14.12  per  pole. 

The  cost  of  the  entire  1.6  miles  of  line  was: 

Item  Total  Cost 

Hauling    $  30.00 

Digging  holes 72.75 

Raising  poles 56.75 

Dapping  cross  arms 22.62 

Placing  cross  arms  and  insulators 33.62 

Guy  poles    29.25 

Trimming  trees  and  bushes 33.50 

Stringing    wires    118.50 

Changing  old  poles 56.50 

Total    $453.49  $283.42 

The  following  itemized  cost  of  two  telephone  lines  is  taken 
from  Engineering  and  Contracting. 

Two  short  lines  were  built,  one  10  miles  long  and  the  other 
14  miles  long.  The  cost  of  the  10  mile  line  was  as  follows 
per  mile: 

LABOR. 

1.7  days  foreman  at   $4.00 $  6.80 

1.7  days  sub-foreman  at  $3.00    5.10 

4.0  days  climbers  at  $2.50 10.00 

10.5  days  groundmen  at  $2.25 1 23.63 

17.9  days  total  at  $2.54   .$45.53 

MATERIALS. 

28  poles  at  $1.50 $42.00 

28  cross  arms  at  $0.15 - 4.20 

28  steel  pins  at  $0.04   1.12 

28  glass  insulators  at  $0.04 1.12 

56  lag  screws  and  washers  at  $0.015 84 

305  Ibs.  No.  9  galvanized  wire  at  $0.042 12.81 

Total    .$62.09 

Total  labor  and  materials,  $107.62   @  $10.76  per  mile. 

More  than  90- per  cent  of  the  poles  were  25  feet  long.  The  rest 
were  30  to  40  feet  in  length. 

The  cost  of  the  14  mile  line  was  as  follows,  per  mile: 

LABOR. 

2.2  days  foreman  at  $3.50 $  7.70 

2.2  days  sub-foreman  at   $3.00 6.60 

5.3  days  climber  at  $2.75    14.58 

11.4  days  groundman  at  $2.25   25.64 

21.5  days  total  at  $2.54 $54.52 


616      -  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

MATERIALS. 

32  poles   at   $1.50 ..$   48.00 

32  brackets  at  $0.015 

380  Ibs.  No.  8  galvanized  wire  at  $0.042.  . 

10  Ibs.  No.  9  galvanized  wire  at  $0.042.  . 
1  %  Ibs.  fence  staples  at  $0.025 

32  insulators  at  $0.04 


Total    $  66.18 


Total  labor  and  materials 120.70 

2   telephones  at  $12.50 25.00 

200  ft.  office  wire 1.40 


Total $213.28  @  $15.24  per  mile 

Considering  the  low  cost  of  telephone  lines  of  this  character, 
it  is  surprising  that  they  are  not  more  frequently  built  for  use 
on  construction  work.  For  temporary  purposes,  a  much  cheaper 
kind  of  pole  could  be  used.  For  example,  a  very  substantial 
pole  can  be  made  by  nailing  together  two  Ix4-in.  boards,  so  as 
to  form  a  post  having  a  T-shape  cross-section.  Such  a  pole 
would  contain  only  two-thirds  of  a  foot,  board  measure  per  lineal 
foot  of  pole.  At  $24  per  M  for  the  boards,  a  pole  20  ft.  long 
would  cost  32  cents.  Hence  the  poles  would  cost  less  than  $10 
per  mile  of  line.  The  No.  9  wire  would  ordinarily  cost  less  than 
$13  per  mile,  and  $3  more  would  cover  the  cost  of  the  remaining 
line  materials,  making  a  total  cost  of  $26  per  mile  for  materials. 
I  have  no  data  as  to  the  labor  of  erecting  such  a  line,  but  it 
would  certainly  be  less  than  $15  per  mile;  and  in  soil  where 
post  hole  diggers  could  be  used,  the  cost  would  be  considerably 
less.  In  fact,  a  telephone  line  built  for  $35  a  mile  might  easily 
be  obtained  under  fairly  favorable  conditions.  Moreover,  it 
could  be  taken  down  and  used  many  times  on  subsequent  con- 
struction. 

TELEPHONE  POLE  TOOLS. 

Length  Weight                      Price 

(Ft.)  (Lbs.)                        Each 

Steel  digging  bars 8  28                          $2.30 

Steel  digging  and  crow  bars 8  28                              2.75 

Steel  digging  and  tamping  bars.            8  30                              2  50 

Pipe  poles    12  to  20  •  $8.40  to    11.70 

Raising  forks 12  to  20  6.00  to      9.00 

Wood  handle  tamping  bars 8  1.00 

Poles.  Cedar  poles  are  (1911)  quoted  as  follows  by  the  R.  D. 
Dowie  Pole  Co.,  432  New  York  Block,  Seattle,  Wash.  The  price 
is  f.  o.  b.  loading  point: 


TELEPHONES  AND  TELEPHONE  LINES  617 

f Price  Each x 

Diameter  at  Top 

Length  in  Ft.                                                           8-in.  9-in. 

30  . ,  $2.70  

35   , 3.15  $   3.50 

40 3.60  4.00 

45 4.50 

50 5.00 

55 5.50 

60 7.20 

65 9.75 

70 10.50 

75 11.25 

80 12.00 

White  cedar  poles  are  quoted  (1911)  by  the  Backus-Judd 
Lumber  &  Cooperage  Co.,.  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  f.  o.  b.  Rex,  Mich., 
freight  rate  to  Chicago  12  cents,  as  follows: 


Price  Each 


Diameter  at  Top 

Length  in  Ft.                                      5-in.                    6-in.  7-in. 

25     $0.65                    $1.00  $1.50 

30    1.60  3.75 

35    4.00  5.00 

40    5.25  7.00 

45    7.25  9.50 

50    10.00  11.00 

Chestnut  poles,  f.  o.  b.  Mechanicsville,  N.  Y.,  are  quoted  (1911) 
by  T.  C.  Luther  of  that  place  as  follows: 


Length  in  Ft. 

25  

30  

35  

40  . 

45  

50  . 


5-in. 
$1.50 
2.50 
2.75 
3.25 
4.00 
5.50 

Diameter  at  Top 
6-in. 
$2.00 
2.75 
3.25 
4.00 
5.50 
7.50 

> 

7-in. 
$2.75 
3.25 
4.00 
5.50 
7.50 
9.50 

Fir  Cross  Arms.     Prices  are  about  as  follows: 

, Price  per  Arm  in  Cts. , 

Length  Pacific 

Size,  3%x4%  in.  Coast  Chicago    New  York 

3  ft.,  2  pin 8                   13%  15% 

4  ft.,  2  pin 11                   18V2  21 

5  ft.,  4  pin 16                   261/2  28% 

6  ft.,  4  and  6  pin 20%               31%  36 

8  ft.,  6  and  8  pin 28  43  48-% 

10  ft.,  8,  10  and  12  pin 37  55%  67% 

Telegraph  Wire.  For  lots  of  fair  size,  the  wire  measured  in 
Birmingham  wire  gage,  the  prices  in  cents  per  ID.  are  about  as 
follows:  "Extra  Best  Best,"  Nos.  6  to  9,  4%c;  Nos.  10  and  11, 
41/2  c;  No.  12,  4%  c;  No.  14,  5J/8  c.  "Best  Best,"  Nos.  6  to  9,  3%c; 
Nos.  10  and  11,  3%  c;  No.  12,  3%c;  No.  14,  4c.  Actual  freight  is 
allowed  from  basic  points  where  it  does  not  exceed  25c  per 
100  Ibs. 


618  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Insulators.      Glass   insulators    in   lots    of  more   than   1,000   and 

x  less    than    10,000    are    sold    at    the    following    prices    per    1,000: 

Double  petticoat,  20  oz.,  $33;  Western  Union,  $30.25;  No.  2,  cable, 

$53.90;    No.    4,    cable,    $210;    Muncie    type,    7    in.,    $236.50;    No.  3 

triple  petticoat,   4%    in.,   $90.75. 

Copper  Wire  (1913).  Sales  have  been  made  at  18%  to  19  cents. 
Aluminum  wire  (1911),  base  about  31c. 


TENTS  AND  CAMP  EQUIPMENT 


Tents  are  usually  made  of  8  oz.,  10  oz.  or  12  oz.  single  filling 
canvas,  10  oz.  or  12  oz.  double  filling  canvas,  or  of  10  oz.,  12 
oz.  or  15  oz.  Army  duck. 


A,  OR  WEDGE,  TENTS  WITHOUT  POLES  OR  PINS. 


Fig.  294.     A  or  Y/edge  Tent 


Size  (Ft.) 

5x  7 

7x  7 

7x   9 

9x   9 

12x14 


Height  (Ft.) 

6 

7 
7 
7 


8  -oz.  Duck 
Single  Filling 

$   3.30 
4.29 
5.61 
5.83 
10.67 

12-oz.  Duck 
Double  Filling 

?   5.00 
6.50 
7.75 
9.75 
15.50 

WALL  TENTS  WITH  POLES,  STAKES  AND  ROPES. 


Size  (Ft.) 

7x  7 

9x  9 
9x14 
12x14 
12x18 
14x16 
14x24 
20x24 
24x50 
30x70 


Height 
Wall 
(Ft.) 


Height 
Pole 
(Ft.) 

7 


9 

11 
13 
15 


8-oz.  Duck  12-oz.  Duck 

Single  Filling     Double  Filling 


&     5.50 

7.70 

11.52 

12.92 

15.12 

17.05 

22.00 

30.00 

65.00 

110.10 


$  8.25 
11.25 
15.70 
18.70 


25.00 
32.50 
42.00 
95.00 
150.00 


Flies  complete,  half  the  price  of  tents. 

619 


620 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


\ 


Fig.  295.     Wall  Tent. 
WALL   TENTS,    ROPED 


Size  (Ft.) 
21x30 
24x60 
30x70 

Height 
of  Wall 
(Ft.) 
5 
6 
6 

Height 
of  Pole 
(Ft.) 
11 
13 
15 

8-oz.  Duck 
Single 
Filling 
$   60.00 
lf»00 
150.00 

12-oz.  Duck 
Double 
Filling 
$  85.00 
210.00 
250.00 

15-oz. 
Army  Duck 
$150.00 
250.00 
325.00 

STABLE  TENTS,  INCLUDING  POLES,  PINS,  GUYS  AND  GUY 
ROPES.     SEMI-ROPED. 


Fig.  296.     Stable  Tent. 


Height  of 
Size  (Ft.)     Wall  (Ft.) 

Height  of 
Center  (Ft.) 

8-oz.  Duck 

24x36 

6 

14 

$   80.00 

24x72 

6 

14     ' 

130.00 

28x63 

6 

16 

135.00 

28x81 

6 

16 

160.00 

12-oz.  Duck 

$105.00 

175.00 

180.00 

210.00 


TENTS  AND  CAMP  EQUIPMENT  621 


EQUIPMENT 


Dining  table 


Total 


wt. 


,300  Ibs. 


3  doz.  agate  plates    $0.10  a  piece 

3  doz.  agate  cups     10  a  piece 

3  doz.  agrate  saucers     10  a  piece 

3  doz.  steel  knives     75  per  doz. 

3  doz.  steel  forks    75  per  doz. 

3  doz.  plate  spoons,  tea     1.96  per  doz. 

3  doz.  plate  spoons,  dessert 1.96  per  doz. 

3  doz.  plate  spoons,  table     1.96  per  doz. 

1  doz.  salts    10  a  piece 

1  doz.  peppers 10  a  piece 

%   doz.   2-qt.  pans    48  a  piece 

%   doz.   1-qt.  pans    35  a  piece 

1  doz.  1-pt.  pans    29  a  piece 

1   carving-  knife    50  a  piece 

7  yds.    oilcloth    20  per  yd. 

3  trestle  table 

5  boards,  12xiy2xl8  ft.,  dressed 

Cooking  utensils,  as  required   300  Ibs. 

Miscellaneous,  lamps,  lanterns,  stores,  basins,  tubs,  pails  2,000  Ibs. 

The  post  of  Framing*  and  Flooring1  Tents  is  given  by  Mr.  R.  C. 
Hardman  of  Fort  Huachuca,  Ariz.,  in  Engineering  News,  Sep- 
tember 26,  1912,  from  which  the  following  is  abstracted: 

The   tents  were  of   two   sizes,   viz.:    14   ft.   x   14   ft.   2   in.,   and 

6  ft.  ll  in.  x  8  ft.  and  were  framed  with  2x4  in.  timber,  braced 
with  1x6  in.  timber  and  floored  with  1x12  in.  plank.     The  larger 
tent  had  4  pairs  of  rafters  and  the  smaller  3  pairs.     The  costs 
were   as   follows: 

Large  Tent: 

500  ft.  B.  M.  lumber  at  $30.00 $15.00 

7  Ibs.  nails  at  $0.05 35 

$15.35 
Small  Tent: 

185  ft.  B.  M.  lumber  at  $30.00 $5.55 

5  Ibs.  nails  at  $0.05 25 

$5.80 
LABOR  COST  OF  FLOORING  AND  FRAMING 

Tents  14  ft.  x  14  ft.  2  in. 
38  Frames: 

Cost 
Cost      per  Tent 

Carpenters,  32  hours  at  $0.50 $16.00 

Carpenter  helpers,  129  hours  at  $0.375 48.38 

Laborers,  19  hours  at  $0.25 4.75 

Laborers,  11  hours  at  $0.20 2.20 


$71.33          $1.877 
42  Floors,  Average  Height  1  Ft.  Above  Ground,  Leveled: 

Carpenters,  72  hours  at  $0.50 $36.00 

Carpenter  helpers,  153  hours  at  $0.375 57.38 

Laborers,  81  hours  at  $0.25 20.25 

Laborers,  19  hours  at  $0.20 3.80 

$117.43  2.796 

$4.673 


622  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

Tents  6  ft.  11  in.  x  8  ft.  4  in. 
16  Frames: 

Carpenters,    5    hours   at    $0.50 $  2.50 

Carpenter  helpers,  23  hours  at  $0.375 8.75 

$11.25 

16  Floors,  Average  Height  1  Ft.  Above  Ground,  Leveled: 

Cost 
Cost      per  Tent 

Carpenters,  9  hours  at  $0.50 $  4.50 

Carpenter  helpers,  26  hours  at  $0.375 9.75 

$14.25          $0.891 

Total  Cost  of  Frame  and  Floor: 

Large  Tent  Small  Tent 

Material     $15.35  $5.80 

Labor    4.67  1.59 

$20.02  $7.39 


TIES 

The  following  shows  the  number  of  cross  ties  required  per 
mile  of  track: 

Distance  Distance 

From  Center  From  Center 

to  Center  No.  of  to  Center  No.  of 

(Ins.)  Ties  (Ins.)  Ties 

18  3,520  36  1,748 

21  3,017  39  1,613 

24  2,640  42  1,497 

27  2,348  45  1,399 

30  2,113  48  1,300 

33  1,905  51  1,233 

The  cost  in  New  York  state  of  the  average  standard  yellow 
pine  railroad  tie  6x8  ins.  x  8  ft.  was,  in  1908,  from  68  to  90 
cents.  Chestnut  ties  may  average  from  10  to  15  cents  less,  while 
cedar  and  cypress  will  be  20  to  30  cents  cheaper.  The  ordinary 
contractor's  tie  suitable  for  narrow  gauge  track  is  generally  pur- 
chaseable  at  about  40  cents.  Ties  4x4  ins.,  in  sections,  are  too 
small,  as  they  split  easily,  and,  therefore,  ties  smaller  than 
6x4  ins.  should  never  be  used.  Ties  used  in  narrow  gauge 
tracks  should  be  2  ft.  longer  than  the  gauge. 

Thirty-five  standard  gauge  ties  may  usually  be  cut  from  a 
pine  tree  that  is  14  ins.  in  diameter  at  a  height  of  5  feet  above 
the  ground.  A  skilled  man  can  cut  and  trim  40  to  50  of  these 
ties  per  day.  The  cost  of  cutting  and  hauling  ties,  provided 
the  timber  is  growing  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  need 
not  be  more  than  10  cents  per  tie. 

The  life  of  a  tie  depends  largely  upon  its  suitability  for 
resisting  the  particular  kind  of  attacks  incidental  to  its  sur- 
roundings. Oak  ties  in  the  fairly  dry  localities  will  hold  spikes 
with  great  tenacity,  and  at  the  same  time  resist  the  effect  of 
dampness  very  well,  and  may  last  8  to  10  years.  Under  less 
favorable  conditions,  however,  they  may  not  last  more  than  7 
years  when  untreated,  while  if  thoroughly  saturated  with  creo- 
sote or  zinc  sulphate,  the  average  life  may  be  17  years. 

The  following  table  shows  the  life  and  cost  of  ties,  etc.: 


t] 

Life  in  years  

Wood  
Un- 
reated  Treated 
8             20 
.90          1.60 
.12            .12 
1.02          1.70 

1.875        1.875 
.544        0.917 

Steel 
25 
4.25 
.15 
4.40 
.85 
2. 

2.20 
.42 
0.131 
691.68 

Concrete  
Standard 
C.  I.    Reinforc.  Beam 
30               8             14 
5.25          2.30          3.25 
.15            .18            .18 
5.40          2.48          3.43 
.75            .20            .53 
2.              2.               2. 

2.70          1.24          1.76 
.37            .10            .26 
0.149        0.17?        0.152 
786.72      913.44      802.56 

Cost   delivered  
Cost  of  renewal.... 
Cost  in  track  

Value  wornout  ties. 
Spacing  c  to  c  in  ft. 
Cost     per     lin.     ft. 
track    

Value  scrap  per  lin. 
ft    track  

Annual      cost      ties 
per  lin.  ft.  track. 
Annual  cost  1   mile 
track  . 

0.81 
427.68 

0.067 
353.76 

623 


624  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  above  costs  are  determined  by  substituting  in  the  follow- 
ing formula: 


x  =  ci+(c  —  v)s         Ifv  =  o         x  = 
where 

x  =  Annual  cost  of  ties  per  linear  foot  of  track. 
c  =>  First  cost  in  track  per  linear  foot  of  track. 
v  =  Value  of  wornout  tie  per  linear  foot  of  track. 
L  =  Useful  life  of  tie  in  years. 
i  =  Interest  rate  per  annum. 

s  =  Annual  payment  into  a  sinking  fund,  which  at  the  rate  i 
for  L  years  will  amount  to  one  dollar. 

In  the  above  table  i  =  4%. 

Track  used  on  construction  work  is  frequently  moved.  The 
ties  will  stand  about  three  removals,  and  are  then  unfit  for 
further  use. 

Mr.  D.  A.  Wallace  gives  the  following  costs  of  unloading  ties. 
Cost  of  train  service: 

Cost  of  work  train,  $25.00  per  day;  foreman,  $50.00  per  month; 
labor,  $1.10  per  day. 

From  coal  cars  while  running:  Train  service,  $1.04;  labor,  $0.45 
—  total,  $1.49;  250  ties  at  0.6  cts.  per  tie. 

Box  cars  while  running:  Train  service,  $6.24;  labor,  $5.35  —  total, 
$11.59;  970  ties  at  1.2  cts.  per  tie. 

Nine  coal  car  work  trains  unloading  in  spots  from  6:15  a.  m.  to 
6:15  p.  m.  The  cost  of  unloading  per  tie  was:  Delays,  0.48  cts.; 
uAloading  time,  0.29  cts.;  running  time,  0.83  cts.;  total,  1.60  cts. 


TOOL   BOXES 


Wooden  tool  boxes  cost  ready  made  or  made  on  job: 

6' x  3'        x  2' 8" $1100 

5'  x  2'  8"  x  2'  6" 10.00 

Wood  tool  carts  with  42"  wheels: 

Size  of  box,  82%  x  34y0  x  25  ins.     Price ..$50.00 

Size  of  box,  48      x  24      x  14  ins.     Price 30.00 


TRANSITS 


A  low  priced  and  yet  reliable  transit,  known  as  a  builder's 
transit,  weighs  6  Ibs.  and  costs  $85;  with  compass,  3-inch  needle, 
$100.  The  tripod  weighs  6  Ibs. 

A  light  mountain  transit  with  a  7% -inch  telescope,  a  4-inch 
needle,  complete,  costs  $200.  Weight,  instrument  5y2  Ibs.,  ex- 
tension tripod,  7  Ibs. 

Mountain  and  mining  transits  with  9^ -inch  telescope  and  4- 
inch  needle,  cost  «omplete  $235.  Weight,  instrument  10  Ibs., 
tripod  9  Ibs. 

Surveyors'  transits  with  a  5-inch  needle  weigh  16y2  Ibs.  and 
cost  $160. 

Engineers'  transits  complete  cost  from  $175  to  $250  and  weigh 
from  9  to  15  Ibs. 


625 


626 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TRACTION   ENGINES 


The   prices    of   traction    engines    range   from    the   prices    given 
below  to  30  per  cent  more. 


Fig.    297.     9x10-inch    Cylinder    Simple    Traction    Engine. 


DESCRIPTIONS   AND   PRICES    SIMPLE    TRACTION    ENGINE. 

Length                                                                                                     Miles 
of  Bore                                                                                                           per 
and                                Steam                                                            Hour  at 

Stroke 

Rated 

Pressure 

Weight 

Normal 

(Inches) 

H.  P. 

(Pounds) 

(Pounds) 

Price 

Speed 

7  14x10 

9 

130 

10,917 

$1,130 

2.26 

8  14x10 

12 

130 

13,007 

1,220 

2.61 

9     xlO 

15 

130 

14,206 

1,365 

2.62 

10     xlO 

20 

130 

15,823 

1,600 

2.61 

11     xll 

25 

130 

20,368 

1,880 

2.52 

'12     x!2 

32 

160 

32,600 

2,820 

2.37 

COMPOUND   TRACTION   ENGINE. 


Length 

of  Bore 
and 

Stroke 

(Inches) 
5%x  8 1/2 xlO 
6ysx  9  xlO 
7  xlO  xlO 
7%xll  xlO 
9^4x13  xll 


Rated 
H.  P. 

9 

12 
15 
20 
25 


Steam 

Pressure  Weight 

(Pounds)  (Pounds) 

130       

130       

130       

130 


130 


Price 
$1,220 
1,315 
1,455 
1,690 
1,975 


Miles 

per 

Hour  at 

Normal 

Speed 

2.26 

2.61 

2.62 

2.61 

2.52 


Por   Straw   Burning-    Attachment,    including   Jacket    on    Boiler, 
add  $47  to  prices  above. 


TRACTION  ENGINES 


627 


All  Straw-Burning1  Engines  are  jacketed  unless  otherwise  or- 
dered. For  Jacketing  Coal-Burning  Engine  (except  32  H.  P.)  add 
$128. 

Locomotive   Cab    for  32   H.   P.   engine,   $70. 

If  wider  tires  than  those  regularly  furnished  on  engines  are 
wanted,  for  each  2  inches  extra  width,  add  to  list  price  $23.50. 
No  reduction  if  narrower  tires  are  ordered. 

Repairs  on  traction  engines  are  about  10  per  cent  more  than 
on  rollers. 


Fig.  298.     45  H.   P.  Tractor  Pulling  a  25-Ton   Load  up  a  5  per  cent. 
Grade  in  the  City  of  Delaware,  Ohio. 


Gasoline  Traction  Engines,  Fig.   298,  with  friction  drive  and  a 
patent  steering  device  are  as   follows: 


Fuel,  Tank  Water,  Tank 

Capacity  Capacity  Weight 

H.  P.               (Gallons)  (Gallons)  (Pounds) 

20                          80  60  11,000 

30                         100  70  14,000 

45                         200  80  19,000 

70                         200  90  25,000 


Price 
$1,975 
2,450 
2,750 
3,300 


Regular  road  speed,  ll/2  to  2%  miles;  third  speed,  3%  miles. 
Gasoline  traction  engines  with  equipment  for  converting  them 
into  rollers  cost  $400  extra. 


MOTOR    TRACTION    ENGINES 

In  the  effort  to  reduce  the  cost  of  wagon  haul  below  that  of 
ordinary  team  transportation,  trials  have  been  made  of  traction 
engines  of  various  designs.  It  was  found  that  the  familiar  types 
of  engines  with  comparatively  narrow  wheel  treads,  were  use- 
less in  the  deep  dust  and  sand  of  desert  roads.  A  special  type, 
however,  called  the  "Caterpillar"  or  "Paddlewheel"  Engine,  Fig. 
299,  so  designated  from  the  peculiar  construction  of  its  rear 


628 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


and   propelling    wheels,    has    been    placed    in    service    with    good 
results. 

This  engine,  instead  of  the  large  hind  wheel  commonly  known, 
carries  its  weight  on  five  truck  wheels  which  run  on  a  track  of 
plow  steel,  so  protected  that  it  is  nearly  impossible  for  sand 
to  reach  the  bearings.  The  hind  wheels  are  of  the  sprocket  type 


Fig.  299.     Caterpillar  Tractor. 


and  engage  an  endless  belt  of  "shoes"  or  "platforms"  which 
pass  around  the  sprocket  and  center  wheels,  78  inches  distant, 
the  latter  acting  as  idlers.  These  platform  wheels  have  the  same 
tractive  area  as  an  ordinary  round  wheel,  54  feet  in  diameter. 

The  motor  used  is  of  the  four  cylinder,  vertical,  water  cooled 
type,  with  6-in.  x  8-in.  cylinders,  developing  40  brake  h.  p.  at 
550  R.  P.  M.  Distillate  is  used  for  fuel  at  a  cost  of  less  than 
1  cent  per  h.  p.  per  hour. 

The  capacity  of  these  engines  naturally  varies  with  the  grade. 
Loads  of  from  15  to  20  tons  are  possible  on  level  roads.  Spe- 
cially built  trucks  capable  of  carrying  from  6  to  10  tons  are 
used.  Compressors,  transformers  and  other  heavy  machinery, 
weighing  from  7  to  10  tons,  are  easily  transported  over  loose 
sand  on  grades  ranging  from  12  to  20  per  cent,  and  around  the 
sharp  curves  of  mountain  roads.  Ordinary  wagon  transportation 
of  such  loads  under  like  conditions  would  be  an  impossibility. 

Accurate  cost  data  have  been  kept  of  the  performance  of  these 
machines,  together  with  team  haul,  for  the  purpose  of  compari- 
son. Recent  work  in  the  Jawbone  and  Mojave  sections  shows  an 
average  ton  mile  cost  of  20  cents  for  engine  haul,  against  an 
average  of  from  40  cents  to  50  cents  for  team  transportation. 

The  report  of  July   1,   1909,   shows  that   the  average  ton  mile 


TRACTION  ENGINES  629 

cost   25   cents    for   the   period   ending   at   that   time,    whereas    the 
lowest  bid  received  for  this   work  was   80   cents  per  ton  mile. 

The  cost  of  operating  fifteen  of  these  engines  during  February, 
1910,  was  as  follows: 

Average  Per  Ton 

Total  per  Engine  Mile 

Supplies    $    955.18  $63.68  $0.0367 

Repairs    2,161.47  144.10  0.0825 

Labor,  crew 2,003.27  133.55  0.0771 

Depreciation   725.00  48.33  0.0279 


$5,8,44.92  $389.66  $0.2242 

The  price  of  the  above  engine,  single  speed,  2^4  miles  per  hour: 

6^x8   cylinders,   spring  mounted,   weight   fully   equipped 

18,000  Ibs $3,250.00 

Extra  for  2  speed,  5  miles  per  hour 250.00 

Extra  for  stationary  attachment 250.00 

Tank  capacity,  distillate,  70  gallons. 

Tank  capacity,  water,  56  gallons. 

Length  over  all,  18  ft.  4  in.;  width,  7  ft. 

Distillate  consumption,  3.5  gallons  per  hour. 

Motor,  30  H.  P.  rated;  45  H.  P.  brake  capacity. 


THE    GASOLINE    TRACTION    ENGINE     COMPARED    TO    THE 

HORSE 

Mr.  L.  W.  Ellis  read  a  paper  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Gas  and  Gasoline  Engine  Association  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  June 
16,  1910,  from  which  I  have  made  the  following  abstract: 

Properly  handled,  working  about  six  hours  a  day,  well  and 
carefully  fed,  a  horse  may  have  a  working  life  of  ten  years  of 
1,000  hours  each.  Where  used  on  street  car  systems,  his  life  of 
usefulness  is  from  two  to  four  years.  The  average  farm  horse 
will  do  well  to  develop  500  H.  P.  hours  per  year  or  5,000  in  ten 
years.  A  tractor,  carefully  looked  after,  would  probably  double 
this  for  each  rated  H.  P. 

About  20  per  cent  of  the  horse's  weight  may  be  taken  as  his 
maximum  sustained  draft,  and  six  to  eight  miles  per  hour  his 
maximum  sustained  speed  for  anything  more  than  an  hour  or  so 
per  day.  The  draft  horse  ordinarily  gives  the  largest  volume  of 
work  per  day  at  about  one-half  his  maximum  load,  and  one-third 
his  maximum  speed. 

One  reason  for  the  great  flexibility  of  the  horse  is  the  fact  that 
he  works  most  economically  at  about  1  Ib.  of  draft  for  10  Ibs. 
of  weight,  or  from  50  to  20  per  cent  of  the  rate  he  can  exert  in 
a  pinch.  In  the  motor  contests  at  Winnipeg  last  year  the  gas 
tractors  exerted  1  Ib.  of  draft  for  4%  Ibs.  of  weight  on  a  good 
sod  footing,  and  for  6  Ibs.  of  weight  on  a  soft  dirt  and  gravel 
course.  The  average  horse  develops  one  useful  horsepower  for 
1,500  Ibs.  of  weight.  Nine  of  these  tractors,  which  completed  all 
the  tests,  developed  1  brake.  H.  P.  for  465  Ibs.  of  weight,  and 
under  both  good  and  bad  footing  1  tractive  H.  P.  for  922  Ibs.  of 
weight. 


630  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  horse  needs  a  drink  and  food  after  every  seven  to  eight 
miles  of  plowing,  but  of  course  can  be  forced  to  go  a  greater 
distance.  Some  of  the  best  known  gas  tractors  could  go  from  10 
to  15  miles  under  full  load  if  it  were  possible  entirely  to  empty 
the  fuel  and  water  tanks  without  stopping.  Actually  they  need 
water  about  as  often  as  the  horse.  Others  of  different  type  could 
go  for  15  to  20  miles  without  fuel  and  several  times  that  without 
water,  with  their  present  tank  capacity.  A  better  balance  in  this 
respect  would  render  the  tractors  more  convenient,  and  undoubt- 
edly some  weight  would  be  eliminated  in  so  doing.  A  steam  plow- 
ing engine  does  well  to  travel  two  miles  on  the  water  taken  in 
during  15  mins.  Probably  95  per  cent  of  the  weight  may  be  put 
into  metal,  2%  per  cent  into  the  cooling  water  and  2%  per  cent 
into  fuel.  The  latter  may  be  increased  easily  in  tractors  de- 
signed for  use  in  dry  stretches. 

The  gas  tractor  cannot  compete  with  the  horse  as  a  hauling 
proposition  on  heavy  grades.  The  elimination  of  steep  grades, 
which  a  horse  may  surmount  by  the  expenditure  of  greatly  in- 
creased energy,  but  which  exhaust  the  overload  capacity  of 
tractors,  will  mean  not  only  an  increased  use  of  mechanical 
motors  for  hauling  purposes,  but  an  excellent  field  for  traction 
machinery  in  the  building  and  maintenance  of  good  roads. 

One  man  in  the  field  may  handle  four  to  six  horses,  developing 
from  2y2  to  4^  H.  P.  Two  men  on  a  gas  tractor  will  handle  an 
outfit  doing  from  10  to  20  times  the  work.  To  care  for  a  traction 
engine  doing  the  work  of  25  horses  requires  approximately  the 
same  time  in  the  course  of  a  year  as  to  care  for  one  horse. 


TRENCHING  MACHINES 


The  term  Trench  Machine  comprises  machines  of  many  varied 
types,  such  as  cableways  on  which  are  operated  buckets,  steam 
shovels  with-  booms  and  buckets  especially  designed,  and  elevator 
bucket  machines. 

Machines  for  trenches  over  10  feet  deep  and  3  to  10  feet  wide 
consist  of  a  rail  supported  on  A  frames,  carry  six  tubs  (each 
holding  y5  cubic  yard)  at  a  time,  spaced  8  feet  apart.  Length 
over  all,  336  feet,  and  length  of  working  section,  288  feet.  One- 
third  of  the  length  is  given  over  to  trench  digging,  ys  to  brick 
or  concrete  masonry  construction  and  the  remaining  %  is  being 
back-filled.  Width  of  machine,  8  feet,  and  height,  14  feet.  It 
stands  on  a  track  of  tee  rail  and  can  be  pulled  ahead  to  a  new 
position  by  its  own  engine  in  a  few  minutes.  Price,  complete 
with  engine,  and  including  an  expert's  services  to  assist  in  erect- 
ing, $3,366  f.  o.  b.  cars.  Rental,  $200  per  month  for  terms  of  four 
months  or  more,  lessee  paying  freight  one  way,  and  $4  per  day 
and  expenses  of  expert  during  erection.  Capacity  as  stated  by 
the  manufacturer  is  250  cubic  yards  per  ten  hours. 

A  machine  for  pipe  sewer  work  is  similar  to  the  one  above 
described  except  that  it  has  a  working  length  of  240  feet  and 
weighs  about  23  tons;  price,  $3,211.  Rental  the  same  as  for  the 
larger  machines. 

Each  of  the  above  machines  can  be  loaded  on  one  flat  car  34 
feet  long.  The  average  time  of  setting  up  and  starting  a  new 
machine  on  a  new  job  is  from  five  to  seven  days.  A  contractor 
states  that  it  took  him  two  days  to  dismantle  a  machine,  move 
1,000  feet,  and  set  up  again. 

Mr.  A.  W.  Byrne  used  a  machine  of  this  type  in  a  4,000  ft. 
section  of  the  Metropolitan  sewer  system,  at  Boston.  The  force 
was  as  follows: 

1    engineman $  3.00 

1    lockman   2.00 

1  dumper    1.50 

8   shovelers,  at  $1.75 14.00 

2  bracers,  at  $2.50 5.00 

2   tenders,  at  $2.00 ' 4.00 

4   plank  drivers,  at  $2.00 8.00 

2   men  cutting  down  planks,  at  $2.00 4.00 

8  men  pulling-  planks,  etc.,  at  $1.75 14.00 


Total    $55. 5Q 

The  trench  was  9  ft.  wide  x  20  to  30  ft.  deep,  and  this  force 
averaged  64  lineal  ft.  per  week  in  running  sand,  192  ft.  in  gravel 
and  coarse  sand  at  a  cost  ranging  from  80  to  25  cents  per  cubic 
yard.  A  steam  pump  costing  $10  per  day  was  required,  and 
about  y2  ton  of  coal  was  required  for  the  trench  machine. 

A  Catoleway  can  be  used  to  advantage  on  trenches  8  feet  and 
wider.  The  main  cable  is  stretched  on  towers  30  feet  high  and 
three  to  four  hundred  feet  apart.  One  tub  of  one  cubic  yard 

631 


632  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

capacity  is  handled  at  a  time  and  can  be  loaded  at  any  point 
and  swung  as  much  as  10  feet  to  one  side.  The  cable  machine 
is  advantageous  in  soft  digging  or  on  rock  as  no  part  of  the 
machine  is  carried  by  the  side  banks.  The  engine  and  one  tower 
stand  on  a  car  which  runs  on  tee  rails;  the  other  tower  stands 
on  the  ground  and  must  be  lowered  and  carried  to  a  new  posi- 
tion. The  outfit  can  be  loaded  on  one  car  and  weighs  about  19 
tons;  price  of  300  foot  cableway  is  $3,250;  rental,  $200  per  month; 
capacity,  according  to  the  manufacturer,  350  cubic  yards  per  ten 
hours;  price  of  400  foot  cableway,  $3,500;  rental,  $225  per  month. 

West  of  a  north  and  south  line  from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  add  $50 
to  the  selling  price  of  the  cableways. 

On  rented  machines  repair  parts  are  furnished  by  the  lessor, 
the  lessee  paying  carrying  charges  and  cost  of  replacing.  Gen- 
eral repairs  are  such  as  are  necessary  on  any  contractor's  hoist- 
ing engine  in  constant  use,  together  with  the  replacing  of 
worn  out  steel  ropes  and  running  parts,  which  are  comparatively 
small  items,  as  there  are  no  parts  subject  to  frequent  break- 
ages as  in  the  case  of  steam  shovels  and  ditch  digging  machines. 

These  cableways  are  usually  driven  by  a  7"xlO"  double  cylinder 
engine  capable  of  lifting  5,000  Ibs.  They  raise  and  transport 
the  buckets  at  a  speed  of  about  440'  per  minute.  The  output  is 
about  250  cubic  yards  of  rock  per  day.  Mr.  James  Pilkington, 
of  New  York,  says  that  he  has  taken  the  machine  down,  moved 
250'  and  put  it  up  again  in  three  hours  and  fifty  minutes. 

The  following  costs  are  from  "Earthwork  and  Its  Cost,"  by 
H.  P.  Gillette,  for  a  sewer  in  Washington,  D.  C.: 

Width  of  trench,  18  ft.;  depth  at  which  cableway  began  work, 
15  ft.;  /distance  of  travel  of  1  cu.  yd.  bucket,  150  ft.;  number 
of  trips  per  hour,  35;  hours  per  day,  8;  material,  cemented  gravel. 
Cost: 

Engineman    $  2.00 

Fireman 1.25 

Signalman 1.00 

2  dumpers,  at  $1.00 2.00 

Coal,  oil  and  waste 1.50 

Interest  and  maintenance  (estimated) 7.00 


$14.75 
30  men  picking  and  shoveling 30.00 


Total  for  280  cu.  yds $44.75 

Cost  of  picking,  shoveling,  hoisting  15  ft.  and  conveying  150 
ft.  to  wagons,  16  c.  per  cu.  yd.  (Note  that  the  wages  were  very 
low.)  Bracing  and  sheeting  were  going  on  at  the  same  time;  the 
men  did  not  know  they  were  being  timed. 

A  self-propelling  machine  for  excavating  small  trenches  and 
which  digs  by  means  of  scrapers  and  buckets  fastened  at  the 
rim  of  a  revolving  wheel  is  said  by  the  manufacturer  to  be  able 
to  excavate  in  any  ground  that  can  be  loosened  with  a  pick. 
The  machine  will  cut  through  a  log  or  timber,  but  if  it  strikes 
a  large  boulder  the  wheel  must  be  raised  out  of  the  trench  until 
the  obstruction  is  passed.  These  machines  cost  about  $250 
per  ton. 


TRENCHING  MACHINES  633 

METHODS  EMPLOYED   IN   CONSTRUCTING  CONCRETE  PIPE 
SEWER  IN  JACKSON, 


Special  methods  and  devices  for  trenching  and  pipe  laying  have 
been  employed  in  constructing  two  lock  joint  concrete  pipe  trench 
sewers  in  Jackson,  Mich.  These  sewers  vary  in  diameter  from  4 
ft.  to  18  ins.,  and  each  is  about  2  miles  long,  and  the  lock  joint 
concrete  pipe  is  used  for  24  ins.  in  diameter  and  above,  vitrified 
pipe  being-  used  for  the  18-in.  line. 

The  trench  is  largely  through  sand  and  gravel  and  considerable 
water  and  running  sand  were  encountered.  The  depth  ran  from 
7  ft.  to  25  ft.  and  tight  sheeting  was  required  throughout.  The 
first  few  feet  of  cut  were  made  with  horse  and  scraper;  if  the 
trench  did  not  exceed  8  ft.  in  depth  the  deepening  was  continued 
by  hand;  for  depths  exceeding  8  ft.  a  trench  machine  was  used. 
The  sheeting  was  driven  by  hand  and  was  pulled  after  the 
trench  had  been  nearly  refilled  by  means  of  a  chain  block 
fastened  overhead  to  a  rail  laid  on  the  bents  of  the  trench  ma- 
chine. Two  men  pulled  all  the  sheeting. 

The  trench  machine  is  shown  by  Fig.  299A.  It  was  designed  by 
City  Engineer  A.  W.  D.  Hall,  and,  built  150  ft.  long,  cost  $500, 
including  three  %  cu.  yd.  self-dumping  buckets.  The  construc- 
tion calls  for  very  little  explanation.  As  will  be  seen,  the  whole 
machine  is  made  so  as  to  move  along  the  work  on  track  rails 
laid  on  the  banks  of  the  trench.  An  ordinary  double  drum  hoist- 
ing engine  operates  the  traveler,  one  drum  giving  the  traveling 
movement  and  the  other  drum  doing  the  hoisting.  The  usual 
method  of  operation  was  employed.  The  excavated  spoil  was 
raised  in  the  buckets,  conveyed  back  and  back-filled  onto  the 
pipe,  which  had  been  laid  as  fast  as  the  trench  was  opened. 

When  water  was  encountered  in  the  trench  it  was  handled 
as  shown  by  the  sketch,  Fig.  299B.  The  force  pipe  of  an  ejector, 
shown  in  enlarged  detail  by  Fig.  299B,  was  attached  by  hose  to 
the  nearest  hydrant,  which  gave  the  ordinary  domestic  pressure  of 
about  60  Ibs.;  the  suction  pipe  with  strainer  end  drew  from  the 
trench  sump  and  the  discharge  pipe  passed  over  a  bulkhead  into 
the  completed  sewer. 

In  pipe  laying  the  usual  methods  were  followed,  the  pipes 
being  rolled  onto  skids  over  the  trench  and  lowered  by  the  trench 
machine.  The  pipe  laying  was  straightforward  work  except 
where  running  sand  or  quicksand  was  encountered  and  then  the 
special  shield  shown  by  Fig-.  299C  was  employed.  This  shield  con- 
sists, as  will  be  seen,  of  three  sides  of  a  bottomless  box.  It  is 
operated  as  follows:  When  near  grade  the  shield  is  set  on  the 
trench  bottom  in  the  position  illustrated,  with  its  open  end 
straddling  the  end  of  the  completed  pipe.  Hay  is  then  stuffed 
into  the  spaces  between  the  sides  of  the  pipe  and  the  sides  of  the 
shield  to  keep  the  mud  out  and  two  men  inside  the  shield  exca- 
'vate  down  to  grade,  driving  down  the  shield  as  they  sink  the 
excavation.  When  the  excavation  is  completed  the  pipe  is  laid 

*  Engineering-  Contracting,  Nov.  10,  1909. 


634 


TRENCHING  MACHINES 


635 


and  jointed  inside  the  shield,  which  meanwhile  acts  as  a  tempo- 
rary cofferdam. 

Only   general  figures   are   available   on   the   cost   of   this   work. 
Mr.  Hall  states  that  for  depths  of  10  ft.  and  less  the  cost  has 


Fig.  299B.     Sketch  Showing  Ejector  and  Method  of  Pumping  Water 
from   Sewer  Trench. 


varied  so  much  owing  to  local  conditions,  differences  in  material* 
etc.,  that  it  is  impossible  to  get  at  average  costs.  He  states 
that  the  cost  of  excavating  42-in.  sewer  from  17  to  20  ft.  deep 
has  been  53  cts.  per  cu.  yd.  The  trench  at  17 Vz  ft.  depth  con- 


Fiy,  299C.     Sketch  Showing  Steel  Plate  Shield  Employed   in   Laying 
Sewer  Pipe. 

talus  4.7  cu.  yds.  of  excavation  per  lineal  foot  and  costs  $2.50 
per  lin.  ft.  At  a  depth  of  26  ft.  the  trench  contains  7.05  cu.  yds. 
of  excavation  and  costs  75  cts.  per  cu.  yd.,  or  $5.28  per  lin.  ft. 
of  trench.  Between  17  ft.  and  26  ft.  depth  the  costs  vary  about 


636  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

In  proportion  from  53  cts.  to  75  cts.  per  cu.  yd.  These  costs  in- 
clude excavation,  back  filling,  driving  and  pulling  sheeting,  pipe 
laying  and  cleaning  up  and  grading  the  street  after  the  work. 
They  include  everything  except  cost  of  pipe  and  cost  of  sheeting 
timber  and,  apparently,  plant  and  overhead  charges.  The  gang 
worked  consists  of  30  men;  common  labor  is  paid  $2  to  $2.25 
per  day,  enginemen  $3  per  day  and  foremen  $5  per  day.  The 
work  is  being  done  wholly  by  day  labor.  The  information  from 
which  this  article  has  been  prepared  has  been  furnished  us  by 
Mr.  A.  W.  D.  Hall,  city  engineer,  Jackson,  Mich. 

Mr.  H.  P.  Gillette,  in  Engineering  and  Contracting,  gives  the 
results  of  his  observations  of  a  No.  17  machine  of  this  type. 
The  original  cost  was  $4,800,  but  the  market  price  of  this 
machine  new  is  now  $5,250.  Mr.  Gillette  estimates  the  interest  and 
depreciation  over  150  working  days  at  $7.00  per  day,  which  was 
equivalent  to  1%  cents  per  yard.  He  gives  the  cost  per  lineal 
foot  of  trench  as  4  cents  and  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  as  10  7/10 
cents. 

Another  type  of  self-propelling  trench  excavator  can  attain 
a  road  speed  of  2%  miles  per  hour.  The  earth  is  excavated  by 
buckets  traveling  on  a  chain  elevator  and  is  removed  to  the  side 
of  the  trench  on  a  belt  conveyor.  The  buckets  are  self-cleaning 
and  travel  across  the  face  of  the  trench  in  order  to  excavate  to 
the  proper  width  which  is  regnlated  by  two  set  screws.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  change  the  buckets  or  scrapers  to  change  the 
width  of  the  trench.  The  manufacturers  rate  their  machines  at 
%,  cu.  yd,  per  minute.  The  machine  is  operated  by  one  man; 
coal  consumption  1,200  to  2,000  Ibs.  per  10  hours.  The  weight 
of  the  machine  is  well  ahead  of  the  trench.  It  is  not  suited  for 
very  rocky  ground,  but  when  a  large  boulder  or  similar  obstacle 
is  met  the  buckets  can  be  raised  over  the  obstruction  and  can 
start  again  on  the  farther  side  of  the  obstruction. 

Width  of                      -V~  Weight 

Trench  Depth  »  (Tons)          Price 

Small  machine 28"  to  60"  0' to  20'  18              $6,700 

Large  machine 28"  to  78"  0' to  30'  20                 7,600 

F.  o.  b.  factory. 

Another  excavator  of  the  self-propelling  type  t^nd  in  which  the 
earth  is  excavated  by  scrapers  and  buckets  traveling  on  a  chain 
elevator  and  removed  to  either  side  of  the  trench  on  a  belt 
conveyor  is  shown  in  the  following  table. 


TOO2     02      O2QO2QQ 


CO  M         M         M°M 

5;   •   to      o      o      M 


Kind  of  Power 
33     3     BS 


Horsepower 


CO 

p. 

_.        to     MM        MM  Maximum  t2 

•^       en    cn^        toocjoooj    Depth 

o  GO 

s  s 

3  tO        tO        M        M        MM  fed 

Orq          r3     r3     .5°     .5°     J°J°  02 

®         HKM        COCOtOCObOMMMM  w 

Q       ooto      to  to  *>•  to  *»•  co  en  en  to 

*Approximate      -2 

Widths  0 


•— -         MJQj  »-u)Uj»^'>-u>»u>-UMJMJMJ 

E*       055,3  CO  OO  to  CO  tO  to  M  M  M  O 

o^  o>  o  -a  os  -3  os  oo  oo  en  b» 

I  £ 

M  Max.  Speed  of    Q 

»        w  to     ^01     ooo     oo  Digging     per     hj 

o>  ^t                     %      "  Min                           H 


Min. 

fed 

02 

Miles  Traction     g 
per  Hour 


S    S3^    S92    Delivers  Dirt 
5    ?5    ?SS       on    One    Side    o 
oSi     »  or  Either 


WIdth  on  Car 


M    M    MM    MMM     Height  Over 

en     en     rf^     ^^i^i        All 


MM        M 

040!        O        00  -q        O^^CO 

00  o  OCT»  or  en  01  CT 
OO  O  Oo  OOOO 
OO  O  OO  OOOO 

637 


638 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


The  manufacturers  say  that  the  machine  will  probably  need  no 
repairs  for  one  year;  then  the  repairs  on  No.  000  to  No.  0  will 
cost  from  $1  to  $2  per  day;  on  the  larger  machines  $2  to  $5  per 
day.  These  machines  are  self-propelling  both  for  digging  and 
traveling,  no  cables  being  used.  Usually  the  tractions  on  these 
machines  are  of  the  wheel  type,  large  in  diameter  and  having 
a  wide  face.  For  traveling  over  streets  this  is  satisfactory,  but 
for  operating  in  soft  ground  the  rolling  platform  traction  is 
recommended.  These  machines  have  various  changes  of  speeds 


Fig.  300.     View  of  Trenching    Machine   Excavating   Sandy   Clay  at 
West  Salem,  Wis. 

and  can  be  changed  instantaneously  by  the  operator.  In  order 
to  change  the  width  of  the  trench  the  scrapers  must  be  removed 
and  others  of  the  proper  dimensions  substituted  for  them.  These 
machines  are  for  lease  also  on  a  fixed  sum  per  hour  or  per  day 
plus  a  fixed  sum  per  yard  basis.  This  rental  includes  the  en- 
gineer's services  and  will  average  about  $50  per  day. 


PROGRESS    DIAGRAM     AND     DISTRIBUTION     OF     TIME     OF 
FORCE    ON   SEWER   TRENCHING   BY   MACHINE. 

After   W.    G.    KIRCHOFFER. 

Recently  an  8-in.  sewer  5,270  ft.  in  length  was  laid  at  West 
Salem,  Wis.  .The  excavation  was  made  in  a  sandy  gravelly  clay 
by  the  use  of  a  Parsons'  trenching  machine.  Fig.  300  shows  the 
machine  in  operation.  The  trench  averaged  about  8  ft.  deep. 
The  total  number  of  days'  work  put  in  on  the  job  was  325%, 
or  an  average  of  61.8  days  per  1,000  ft.  of  sewer.  The  trenching 
machine  was  operated  20  days  out  of  the  total  26  put  in  upon 
the  work,  or  an  average  of  263%  ft.  per  day.  The  least  distance 
made  in  a  day  was  20  ft.  and  the  maximum  distance  was  550  ft. 


TRENCHING  MACHINES 


639 


of  completed  sewer.  There  were  five  days  in  which  the  rate 
exceeded  400  ft.  of  sewer  per  day.  The  progress  diagram  is 
shown  in  Fig.  301. 


800      1200     1600    2000    2400    2800  3200     3600    4000   4400    4600    4800    5000  5200 
Leng1h\of  Sewer  Laid  in  feet 

Fig.  301.     Progress  Diagram  of  Sewer  Trenching  Machine  at  West 
Salem,  Wis. 

The  labor  upon  the  work  was  divided  as  follows  in  days  per 
1,000  ft.  of  sewer: 

Contractor    1.092 

Inspector    4.935 

Pipe  layer    4.315 

Foreman     4.270 

Engineer 4.79 

Fireman    4.412 

Team    3.417 

Mason 3.75 

Water  boy    1.993 

Common   labor    26.04 

Tamper 4.13 

The  greatest  number  of  men  employed  in  any  one  day  was 
16  and  the  smallest  number  was  two. 

This  work  was  done  under  the  supervision  of  W.  G.  Kirchoffer, 
consulting  engineer,  Madison,  Wis.  The  contractor  was  F.  E. 
Kaminski  of  Watertown,  Wis. 


TRENCHING   BY    MACHINE    FOR   A    36-IN.    BRICK    SEWER.* 

An  interesting  example  of  machine  trenching  under  favorable 
conditions  of  soil  is  furnished  by  the  sewerage  of  an  area  of 
about  30  square  blocks  south  of  80th  St.  and  east  of  Aberdeen 


Engineering  and  Contracting,,  July  17,  1912. 


640  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

St.,  in  Chicago,  111.  The  sewers  to  be  built  comprise  about  665 
ft.  of  36-in.  brick  sewer,  about  2,200  ft.  of  30-in.  brick  sewer  and 
some  17,000  ft.  of  15  and  18-in.  pipe  sewer.  The,  depth  of  these 
sewers  below  natural  ground  surface  is  an  average  of  14  ft. 
The  soil  consists  of  black  loam  overlying  yellow  and  blue  clay, 
the  clay  being  stiff  enough  to  stand  well  with  only  occasional 
sheeting  planks.  Altogether  the  soil  conditions  are  well  fitted 
for  trenching  by  machine  and  all  trenching  is  planned  to  be  done 
by  machine.  Fig.  302  shows  the  machine  used  which  is  a  No.  1 


Fig.  302.     View   of  Austin    No.   1   Trench   Machine   Digging  a  15-ft. 
Trench  42  Inches  Wide. 

Austin  Trench  Excavator  fitted  with  buckets  cutting  to  a  width 
of  42  inches. 

The  work  at  present  is  on  the  36-in.  circular  sewer,  which  con- 
sists of  a  two-ring  invert  and  a  single  ring  arch.  Following  the 
machine  the  trench  bottom  is  troughed  to  templets  of  the  sewer 
inverts.  For  this  larger  sewer  the  trench  sides  were  to  be  under- 
cut at  the  bottom,  since  the  excavator  cuts  only  42  ins.  wide, 
but  with  the  smaller  sewers  there  will  not  be  this  extra  work. 
Three  men  pick  the  bottom  and  undercut  the  sides  behind  the 
excavator,  which  is  kept  about  15  ft.  ahead  of  the  invert  masons. 
Vertical  plank  spaced  about  2  ft.  apart  and  bound  with  pipe  and 
iron  bands  are  sufficient  to  keep  the  trench  sides  safe. 

Three  bricklayers  work  on  the  inverts  and  two  work  on  the 
crown  which  follows  from  30  to  50  ft.  behind.  Brick  handlers, 
mortar  men  and  helpers  bring  the  force  on  brick  work  up  to 
30  men.  The  invert  brick  are  laid  to  the  templet  cut  trench 
bottom.  To  undercut  the  arch  flat  iron  circles  in  two  parts 
connected  by  bolts  are  set  6  ft.  apart  on  the  completed  inverts 
and  2x4  in.  lagging  is  laid  on  them  to  form  the  arch  center.  The 
rings  are  collapsed  by  removing  the  connecting  bolts. 

Trench  excavation  was  begun  June  3  and  at  the  time  the  work 
was  visited,  July  8,  1,600  ft.  had  been  excavated.  This,  however, 
is  no  indication  of  the  speed  of  the  excavator,  for  it  is  worked 
only  fast  enough  to  keep  some  15  ft.  ahead  of  the  invert  masonry. 
On  two  favorable  days,  184  ft.  and  170  ft.  of  sewer  were  built, 


TRENCHING  MACHINES 


641 


but   the   average   advance   has   been   much   less.      The   contractor 
stated  that  the  machine  had  not  worked  over  half  the  time. 

An  estimate  of  the  cost  of  operating  the  excavator  based  partly 
on  assumed  progress,  is  as  follows: 

Engineer , $5.00 

Fireman    2.50 

Coal    4.00 

Oil  and  waste 50 

Repairs    , 1.00 

Depreciation    2.73 

Interest  at  5  per  cent 1.37 

Total  cost  per  working  day -.  $17.10 

The  machine  will  use  about  three-quarters  ton  of  coal  per  day. 
To   be    conservative    we   have   assumed    one    ton    at    $4.00.      The 


Fig.    303.     Excavating     Trench    for    Sewers    Seventy- Eight    Inches 
Wide   and   Twenty    Feet    Deep   at    Des    Moines,    Iowa. 

repairs  were  also  estimated  at  $1.00,  which  is  considered  liberal. 
The  depreciation  is  taken  at  300  days'  work  per  year  for  ten 
years,  and  although  it  is  assumed  that  the  owner  of  such  a 
machine  will  be  able  to  sell  it  at  the  end  of  that  time,  no  allow- 
ance for  salvage  value  is  made  here. 

Assuming  that  the  brick  sewer  may  follow  the  machine  at  a 
rate  of  170  ft.  per  day,  the  cost  per  foot  of  trench  excavation 
is  ip  cents,  or  5  cents  per  cu.  yd.  If  the  contractor  could 
double  the  rate  of  brick  construction  he  could  then  reduce  the 


642 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


excavation  cost  by  one-half,  as  he  states  that  the  machine  is 
used  about  50  per  cent  of  the  time.  Other  items  enter  into  the 
increase  in  speed  of  brick  sewer  construction  which  might 
increase  the  cost  of  that  part  of  the  work  more  than  the  reduc- 


Fig.  304.     Carson   Trench   Machine   Purchased   by  City  of   Brandon, 

Manitoba,   Canada,  and   in   Use  on   First  Street 

Sewer.     Hoists  Six  Tubs  at  a  Time. 


Fig.    305.     Carson- Lidgerwood    Cableway    on    Work    of    Bramley    & 
Gribben,  Walworth   Run  Sewer,  Cleveland,  O. 

tion  in  cost  of  excavation.  The  decrease  in  cost  of  excavation  on 
the  3,000  ft.  of  brick  sewer  if  built  at  twice  the  rate  of  speed 
would  be  3,000  X  5  cents,  or  $150,  which  is  hardly  enough  to 
warrant  the  risk  of  increasing  the  cost  of  the  brick  work. 

Figs.    303-305    illustrate    well    known    trenching    machines    on 
various    types   of   construction. 


TRUCKS 


A  three-spring,  short  turn,  light  truck  with  side  and  tail 
boards,  weighing  810  Ibs.  and  holding  1  ton,  costs  $85.00. 

A  twoThorse  truck,  weighing  2,000  Ibs.  and  holding  2%  tons, 
costs  $255.00. 

A  two-horse  truck,  weighing  2,300  Ibs.  and  holding  2^  tons, 
costs  $270.00. 

A  two-horse  truck,  weighing  3,500  Ibs.  and  holding  4  tons 
costs  $350.00. 


Fig.   306.     Timber   Buggies   or   Trucks. 

Timber  Bugfgies  or  Trucks — Used  extensively  by  builders  for 
handling  heavy  beams  and  timber.  Size,  4  ft.  long,  2  ft.  8  in. 
wide.  Made  from  hard  wood.  Wheels,  24  ins.  diameter,  4  ins. 
face.  Axles,  2  ins.  square.  Price,  $25.00. 


643 


644  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

TUGS 


*In  connection  with  the  dredging-  work  and  other  construction 
tributary  to  the  park  extension  work  at  Lincoln  Park,  Chicago, 
a  fleet  of  tugs  and  other  floating  apparatus  was  employed. 

The  tug  "Keystone"  has  a  steel  hull  87%  ft.  long,  19  ft.  beam, 
and  11  ft.  deep.  She  is  of  94  gross  ton  weight,  and  was  built  in 
1891.  She  contains  1  fore  and  aft  compound  condensing  engine 
with  18x34  in.  cylinders  of  30  in.  stroke,  and  one  fire-box  marine 
boiler,  14  ft.  long  x  102  in.  in  diameter,  carrying  steam  at  125 
Ibs.  The  crew  is  as  follows: 

Per 
Month 
1  Captain    $165.00 

1  Engineer 120.00 

2  Firemen    65.00 

1  Deckhand    65.00 

1   Scowman     65.00 

1  Watchman    66.00 

1  Cook  including  supplies    222.50 

This  tug  was  in  commission  12  hours  per  day.  Board  was 
furnished  the  men  in  addition  to  the  regular  wages.  The  tug 
was  purchased  by  the  Park  Commission  in  1905  at  a  cost  of 
$13,983.19,  including  improvements,  and  was  fitted  with  Jones 
underfeed  stokers  in  1910  at  a  cost  of  $2,025,  making  its  total 
cost  $16,008.19.  It  has  been  in  commission  2,348  hours.  The 
cost  of  operation  in  1910  was  as  follows: 

Cost 
Cost  per^Hour 

Labor  operation   $5,485.63  $2.336 

840  tons  coal 2,772.50  1,180 

Supplies    915.56  .390 

Insurance   127.50  .055 

Labor  repairs    1,057.76  .450 

Material  repairs 903.06  .385 


Total   cost   of   operation $9,301.19  $3.961 

Summarizing  we  get  the  following  costs: 

Total  cost  of  repairs $1,960.82 

Cost  of  operation  per  hour 3.961 

Cost  of  operation  per  day 47.55 

Cost  of  repairs  per  hour 0.835 

Cost  of  repairs  per  day 10.05 

The  tug  was  mostly  used  for  towing  scows  loaded  with  loam 
for  park  purposes,  but  89  hours  of  its  time  were  charged  to 
dredging. 

This  tug  again  served  the  dredge  from  April  20  to  June  9,  1911, 
on  which  date  she  picked  up  one  of  the  dredge  cables  in  her 
wheel.  She  was  docked  on  June  14,  and  a  new  rudder  of  wood 


*  From    Engineering    and    Contracting,   Vol.    XXXV,    No.    8,    Vol. 
XXXVII,   No.    24. 


TUGS  645 

placed  on  her.  The  tug  went  into  commission  again  on  June  19 
towing-  black  soil  from  that  date  till  Jan.  1,  1912.  During  the 
season  she  towed  39,000  cu.  yds.  of  black  soil  at  a  cost  of  17% 
cts.  per  cu.  yd.,  and  12,000  cu.  yds.  of  stone,  8,060  cu.  yds.  of 
which  were  handled  before  Dec.  1,  in  conjunction  with  the  black 
soil  at  a  cost  of  33  cts.  per  cubic  yd.,  and  3,940  cu.  yds.  after 
Dec.  1  at  a  cost  of  55  cts.  per  cu.  yd.  The  table  gives  by  items 
the  cost  of  operation  and  repairs  for  the  season. 

Hours  in  commission 2,377  % 

Operation. 

Total          Per  hour 

Labor     $  6,699.70  1  ««>  RR 

Watching     89.34  j  ?2'86 

Fuel    4,230.00  1.78 

Supplies    1,123.51  .47 

Insurance   127.50  .05 

Miscellaneous    .  234.81  .10 


Total     $12,504.86  $5.26 

Repairs. 

Labor     $  1,891.28  $0.80 

Material    1,316.12  .55 

Teams    3.40* 

Derrick    .  44. 


Hausler 55 

Richard  B 98 


.40") 
.96  I 
.35  f 

.39J 


.09 


Total  repairs $  3,409.50  $1.44 


Total   operation   and    repairs $15,914.36  $6.70 

The  tug  "Richard  B."  is  76  ft.  long,  17  ft.  beam,  and  7  ft.  in 
depth.  She  has  a  wooden  hull  and  is  rated  at  63  gross  tons. 
Equipment  comprises  one  fore  and  aft  compound  condensing 
engine,  10x20  in.  cylinder,  with  14  in.  stroke.  Her  boiler  is 
Scotch  marine  type,  14  ft.  long  by  96  ins.  diameter,  and  carries 
125  Ibs.  of  steam.  She  was  built  in  1906.  Her  crew  consists  of 
a  captain  at  $145,  an  engineer  at  $120,  a  fireman  and  a  lineman 
each  at  $65.  The  tug  was  purchased  by  the  Park  Commission 
in  1905  for  $8,744.55,  which  price  included  some  repairs  and  im- 
provements made  before  placing  in  commission.  The  cost  of 
operation  and  repairs  during  1910  were  as  follows: 

Hours   in  commission 1,118 

Hours  leased 732 

Hours  on  park  extension 386 

Item  Cost 

Labor  operation,  386  hours 5    476.88 

Fuel,  386  hours   315.75 

Supplies   104.03 

Insurance    95.00 

Labor  repairs  (winter)   511.35 

Material  repairs 534.41 

Towing  repairs    21.76 

Total  operation,  386  hours 991.66 

Total  repairs,  1,118  hours 1.067.52 

Total  operation  and  repairs 2,059.18 

Total  cost  per  hour 3.53 

Total  cost  per  day 42.36 


646  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  time  of  this  tug  was  charged  to  the  dredge  work  for  139 
hours.  It  was  in  commission  12  hours  a  day. 

This  tug  was  in  commission  again  after  March  7,  1911,  and  was 
engaged  in  miscellaneous  work  on  days  when  needed  and  went 
into  continuous  service  on  July  11,  serving  the  breakwater  con- 
struction fleet,  assisting  the  "Hausler"  in  serving  the  dredge 
and  towing  black  soil  from  the  river  to  the  work.  Her  cost  for 
the  season  is  given  by  the  following  table: 

TABLE    153— COST    OF   OPERATION   AND    REPAIRS    OF    TUG 
"RICHARD  B." 

Hours  in  commission 2,184% 

Operation. 

Total         Per  Hour 

Labor     .  ..$4,054.90)  tone 

watching :::::: 446.68 } 

Fuel      1,235.75  .57 

Supplies    351.08  .16 

Insurance   109.54  .05 

Miscellaneous    .' 3.33                  


Total  operation $6,201.28  $2.84 


Repairs. 
Derrick    . '...'...'.'. 26.27 


Labor     $     366.40  $0.17 

Material    172.84  .08 


Pile  driver 197.67?  1Q 


Total   repairs $    763.18  $0.35 

Total  operation  and  repairs $6,964.46  $3.19 

The  cost  of  operation  of  the  motor  boat  is  given  below  for  eight 
months.     Its  time  was  charged  to  the  entire  fleet. 

Operation. 

Total  Per  Day 

Labor $    520.00  1  $3  56 

Supplies 335.73J 

Total    $    855.73 

Repairs. 

Labor '. $    291.81 

Material 13.72 

Derrick    85.45  $1.63 


Total    $1,246.71  $5.19 

The  tug  "Hausler,"  the  last  of  the  three  tugs  belonging  to  the 
fleet,  is  72  ft.  long,  18  ft.  beam,  9  ft.  deep,  and  is  rated  at  61 
gross  tons.  She  was  built  in  1893  of  wood.  Her  machinery  con- 
sists of  1  vertical  non-condensing  engine,  22x44  in.  cylinder 
with  24-in.  stroke.  She  has  I  fire  box  marine  boiler,  14  ft.  long 
x  96  in.  in  diameter,  carrying  135  Ibs.  of  steam.  Her  crew  con- 
sisted of  a  captain  at  $165,  engineer  at  $120,  and  two  firemen  and 


TUGS  647 

one  deckhand  at  $65.  As  she  was  in  commission  24  hours  per  day 
it  was  necessary  to  provide  a  double  crew,  each  working  a 
12  hour  shift.  This  tug  was  purchased  in  1908  for  $10,500.  The 
cost  of  operation  and  repairs  for  the  season  of  1910  was  as 
follows,  for  5,537.5  hours  in  commission: 

Cost  Cost 

Total  per  Hour  per  Day 

Labor  operation $   8,283.92  $1.496  $17.95 

Fuel,  773  tons 2,903.00  .524  6.29 

Supplies    369.65  .667  .80 

Insurance    250.00  .045  .54 

Labor  repairs 1,317.26  .238  2.86 

Material   repairs    1,897.63  .343  4.12 

Towing  repairs 14.12  .02 

Total  operation   11,806.57  2.130  25.58 

Total    repairs 3,224.01  .590  7.06 

Total  cost    15,035.58  2.720  32.64 

This  tug  devoted  nearly  all  its  time  to  the  dredge  during  1910. 

In  1911  the  tug:  "Hausler"  did  not  go  into  commission  until 
June  15  on  account  of  repairs  to  her  boiler  which  required  from 
Feb.  20  to  June  2.  The  furnaces  were  practically  rebuilt.  The 
cost  of  her  operation  for  the  season  is  shown  as  follows: 

Hours  in'  commission 3,602 % 

Operation. 

Total         Per  Hour 

Labor $  7,120.70  )  «2  n« 

Watching    178. 67  j  ?^'tM 

Fuel    2,583.93  .72 

Supplies     644.03  .18 

Insurance   268.75  .07 


Total  operation $10,796.08  $3.00 

Repairs. 

Labor  . .                                                                       .  .$      791.13  $0.22 

Material    2,864.93  .80 

Derrick    185.50)  nQ 

Richard    B 119.03 }  '°8 


Total  repairs $   3,960.59  $1.10 

Total  operation  and  repairs    $14,756.67  $4.10 

TOW  BOATS 

Under  "Barges"  are  described  a  number  of  such  boats  used  on 
the  upper  Mississippi  and  whose  cost,  life  and  cost  of  repairs  are 
described.  I  herewith  append  a  list  of  tow  boats  used  on  this 
improvement. 

Tow  Boats.  There  are  three  sizes  of  tow  boats  used  which  are 
designated  as  large,  medium  and  small.  Of  the  boats  mentioned 
in  the  following  tables,  the  "Coal  Bluff,"  "Fury,"  "Henry  Bosse" 
and  "Alert"  are  in  the  first  class;  the  "Ruth,"  "Mac"  and- "Grace" 
in  the  second;  and  the  "Lucia,"  "Louise,"  "Elsie,"  "Emily"  arid 
"Ada"  in  the  third.  The  "Elsie"  was  built  with  a  steel  hull,  and 
the  wooden  hull  of  the  "Louise"  was  changed  to  steel  in  1905. 


648  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

The  "Fury"  and  "Henry  Bosse"  (formerly  the  "Vixen")  were 
built  under  contract  at  Dubuque,  Iowa.  Their  hulls  are  of  oak, 
100  ft.  x  19  ft.  6  in.  x  3  ft.  10  in.;  cylinders,  10 %  in.  x  4  ft.;  one 
boiler,  22  ft.  x  42  in.,  with  ten  6-in.  flues.  Both  of  these  boats 
have  been  rebuilt  with  somewhat  different  dimensions.  On 
December  31,  1910,  they  were  classed  as  fair,  which  means  that 
extensive  repairs  were  needed. 

The  "Alert"  was  bought  second-hand;  hull,  oak,  115x19x3  ft; 
cylinders,  10  in.  x  5  ft.;  one  boiler,  16  ft.  x  43  in.;  rebuilt  in 
1884  and  partially  rebuilt  several  times.  December  31,  1910,  in 
bad  -condition. 

The  "Coal  Bluff"  was  bought  second-hand,  3  years  old;  hull, 
oak,  120  ft.  x  22  ft.  x  4  ft.  6  in.;  cylinders,  15  in.  x  5  ft.;  three 
boilers,  25  ft.  x  36  in.;  hull  twice  rebuilt  and  also  very  large 
repairs;  condition,  bad. 

The  "Mac"  was  bought  nearly  new;  oak  hull,  73x16x3  ft.; 
cylinders,  7  in.  x  3  ft.  2  in.;  one  boiler,  14  ft.  x  36  in.;  hull  has 
never  been  entirely  rebuilt,  although  large  repairs  were  made  in 
1894,  1902,  and  1910;  condition,  good. 

The  "Ruth"  was  built  by  the  United  States;  hull,  oak,  75  ft. 
x  17  ft.  x  3  ft.  3  in.;  cylinders,  7  in.  x  4  ft.;  two  boilers,  10  ft. 
x  30  in.;  hull  has  not  been  entirely  rebuilt,  but  received  large 
repairs  in  1901  and  1909;  condition,  good. 

The  "Grace"  was  built  by  the  United  States;  hull,  oak,  79x17 
ft.;  cylinders,  7  ft.  6  in.  x  4  ft.  1  in.;  two  boilers,  10  ft.  x  30  in.; 
hull  has  not  been  rebuilt  or  received  large  repairs;  condition, 
good. 

Small  Tow-Boats.  The  "Lucia"  was  built  by  the  United  States 
at  Keokuk;  hull,  oak,  68  ft.  x  12  ft.  8  in.  x  3  ft;  cylinders,  6 
in.  x  2  ft.  6  in.;  boiler,  10  ft  x  38  in.  She  had  large  repairs  in 
1892  and  1904,  and  her  hull  was  rebuilt  in  1895  and  1909-1910; 
condition,  December  31,  1910,  good. 

The  "Louise"  was  built  by  the  United  States  at  Keokuk;  hull, 
oak,  61x12x3  ft;  cylinders,  6  in.  x  2  ft.  6  in.;  boiler,  10  ft  x  34 
in.;  hull  rebuilt  in  1894;  steel  hull  in  1905;  moderate  repairs  each 
year;  condition,  good. 

The  "Elsie"  has  a  steel  hull  and  was  built  by  contract  at 
Jefferson,  Ind.;  hull,  67x13x3  ft.;  cylinders,  6  in.  x  2  ft  6  in.; 
boiler,  10  ft.  x  34  in.  The  "Elsie"  appears  to  have  cost  as  much 
money  as  the  wooden  hull  "Ada"  for  the  same  period  of  time. 

The  "Emily"  was  built  by  the  United  States  at  Keokuk;  hull, 
oak,  67x12x3  ft.;  cylinders,  6  in.  x  2  ft.  4  in.;  boiler  10  ft.  x 
34  in.;  condition,  good;  new  hulls  in  1902  and  1909-1910. 

The  "Ada"  was  built  by  the  United  States  at  Keokuk;  hull,  oak, 
68x11x3  ft;  cylinders,  6  In.  x  2  ft  6  in.;  boiler,  10  ft  x  34  in.; 
condition,  good;  hull  rebuilt  1903-1904. 

These  small  tow-boats  are  of  great  value  with  light  tows  in 
working  around  the  dams. 


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UNLOADING  MACHINES 


(See  Steam  Shovel  Manufacturers.) 


Unloader  plows,  Figs. 
307-308,  are  largely  used 
in  railroad  and  canal 
construction.  The  best 
types  are  constructed  en- 
tirely of  steel.  They  are 
usually  operated  by  be- 
ing pulled  through  the 
train  of  cars  by  a  cable 
attached  to  the  engine. 
Three  types  are  manu- 
factured: the  center  un- 
loader,  which  distributes 
the  material  equally  on 
both  sides  of  the  track; 
the  right  unloader,  which 
distributes  the  material 
to  the  right;  and  the 
similarly  constructed  left 
unloader,  which  places 
the  Material  on  the  left. 
A  right  unloader  can  be 
used  as  a  left  unloader 
and  vice  versa,  by  re- 
versing the  direction  of 
the  pull. 


Fig.  307.     Type  L-4  Bucyrus  Side  Plow 
Showing    Curve   of   Moldboard. 


Type 
Centre   unloaders.  .  . 

Car 

Capacity, 
Cu.  Yds. 
10 

Height 
of  Mould 
Board,  Ins. 
38  to  27 

Centre   unloaders  . 

20 

45  to  33 

Centre    unloaders  

35 

58  to  44 

Centre    unloaders 

50 

60 

Right  or  left  
Right  or  left.  . 

10 
25 

36 
42 

Right  or  left. 

35 

57 

Right  or  left.. 

50 

60 

Price 

$300.00 
375.00 
550.00 
700.00 
300.00 
375.00 
525.00 
650.00 

Mr.  Gillette  says  that  the  time  occupied  in  unloading  a  train 
of  12  cars  with  an  unloader  plow  is  from  10  to  30  minutes,  the 
engine  doing  as  much  in  that  time  as  8  to  10  men  would  do  in  a 
day.  When  unloading  on  curves  the  time  is  longer,  for  snatch 
blocks  must  be  used  to  keep  the  cable  on  the  cars.  A  snatch 
block  every  third  car  is  generally  enough.  When  the  plow  reaches 
a  snatch  block  it  must  be  stopped,  the  block  and  chain  being  re- 
moved and  carried  forward.  Unloading  in  this  way  takes  about 
twice  as  long  as  on  straight  track  and  often  longer. 

651 


652  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

When  much  material  is  to  be  handled  the  cars  should  be 
rigged  with  hinged  side  boards  that  can  be  dropped  down  when 
unloading-,  and  a  hoisting  engine  should  be  rigged  up  on  a  car 
by  itself  for  the  purpose  of  pulling  the  plow  cable.  A  10  x  12 
in.  double  cylinder  engine  with  a  1-in.  cable  for  loose  gravel,  and 
a  1%-in.  for  heavier  material  will  unload  a  train  of  cars  often 
in  half  the  time  taken  by  locomotives,  since  the  cars  need  not  be 
blocked,  and  the  danger  of  breaking  the  cable  is  decreased. 

The  cost  of  repairs  to  unloading  plows  on  the  Panama  canal 
work  during  the  6  months  ending  June  30,  1910,  was  for  1,655 
days  of  service,  an  average  of  $3.79  per  day  per  plow. 

Mr.  H.  R.  Postle  in  an  article  in  Engineering-Contracting  of 
October  12,  1910,  describes  a  device  constructed  by  him  for  un- 


Fig.  308.     Bucyrus  Left  Hand  Side  Plow  at  Work  on  Erie  Railroad. 

loading  crushed  stone  from  railroad  cars  into  dump  wagons.  By 
the  old  method  of  shoveling,  unloading  crushed  rock  ordinarily 
costs  from  20  to  25  cents  per  ton,  with  California  wages,  but 
by  means  of  this  apparatus  rock  is  being  unloaded  for  about 
one-third  to  one-half  of  this  amount.  The  method  is  to  draw  the 
rock  over  the  end  of  the  car  through  a  chute  hung  to  the  end 
of  the  car  and  into  the  wagon  by  means  of  an  ordinary  slip 
scraper  (largest  size),  to  which  is  attached  a  %-in.  wire  cable, 
connected  to  hoisting  drum,  operated  by  a  gasoline  engine. 

The  chute  is  built  of  2-in.  lumber  and  is  6  ft.  wide  at  one  end, 
5  ft.  at  the  other  end  and  5  ft.  long  and  is  supported  by  two  legs 
so  that  it  just  clears  the  wagons,  allowing  them  to  be  driven 
under  or  moved  ahead.  A  roller  3  or  4  in.  in  diameter  is  mounted 
on  the  outer  end  over  which  runs  the  cable  drawing  the  scraper 


UNLOADING  MACHINES  653 

and  against  which  the  scraper  falls  when  dumping.  The  hoist 
drum  and  gas  engine  are  mounted  on  a  low  truck  so  as  to  be 
easily  moved.  The  engine  is  a  10-horsepower  gas  engine  belted 
to  the  hoist  drum  with  an  8-in.  belt.  The  hoist  drum  is  12  in. 
in  diameter  and  10  in.  wide. 

Cars  are  spotted  with  the  aid  of  the  hoist  and  the  loading  is 
always  done  at  the  same  spot,  as  the  cars  are  thus  moved  more 
quickly  than  the  apparatus  could  be  moved  from  car  to  car. 

The  cost  of  this  equipment  is  as  follows: 

Gas  engine,  10  H.  P $350.00 

Hoist   drum 125.00 

Truck 50.00 

Large    scraper 10.00 

125  ft.  of  cable 9.00 

Pulley  block 3.00 

Chute    (estimated) 5.00 


Total $552.00 

About  seven-eighths  of  a  car  can  be  unloaded  by  a  scraper  by 
having  two  or  three  shovelers  shovel  the  rock  away  from  the 
sides  and  farther  end  when  the  rock  is  getting  low  in  the  car. 
From  200  to  250  tons  per  day  can  be  unloaded  for  the  following 
costs  as  per  Los  Angeles  wages  for  an  8-hour  day: 

1  foreman   $  3.50 

1  engineman 3.00 

2  scraper  men 5.00 

3  shovelers    6.00 

Gasoline,  oil,  repairs,  etc 2.50 


Total    $20.00 

This  makes  a  cost  of  8c  to  lOc  per  ton. 


654  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

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WAGONS  655 

"With  reasonable  use  a  wagon  will  last  five  years.  Wagons  are 
usually  sold  under  a  six  months'  guarantee. 

For  heavy  loads  tires  should  be  %-in.  thick.  The  difference 
in  cost  between  a  %-in.  and  %-in.  tire  is  about  $2.50  and  the 
saving  in  wear  and  tear  is  many  times  this. 

Old  wagons  for  a  period  of  twelve  months  averaged  for  repairs 
$3  per  month.  Original  cost  $70.  New  wagons  other  than  dump 
wagons,  original  cost  $70,  averaged  $2  for  repairs  for  eighteen 
months. 

Wag-on  poles  of  oak,  non-ironed,  cost  $3.60  each.  It  takes  a 
man  about  one  hour  and  a  half  to  fit  a  pole.  On  rough  work  a 
wagon  pole  lasts  about  two  months;  if  used  on  fairly  good  roads 
it  should  last  two  or  three  years. 

A  reversible  stone  spreading-  car  for  use  in  hauling  to,  and 
spreading  stone  on,  macadam  roads  costs  $450.  The  capacity 
is  10  tons  or  from  5  to  8  yards.  The  double-hinged  bottom, 
operated  by  crank  and  chain,  allows  the  stone  to  spread  auto- 
matically from  1  to  24  inches  deep.  It  has  a  swivel  truck  at  each 
end  to  admit  of  its  being  moved  in  either  direction,  a  short  wheel- 
base,  making  it  easy  to  turn  short  curves.  The  dimensions  are: 
length  of  body,  14  ft.;  width,  5  ft.;  depth,  4  ft.;  diameter  of 
wheels,  48  in.;  width  of  tires,  12  in. 

A  truck  of  this  type  may  be  fitted  with  a  platform,  box  or 
other  body  for  hauling  heavy  freight,  etc.  The  size  of  traction 
engine  necessary  depends  on  the  number  of  cars  in  a  train,  condi- 
tion and  grade  of  road,  length  of  haul,  etc. 

The  following  data  are  from  a  report  made  by  the  Construction 
Service  Co.  of  New  York  on  the  economic  performance  of  Re- 
versible Dump  Wagons  of  three  yards  capacity  drawn  by  trac- 
tion engines  as  compared  with  ordinary  two-horse  1  y2  yd.  wagons. 

The  assumed  value  of  the  traction  drawn  plant  is  as  follows: 

Dep.  Int. 

per  per 

Work-  Work- 

Dep.  Rate      ing  ing 

Item                                   Value             Life        per  Year      Day  Day 

12— 3  yd.  wagons $2,724.72          6  years       16%%        $2.60  93c 

Engine    2,000.00        15  years          6  %  %            .76  69c 

Water  tank 300.00        10  years       10      %            .17  lOc 

The  standard  cost  of  operating  the  same  with  traction  en- 
gine is: 

Engineer   $  3.00 

Fireman 2.00 

Coal  for  10  miles,  average  1%  tons,  at  $2.25 2.82 

Repairs    4.30 

Depreciation   3.53 

Interest 1.72 

Liability  insurance,  say  2%  of  the  payroll 13 

Miscellaneous  and  superintendence,  20%  of  the  above 3.50 

Total  expenses  per  day. $21.00 

The  assumed  value  of  a  horse  is  $150  and  the  assumed  cost  of 
operating  the  horse-drawn  plant  is  as  follows: 


656 


HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


Two  horses  cost,  per  day. .  .$3.00 

$110.00  wagon,  depreciation 124 

Interest   044 

Repairs   15 

Miscellaneous,  including  harness,  etc 072 

Driver   1.50 

Insurance,   2  %  of  payroll 03 

Miscellaneous  and  superintendence,   20% 98 


Total  expense  per  day  ................................  $5.90 

The  assumed  working  season  for  the  traction-drawn  outfit  is  7 
months  of  25  working  days  or  175  working-  days  per  year, 
whereas,  the  .assumed  season  of  the  horse-drawn  outfit  is  7% 
months  of  20  working  days  or  150  working  days  per  year. 

The  accompanying  diagram  gives  the  resultant  unit  costs  for 
different  loads  and  length  of  haul. 


poo'oz 


•puj  Buipooj 


(•papniom  4.ou  Buipoo-j  404.903) 
•54.033  ui  uoi4D4Jodsuojj_  joj.  uoj_  4Joiig  jad  4503 


WAGONS 


657 


The    follow- 
ing       table 
which     gives 
the      cost      of 
hauling    of 
various     ma- 
terials    in 
wagons     is 
taken     from 
Engineering    & 
Contracting. 
The     average 
net  load  is  assumed 
as   3,000  Ibs,   or   IVz 
short  tons.     A  good 
team     can     readily 
haul     such     a     load 
over     fair     earth 
roads.      An    average 
traveling     speed     of 
2V2    miles    per   hour 
going  loaded  and  re- 
turning  empty   at   a 
rate   of   3%    per   10- 
hour    day    for    team 

and  driver  is  assumed.     The  cost  of  hauling  1 
elude  the  cost  of  loading  and  unloading. 

Load 

Material  (3000  Lbs.) 

Brick,  building  (2^4x8 14)...  555 
Brick,  paving  (2y2x8y2x4) .  .  444 
Block,  paving  (3^x8 1,6x4 )..  333 

Broken  sandstone 1.2  cu.  yds. 

Broken  trap  rock 1.1  cu.  yds. 

Cement,  natural 11      bbls. 

Cement,  Portland 7  V2  bbls. 

Coal   li/o  tons 

Earth   1.2  cu.  yds. 

Lime 14  bbls. 

Rock,  granite,  solid o.eo  cu.  yd. 

Sand,  dry 1.1    cu.  yd. 

Sewer  pipe: 

4  in 332  lin.  ft. 

6  in 200  lin.  ft. 

8  in 40  lin.  ft. 

12   in 140  lin.  ft. 

18  in 66  lin.  ft. 

Tile,  4  in 428  lin.  ft. 

Timber: 

Kiln  dried  oak 800  ft.  B.  M. 

Kiln  dried  yellow  pine 1000  ft.  B.  M. 

Southern  yellow  pine,  green      666  ft.  B.  M. 

White  oak,  green 600  f t.  B.  M. 

Water   48  cu.  ft. 

Water   360  gals. 

Water  pipe  (cast) : 

4  in 132  lin.  ft. 

6  in 84  lin.  ft. 

8   in 60  lin.  ft. 

12  in 36  lin.  ft. 

20   in 12  lin.  ft. 


Fig.  311.     Traction  Wagon.     Bottom  Dump. 


mile  does  not  in- 
Cost  of  Haul,  1 
Mile,  Cts. 


50 

63 

81 

23 

25 
2.5 
3.7 

18.6 

23 

42 
25 


per  M 
per  M 
per  M 
per  cu.  yd. 
per  cu.  yd. 
per  bbl. 
per  bbl. 
per  ton 
per  cu.  yd. 
per  bbl. 
per  cu.  yd. 
per  cu.  yd. 


0.084  per  lin.  ft. 
0.14  per  lin.  ft. 
0.7  per  lin.  ft. 
0,2  per  lin.  ft. 
0.42  per  lin.  ft. 
0.065  per  lin.  ft. 

35  per  M.  ft. 
28  per  M  ft. 
42  per  M  ft. 
46  per  M  ft. 
58  perlOOcu.ft. 
0.077  per  100  gal. 

0.21  per  lin.  ft. 

0.33  per  lin.  ft. 

0.47  per  lin.  ft. 

0.77  per  lin.  ft. 

2.3  per  lin.  ft. 


658  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 


WELDING 


THERMIT   PROCESS. 

Thermit  is  a  mixture  of  finely  divided  aluminum  and  iron  oxide. 
When  ignited  in  one  spot,  the  combustion  so  started  continues 
throughout  the  entire  mass  without  supply  of  heat  or  power 
from  outside  and  produces  superheated  liquid  steel  and  super- 
heated liquid  slag-  (aluminum  oxide).  The  thermit  reaction  pro- 
duces an  exceedingly  high  temperature,  the  liquid  mass  attaining 
5,400°  Fahrenheit  in  less  than  30  seconds.  The  liquid  steel  pro- 
duced by  the  reaction  represents  one-half  of  the  original  thermit 
by  weight  and  one-third  by  volume. 

Welding  by  the  thermit  process  is  accomplished  by  pouring 
superheated  thermit  steel  around  the  parts  to  be  united.  Thermit 
steel,  being  approximately  twice  as  hot  as  ordinary  molten  steel, 
dissolves  the  metal  with  which  it  comes  in  contact  and  amal- 
gamates with  it  to  form  a  single  homogeneous  mass  when  cooled. 
The  essential  steps  are  to  clean  the  sections  and  remove  enough 
metal  to  allow  for  a  free  flow  of  thermit  steel,  surround  them 
with  a  mold,  preheat  by  means  of  a  gasoline  and  compressed  air 
torch  and  then  pour  the  steel.  Full  directions  are  supplied  by 
the  company  owning  this  process  and  are  not  given  here  on  ac- 
count of  the  limited  space. 

The  following  detailed  outfit  is  suitable  for  repair  work  on  a 
small  railroad  or  the  equipment  of  a  contractor,  where  the 
sections  of  wrought  iron  or  steel  do  not  exceed  4x6  in.  in  size: 

Item  Price 

1  automatic  crucible  No.  6 $  16.50 

1  double  burner  thermit  preheating  torch  complete 75.00 

1  tapping  spade .50 

300-lb.  thermit  mixed  with  1<&  manganese  and  1%   nickel 

thermit  and  15%  punchings 80.04 

10  Ibs.  yellow  wax  @   $0.35 3.50 

1  bbl.  special  moulding  material  for  facing 4.00 

1  Ib.  ignition  powder .90 


Total  cost,  f.  o.  b.  Jersey  City $180.34 

The  preheater  is  a  permanent  appliance  and  will  last  in- 
definitely, while  the  crucible  will  last  from  16  to  20  reactions, 
after  which  it  may  be  relined  with  magnesia  tar  in  the  field  or  at 
the  factory  for  $11.50.  Each  crucible  requires  141  Ibs.  tar  at  3 
cents  per  Ib.,  and  one  magnesia  stone.  No  construction  equip- 
ment is  required  except  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  make  a  mold 
box  out  of  sheet  iron.  Five  extra  packages  of  plugging  material 
and  four  extra  thimbles  are  supplied  with  each  new  crucible. 
Extra  packages  and  thimbles  cost  10  cents  each. 


WELDING  659 

The  prices  of  other  sizes  of  appliances  are  as   follows: 

Weight 
Item  Price      (Lbs.) 

Preheater  torch,  single  burner $50.00     175 

Preheater  torch,  double  burner 75.00      200 

Automatic  crucible,   No.      1,   for       6   Ibs.   thermit.          3.50       40 


Automatic  crucible,  No.  2,  for       8  Ibs.  thermit, 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  3,  for     15  Ibs.  thermit, 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  •  4,  for     25  Ibs.  thermit, 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  5,  for     35  Ibs.  thermit, 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  6,  for     70  Ibs.  thermit. 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  7,  for   140  Ibs.  thermit. 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  8,  for  210  Ibs.  thermit. 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  9,  for  280  Ibs.  thermit. 

Automatic  crucible,  No.  10,  for  400  Ibs.  thermit. 


5.50   .    60 

6.50  110 

8.00  125 

11.00  150 

16.50  225 

30.00  385 

35.00  480 

43.50  580 

55.00  720 


"Tripods,  No.  1 2.10        11 

*Tripods,  Nos.  2-3 2.50        19 

*Tripods,  Nos.  4-5 3.00        24 

*Tripods,  Nos.  6-7 5.50        65 

*(For  welding  connecting  rods  and  driving  wheel  spokes,  etc.) 
Flat  bottom  crucibles,  No.   2,  for     4  Ibs.  thermit...      1.75       18 
Flat  bottom  crucibles,  No.   3,  for     8  Ibs.  thermit...      3.00       27 
Flat  bottom  crucibles,  No.   4,   for   16  Ibs.   thermit...      4.75        65 
Flat  bottom  crucibles,  No.   5,  for  40  Ibs.  thermit...      7.00       95 

Tongs  for  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  2 2.00          6% 

Tongs  for  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  3 2.50       17  y. 

Tongs  for  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  4 3.25       25 

Tongs  for  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  5 4.50       30% 

Cost  of  relining  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  2 75 

Cost  of  relining  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  3 1.25 

Cost  of  relining  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  4 2.50 

Cost  of  relining  flat  bottom  crucible,  No.  5 4.00 

Thermit  (sold  only  in  50  lb..  boxes). 

50-lb.   drum    12.50       55% 

100-lb.   drum    25.00     110 

Thermit  with  1%  manganese  and  1%  nickel  thermit. 

50-lb.   drum    13.15        56% 

100-lb  drum 26.30     112 

Ignition  powder,    %-lb.   cans 45 

Metallic  manganese,  per  lb 75 

Nickel  thermit,  per  lb 55 

Yellow  wax,  per  lb 35 

Special  moulding  material,  per  bbl 4.00     340 

The  proper  quantity  of  thermit  required  for  the  weld  may  be 
calculated  by  multiplying  by  32  the  weight  of  the  wax  necessary 
to  fill  all  parts  of  the  fracture  and  reinforcement,  or  else  by 
calculating  the  number  of  cu.  in.  in  the  fracture  and  reinforce- 
ment and  allowing  one  pound  of  thermit  mixed  with  the  necessary 
additions,  to  the  cubic  inch.  If  more  than  10  Ibs.  of  thermit 
are  to  be  used  it  is  necessary  to  mix  steel  punchings,  not- exceed- 
ing %-in.  in  diameter,  into  the  powder.  For  10  Ibs.  or  more  of 
thermit  10%  of  punchings  should  be  added;  for  50  Ibs.  or  more, 
15%  of  small  mild  steel  rivets  should  be  mixed  in.  1%  each 
of  manganese  and  nickel  thermit  should  be  added  also. 


660  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

WHEELBARROWS 

Wheelbarrows    and    carts    equipped    with    self-lubricating: 
roller  bearing"  wheel. 


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661 


Wooden  Wheelbarrows.  Net  prices  at  Chicago  for  wooden 
Wheelbarrows  in  quantities  are  as  follows:  Full  bolted  wooden 
railroad  wheelbarrows,  with  heavy  steel  wheel,  16^  in.  in 
diameter,  sell  at  $1.75  to  $1.85  each,  or  $18.00  to  $19.75  per  doz. 
Bolted  wooden  mortar  barrows,  weighing  60  Ibs.  each,  with  tight 
box,  10  in.  deep  at  handles  and  13  in.  at  wheel,  sell  at  $2.75 
each,  or  $27.50  per  doz.  Bent  handled  wooden  stone  barrows 
can  be  bought  at  $3.25  to  $3.50  each,  or  $35.00  to  $40.75  per 
doz.  Folding  wooden  barrows,  with  removable  sideboards  and 

S4U33  ui  4903 

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Fig.    312.      Transportation    by    Wheelbarrow. 


662  HANDBOOK  OF  CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

double  frames,  4  cu.  ft.  capacity,  sell  at  $3  each,  or  $32.50  per  doz. 

Some  wooden  wheelbarrows  which  cost  originally  $21  per  doz. 
had  a  life  of  6  months  in  rock  work  and  about  1  year  in  earth 
work;  they  would  last  still  longer  in  concrete,  this  being  for 
single  shift  work.  The  average  cost  of  repairs  was  30  cts.  per 
month  per  barrow. 

It  was  found  that  wheelbarrows  with  steel  trays,  iron  wheels 
and  wooden  frames  had  about  the  same  total  life  but  the  average 
cost  for  repairs  was  20  cts.  per  month. 

A  dozen  wooden  frame  barrows  with  steel  wheels  and  steel 
trays  costing  $30  per  doz.  were  useless  in  6  months  in  work  80 
per  cent  of  which  was  rock  and  20  per  cent  earth.  Total  repairs 
for  these  6  months  amounted  to  $10,  or  14  cts.  per  barrow  per 
month.  Eighteen  wheelbarrows  costing  $60  per  doz.  were  bought, 
one  of  which  survived  6  months  of  the  same  kind  of  work.  The 
cost  of  renewing  trays  for  these  was  $1  per  wheelbarrow  for 
the  6  months  and  general  repairs  amounted  to  $30,  or  28  cts. 
per  barrow  per  month.  Of  another  dozen  costing  $27  with 
wooden  trays  and  steel  wheels  10  survived  6  months'  work  at  a 
total  cost  for  repairs  of  $28,  or  39  cts.  per  barrow  per  month. 


APPENDIX 


CLASSIFIED  i   LIST     OF 

CONSTRUCTION  PLANT 

MANUFACTURERS  AND 

DEALERS 


APPENDIX 


AIR  COMPRESSOES. 

Abenaque   Machine   Works,    Westminster   Station,    Vt. 

Allis-Chalmers   Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis, 

American   Well   Works,   Aurora,   111, 

Blaisdell    Machinery   Co.,    Bradford,    Pa. 

Blake  &   Knowles   Steam   Pump    Co.,    New  York,   N.    Y. 

Chicago    Pneumatic    Tool    Co.,    Chicago,  "ill. 

Dallett   Co.,    Thos.    H.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Dean    Bros.    Steam    Pump    Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Co.,   East   Trenton,   N.   J. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

General   Electric  Co.,    Schenectady,    N.    Y. 

Goulds    Manufacturing   Co.,    Seneca    Falls,    N.    Y. 

Ingersoll-Rand    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

McGowan  Co.,   John   H.,    Cincinnati,   O. 

McKiernan-Terry   Drill    Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

National    Brake    &    Electric    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Waterworks    Equipment    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Westinghouse    Air   Brake    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

ASBESTOS. 

Asbestos  Protected  Metal  Co.,   Canton,   Mass. 
Carey   Co.,    Philip,    Cincinnati,    O. 
Johns-Manville   Co.,   H.   W.,   New  York,    N.   Y. 
Keasbey  &  Mattison  Co.,  Ambler,  Pa. 

ASPHALT. 

Baker,    Jr.,    John,    Chicago,    111. 

Barber  Asphalt   Paving   Co.,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Barrett   Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Byerly   &   Sons,    Cleveland,    O. 

Gulf   Refining  Co.,   Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Hercules   Oil    Refining   Co.,    Los   Angeles,   Cal. 

Indian    Refining   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Sicilian   Asphalt   Paving   Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

Standard   Asphalt   &    Rubber   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Texas  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Trinidad    Asphalt   &   Manufacturing   Co.,    St.   Louis,    Mo. 

Union   Oil  Co.  of  California,   Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

United   States   Asphalt   &   Rubber   Co.,    New   York,   N.   Y. 

Wadsworth    Stone    &    Paving    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Warner-Quinlan    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Warren  Bros.   Co.,   Boston,    Mass. 

ASPHALT  PLANTS. 

Atlas   Dryer  Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Barber   Asphalt   Paving   Co.,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Cummer    &    Son,    F.    D.,    Cleveland,    O. 

East  Iron  &  Machine  Co.,   Lima,   O. 

Hetherington   &   Berner   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Iroquois    Iron   Works,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Link-Belt  Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Ruggles-Coles   Engineering   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Union   Iron   Works,   Hoboken,   N.  J. 

AUTOMOBILES— MOTOR  TRUCKS. 

Chicago   Pneumatic   Tool   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Garford   Motor   Truck   Co.,    Toledo,    O. 
International   Harvester    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

665 


666  APPENDIX 

International   Motor   Truck   Co.,    New   York,    N.   T. 
Jeffery   Co.,   Thos.   B.,   Kenosha,   Wis. 
Kelly-Springfield   Motor   Truck   Co.,    Springfield,   O. 
Kissel-Kar   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Packard  Motor  Car  Co.,   Detroit,   Mich. 
Peerless  Motor  Car   Co.,    Cleveland,   O. 
Fierce-Arrow  Motor  Car  Co.,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 
Reo    Motor   Car   Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 
Speedwell   Motor   Car   Co.,    Dayton,    O. 
Tiffin   Wagon   Co.,   Tiffin,   O. 

BAR  BENDERS. 

Chicago   Builders   Specialty   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Electric  Welding  Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Hanson   &   Sons,    A.    P.,    Chicago,    111. 

Hinman   &  Co.,   D.   A.,   Sandwich,    111. 

Kardong    Bros.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Koehring    Machine    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Marsh-Capron   Manufacturing   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

McKenna    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Ransome   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,   Dunellen,    N.   J. 

Union  Machinery  Co.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Wallace  Supply  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Wiener  Machinery  Co.,  New  York,  N.   Y. 

BAR  CUTTERS. 

Braun,   J.    G.,   Chicago,   111. 

Buffalo   Forge   Co.,   Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Mersick   &    Co.,    C.    S.,    New    Haven,    Conn. 

Pels    &    Co.,    Henry,    Albany,    N.    Y. 

Rock    River    Machine    Co.,    Janesville,    Wis. 

W'aterbury  Farrel   Foundry  &  Machinery  Co.,   Waterbury,  Conn. 

Watson-Stillman  Co.,  New  York,   N.   Y. 

WMener  Machinery   Co.,    New   York,   N.   Y. 

BARGES  AND  SCOWS. 

American   Bridge   Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

American   Car   &   Foundry   Co.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

Carroll-Porter   Boiler  &   Tank  Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Chicago  Bridge  &  Iron  Works,   Chicago,   111. 

Jones   &   Laughlin   Steel   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Pittsburgh-Des   Moines   Bridge   &    Iron   Works,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Skinner  Ship   Building  Co.,   Baltimore,   Md. 

Union   Iron   Works,    San  Francisco,    Cal. 

BLASTING  APPARATUS. 
Batteries — Blasting. 

American  Carbon   &  Battery  Co.,    St.  Louis    Mo. 

Du    Pont   de    Nemours   Powder   Co.,    E.    I.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

McAbee   Powder   &   Oil   Co.,    P.    R.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

National    Carbon    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Star    Electric    Fuse    Works,    Wilkes-Barre,    Pa. 

Western  Electric  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Blasting  Machines. 

Aetna    Powder   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Du   Pont   de   Nemours   Powder   Co.,    E.    I.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

Hercules    Powder    Co.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Western  Electric  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Fuse  Caps. 

Aetna  Powder  Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Independent   Powder   Co.    of   Missouri.   Joplin,    Mo. 


APPENDIX  667 

McAbee   Powder  &  Oil   Co.,   P.   R.,   Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Metallic   Cap   Manufacturing    Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 
Rendrock  Powder  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Kettles  for  Thawing. 

Du  Pont  fle  Nemours  Powder  Co.,   E.    I.,   Wilmington,   Del. 
Hercules   Powder   Co.,   Wilmington,    Del. 

(Explosives,   see  under   "Dynamite.") 

BINS— PORTABLE. 

Good    Roads    Machinery    Co.,    Kennett    Square,    Pa. 
Weller   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

BINS— STORAGE. 

Brown   Hoisting   Machinery    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Jeffrey    Manufacturing    Co.,    Columbus,     O. 
Ransome   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,   Dunellen,    N.   J. 
Raymond   Concrete   Pile   Co.,    New   York   and   Chicago. 
Weller   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

BLOCKS— TACKLE. 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,    St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Bond    Co.,   Harold   L.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Boston    &    Lockport    Block    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Boston   Selflocking   Block   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Broderick  &  Bascom   Rope   Co.,   St.   Louis,    Mo. 

Burr   Manufacturing   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Byers  Machine  Co.,  John  F.,  Ravenna,  O. 

Cleveland    Block    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Clyde  Iron   Works,   Duluth,   Minn. 

Columbia    Steel    Co.,    Portland,    Me. 

Contractors  Plant  Manufacturing  Co.,  Buffalo,   N.  Y. 

Cottington    &   Son,    J.    C.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Dobbie   Foundry    &   Machine   Co.,    Niagara  Falls,    N.    Y. 

Donahue  &  Co.,   J.  T.,   Baltimore,   Md. 

Edwards  &  Co.,   H  D.,   Detroit,   Mich. 

Eureka   Tackle   Block   Manufacturing   Co.,    Cincinnati,    O. 

Hartz  Co.,   H.  V.,   Cleveland,   O. 

Leschen   &   Sons   Rope  Co.,    A.,    St.   Louis,    Mo. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Lupkin,   P.   E.,    Gloucester,    Mass. 

Merriman  Bros.   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Patterson,    W.    W.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Pittsburgh    Block    &    Manufacturing   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Roebling's  Sons   Co.,   John  A.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Stowell    Manufacturing    &    Foundry   Co.,    South    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Terry  &  Tench  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Union   Elevator   Machine   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Walsh  Sons  &  Co.,  Harrison,   N.  J. 

BLUE  PRINT  FRAMES. 

American    Drafting    Furniture    Co.,    Rochester,    N.    Y. 

Dietzgen  Co.,   Eugene,   Chicago,   111. 

Elliott   Co.,    B.    K.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Fritz    Manufacturing    Co.,    Grand    Rapids,    Mich. 

Keuffel    &   Esser    Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

Post   Co.,    Frederick,    Chicago,    111. 

Shaw  Blue  Print  Machine  Co.,   Newark,   N.  J. 

Soltmann  Co.,   E.   G.,    New  York,   N.   Y. 

BLUE  PRINT  MACHINES. 

American    Drafting   Furniture   Co.,    Rochester,    N.    Y. 
Buckeye   Engineering   Co.,    Salem,    O. 
Buffalo   Blue   Print   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 


668  APPENDIX 


Elliott   Co.,   B.    K.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 
Paragon   Machine   Co.,    Rochester,    N.    Y. 
Pease  Co.,   C.  F.,  Chicago,   111. 


BOILERS. 

Abendroth  &'  Root  Manufacturing  Co.,   Newburgh,   N.   Y. 

American   Radiator  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Babcock   &   Wilcox   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Beggs   &  Co.,   James,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Brennan    &   Co.,    John,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Brownell   Co.,   Dayton,   O. 

Byers    Co.,    John    F.,    Ravenna,    O. 

Carroll-Porter   Boiler   &   Tank   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Casey-Hedges   Co.,    Chattanooga,    Tenn. 

Clyde  Iron  Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Connelly    Boiler    Co.,    D.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Farquhar  Co.;   A.    B.,   York,    Pa. 

Frick    Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

Johnston   Bros.,   Ferrysburg,   Mich. 

Keeler   Co.,    E.,    Williamsport,    Pa. 

Kewanee   Boiler  Co.,    Kewanee,    111. 

Kittoe   Boiler   &   Tank   Co.,    Canton,   O. 

Lake   Erie   Boiler  Works,    Buffalo,    N.   Y. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

MacKinnon  Boiler  &  Machine  Co.,   Bay  City,   Mich. 

Oil  Well  Supply  Co.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Petroleum    Iron   Works,    Sharon,    Pa. 

Power    &    Mining    Machinery    Co.,    Cudahy,    Wis. 

Struthers- Wells  Co.,  Warren,   Pa. 

Union   Iron   Works,    San    Francisco,    Cal. 

Warren  City  Tank  &  Boiler  Co.,  Warren,  O. 


BOOTS. 

Bates   &  Co.,  J.   E.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Goodrich   Co.,    B.    F.,    Akron,    O. 
Mulconroy   Co.,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 
Putnam   Co.,   H.   J.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 
Rubberhide  Co.,   Boston,   Mass. 


BUCKETS— BOTTOM  DUMP. 

Acme   Equipment   &   Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Atlas   Car   &   Manufacturing   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Biehl   Iron  Works,   Reading,    Pa. 

Cockburn  Co.,   Jersey  City,   N.   J. 

Hunt   Co.,    C.    W.,    West   New   Brighton,   N.   Y. 

Insley  Manufacturing  Co.,   Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Lakewood    Engineering    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Link-Belt    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

McMyler  Interstate   Co.,   Bedford,   O. 

Orenstein-Arthur  Koppel  Co.,  Koppel,  Pa. 

Ransome    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Dunellen,    N.    J. 

Stuebner  Iron  Works,  G.  L.,  Long  Island  City,  N.  Y. 

Tide  Water  Iron  Works,   Hoboken,   N.   J. 

Union  Iron   Works,   Hoboken,    N.   J. 

Williams  Co.,   G.   H.,   Cleveland,   O. 


BUCKETS— CONCRETE. 

Acme   Equipment   &   Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Bond  Co.,  Harold  L.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 
Brown  Hoisting   Machinery   Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
Easton   Car   &  Construction  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
Haiss  Mfg.   Co.,   Geo.,   Easton,   Pa. 
Hayward  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 


APPENDIX  669 


Insley    Manufacturing    Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 
Orenstein-Arthur    Koppel   Co.,    Koppel,    Pa. 
Lakewood   Engineering  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
Marsh-Capron   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 
Ransome    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Dunellen,    N.    J. 
Smith   Co.,    T.   L.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Stuebner  Iron  Works,   G.  L.,   Long  Island  City,  N.  Y. 
Union   Iron   Works,    Hoboken,   N.  J. 
Standard  Scale  &  Supply  Co.,  Chicago,   111. 


BUCKETS— GRAB. 

Andresen   &  Evans,   Chicago,   111. 

Brosius,   Edgar  E.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Browning    Co.,     Cleveland,     O. 

Haiss    Manufacturing   Co.,    Geo.,   New   York,    N.    Y. 

Hayward    Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Industrial    Iron    Works,    Bay    City,    Mich 

Kiesler  Co.,  J.   F.,   Chicago,  111. 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

McKenna   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

McMyler   Interstate   Co.,   Bedford,    O. 

Mead-Morrison   Manufacturing   Co.,    East   Boston,    Mass. 

Orton  &  Steinbrenner  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Owen   Bucket  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 

Pawling   &   Harnischfeger   Co.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Rochester  Excavation  Co.,   Rochester,   N.  Y. 

Smith  &  Sons  Co.,   Thos.,  Jersey  City,  N.   J. 

Williams  Co.,  G.  H.,  Cleveland,  O. 


BUCKETS— SCRAPER. 

Bucyrus  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Dull    Co.,   Raymond   W.,    Chicago,   111. 

Hayward   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Indianapolis   Cable    Excavator   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Insley   Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Lidgerwood   Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,   N.   Y. 

Mansfield   Engineering   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Marion  Steam  Shovel  Co.,   Marion,   O. 

Monighan  Machinery  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Page    Engineering    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Sauerman  Bros,   Chicago,   111. 


CABLEWAYS. 

American  Steel   &  Wire  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Dull   Co.,    Raymond   W.,    Chicago,    111. 

Horton,    John    T.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Indianapolis  Cable   Excavator   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Mansfield   Engineering  Co.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Page   Engineering  Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Sauerman   Bros.,   Chicago,   111. 


CARS— BALLAST. 

American  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,   St.  Louis,    Mo. 

Continental   Car   &   Equipment   Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Goodwin   Car  Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Hicks   Locomotive   &   Car   Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Pressed  Steel  Car  Co.,   Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Rodger  Ballast  Car  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Standard   Steel   Car  Co.,   Butler,   Pa. 

Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,. Aurora,    111. 

Youngstown    Car    &    Manufacturing    Co.,    Youngstown.    O. 


670  APPENDIX 

CABS— DUMP. 

American   Car  &   Foundry    Co.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

American  Clay   Machinery   Co.,    Bucyrus,    O. 

Atlas    Car    &    Manufacturing    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Austin  Manufacturing  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Central    Locomotive    &   Car   Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Chase  Foundry  Co.,   Columbus,   O. 

Continental   Car   &   Equipment   Co.,   Louisville,    Ky. 

Dobbie   Foundry   &  Machine  Co.,   Niagara   Falls,   N.   Y. 

Easton    Car    &    Construction    Co.,    Easton,    Pa. 

Electric  Locomotive   &  Car  Co.,   West  Park,   O. 

Goodwin   Car   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Kilbourne  &  Jacobs  Co.,  Columbus,  O. 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,   Cleveland,  O. 

Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

National   Dump  Car   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Oliver  Manufacturing  Co.,   Wm.   J.,    Knoxville,    Tenn. 

Orenstein-Arthur   Koppel   Co.,    Koppel,    Pa. 

Steubner   Iron   Works,   Long   Island   City,   N.   Y. 

Union    Iron   Works,    Hoboken,    N.    J. 

Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,    Aurora,    111. 

Youngstown  Car  &  Manufacturing  Co.,   Youngstown,   O. 

CABS— FLAT. 

American  Car  &  Foundry  Co.,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 
Atlas  Car   &   Equipment   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Baltimore   Steel   Car   &   Foundry   Co.,    Baltimore,    Md. 
Chase    Foundry   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Continental    Car    &   Equipment    Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 
Hunt   Co.,    C.   W.,   West   New   Brighton,   N.   Y. 
Kilbourne   &  Jacobs   Co.,   Columbus,   O. 
Orenstein-Arthur    Koppel    Co.,    Koppel,    Pa. 
Ralston    Steel    Car   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Rodger   Ballast   Car   Co.,   Chicago,    111.. 
Russell   Wheel  &  Foundry   Co.,   Detroit,    Mich. 
Stuebner  Iron  Works,   G.  L.,   Long  Island  City,   N.  Y. 
Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,   Aurora,    111. 
Youngstown   Car  &  Manufacturing  Co.,    Youngstown,   O. 

CABS— INSPECTION. 

Buda   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Chicago    Pneumatic   Tool    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Kalamazoo   Railway   Supply   Co.,    Kalamazoo,    Mich. 

Mudge   &   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Sheffield  Car  Co.,   Three  Rivers,  Mich. 

CARS— SPREADER. 

Buffalo  Pitts   Co.,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

Central  Locomotive   &   Car  Works,   Chicago,   111. 

Continental    Car    &    Equipment    Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 

Mann-McCann    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Oliver   Manufacturing  Co.,   Wm.   J.,    Knoxville,   Tenn. 

Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,   Aurora,    111. 

CARTS— CONCRETE. 

Acme    Equipment    &    Engineering    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Atlas  Car  &  Manufacturing  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 

Biehl   Iron   Works,   Reading,    Pa. 

Bond   Co.,    Harold   L..    Boston,    Mass. 

Chicago   Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Donahue  &  Co.,   John   A.,   Chicago,   111. 

Hunt   Co.,   C.   W.,    New   West   Brighton,   N.   Y. 

Insley  Manufacturing  Co.,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Kentucky   Wagon    Manufacturing    Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 

Kilbourne    &    Jacobs   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Koehring  Machine   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 


APPENDIX  671 

Lakewood  Engineering  Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Milwaukee    Concrete    Mixer   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Ransome  Concrete   Machinery   Co.,    Dunellen,   N.   J. 
Smith  Co.,  T.   L.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Standard  Scale  &  Supply  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 
Sterling    Wheelbarrow   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

CARTS— DUMPING. 

Auburn   Wagon    Co.,    Martinsburg,    W.   Va. 

Baker   Manufacturing   Co.,    Springfield,    111. 

Kentucky    Wagon    Manufacturing   Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 

Kilbourne   &  Jacobs  Co.,   Columbus,   O. 

Lansing    Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 

Oshkosh   Manufacturing   Co.,    Oshkosh,    Wis. 

Ransome   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,    Dunellen,    N.   J. 

Schuttler    Co.,    Peter,    Chicago,    111. 

Streich  &  Bro.   Co.,   A.,   Oshkosh,  Wis. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,  Aurora,  111. 

CEMENT  TESTING  APPARATUS. 

Abbe    Engineering    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Bausch    &    Lomb   Optical    Co.,    Rochester,    N.    Y. 

Beach-Russ   Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Clark    &    Mills    Electric    Co.,    Cambridge,    Mass. 

Eimer   &   Amend,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

International    Instrument    Co.,    Cambridge,    Mass. 

Kirschbaum,   Lester  B.   S.,   Chicago,   111. 

Olsen,    Tinius,    Co..    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Reihle  Bros.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

CHAIN  HOISTS. 

American   Hoist   &  Derrick   Co.,   St.    Paul,    Minn. 

Chisholm   &   Moore,   Cleveland,   O. 

Cleveland    Punch    &    Shear    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Dake   Engine  Co.,   Grand  Haven,   Mich. 

Detroit    Hoist    &    Machinery    Co.,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Dobbie    Foundry    &    Machine    Co.,    Niagara    Falls,    N.    Y. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Frevert    Machinery   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Godfrey    Keeler    Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Jeffrey    Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Patterson,    W.    W.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Pittsburgh    Block   Manufacturing   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Ryerson   &   Son,    J.   T.,    Chicago,   111. 

Yale  &  Towne   Mfg.   Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

CHAINS. 

Columbus    Chain   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Hayden-Corbett    Chain    Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Jones   &   Laughlin,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Standard   Chain   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Taylor   Chain   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Webster   Manufacturing   Co.,    Tiffin,    O. 
Woodhouse    Chain    Works,    Trenton,    N.    J. 

CHUTES— BROKEN  STONE,  GRAVEL  AND  SAND. 

Archer    Iron    Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Chain    Belt    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Jeffrey   Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Lansing   Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 

Link-Belt    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Littleford  Bros.,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Pittsburgh-Des   Moines  Bridge   &   Iron  Works,    Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Sackett   Chute   &   Screen   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Webster   Manufacturing   Co.,    Tiffin,   O. 


672  APPENDIX 

CHUTES— CAR-UNLOADING. 

Littleford   Bros,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Quick    Unloading   Car   Chute    Co.,    Birmingham,    Ala. 

Southern   Foundry   Co.,    Owensboro,    Ky. 

CHUTES— CONCRETE. 

Archer    Iron   Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Chain    Belt    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

C.    H.    &    E.    Manufacturing   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Fairbanks,   Morse  &  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Insley    Manufacturing   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Lakewood    Engineering    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Pneumatic   Concrete   Placing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Ransome    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Dunellen,    N.    J. 

Sackett  Screen  &  Chute  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Wylie  Co.,  J.   S.,    Chicago,   111. 

CLOTHING— RUBBER. 

American   Rubber   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 
Chicago   Rubber   Clothing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Goodrich  Co.,   B.   F.,   Akron,   O. 
Goodyear  Tire  Co.,   Akron,   O. 

CONCRETE  MIXERS. 

American    Cement    Machinery    Co.,    Keokuk,    la. 

Archer  Iron   Works,   Chicago,   111. 

Ashland  Steel  Range  Co.,   Ashland,   O. 

Atlas    Engineering    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Badger    Concrete    Mixer    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Blystone   Manufacturing  Co.,   Cambridge   Springs,   Pa. 

Cement    Tile   Machinery   Co.,    Waterloo,    la. 

Chain   Belt   Co.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Clover   Leaf   Concrete  Machinery   Co.,   South   Bend,   Ind. 

Cream    City    Equipment   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Eureka    Machinery    Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 

Excelsior   Mixer   &    Machinery    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Foote    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Nunda,    N.    Y. 

Hains   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,    New   York. 

Ideal   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,   Cincinnati,    O. 

Kent   Machine   Co,    The,    Kent,   O. 

Knickerbocker   Co.,   Jackson,    Mich. 

Koehring    Machine    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Lakewood    Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Lansing    Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 

Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Milwaukee   Concrete   Mixer   Co.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Municipal   Engineering   &   Contracting   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Oshkosh    Manufacturing    Co.,    Oshkosh,    Wis. 

Power   &  Mining   Machinery  Co.,    Cudahy,   Wis. 

Raber   &   Lang    Manufacturing   Co.,    Kendallville,    Ind. 

Ransome    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Dunellen,    N.    J. 

Schaefer   Manufacturing   Co.,    Berlin,    Wis. 

Smith   Co.,    T.   L.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Standard   Scale   &  Supply   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Twentieth   Century   Mixer   Co.,    Connersville,   Ind. 

Universal   Road    Machinery   Co.,    Kingston,    N.   Y. 

Van   Duzen,   Roys  &   Co.,   Columbus,   O. 

Waterloo    Cement    Machinery    Corporation,     Waterloo,     la. 

Whitman  Agricultural  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

CONCRETE  SIDEWALK  CURB  FORMS. 

Blaw  Steel   Construction   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Hotchkiss   Lock    Metal   Form   Co.,    Binghamton,    N.   Y. 
Littleford    Bros.,    Cincinnati,    O. 


APPENDIX  673 


CONCRETE  SIDEWALK  TOOLS. 

Anderson    Tool    Supply    Co.,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Arrowsmith    Concrete    Tool    Co.,    Arrowsmith,    111. 

Bond   Co.,   Harold  L.,   Boston,   Mass. 

Century   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago   Heights,   III. 

Crescent    Novelty    Co.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

Duffy    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Lansing  Co.,    Lansing,   Mich. 

Ransome   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,   Dunellen,   N.   J. 

Standard    Scale   &   Supply    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Waterloo    Cement    Machinery    Co.,    Waterloo,    la. 

CONVEYING  MACHINERY. 

Bartlett   &   Snow  Co.,   C.   O.,   Cleveland,    O. 
Brown    Hoisting    Machinery    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Caldwell   Co.,    H.   W.,    Chicago,    111. 
Chain    Belt    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Dull   Co.,    Raymond   W.,   Chicago,    111. 
Guarantee  Construction  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Jeffrey    Manufacturing    Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Link-Belt  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 
Ohio  Locomotive  Crane  Co.,   Bucyrus,   O. 
Orton   &   Steinbrenner   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Robins   Belt  Conveying  Co.,   New   York,   N.   Y. 
Union   Iron   Works,   Hoboken,   N.   J. 
Weller  Manufacturing  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

CONVEYORS— BELT. 

Beaumont    Co.,    R.    H.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Green    Engineering   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Guarantee  Construction  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 
Hunt   Co.,    C.   W.,   West   New   Brighton,    N.   Y. 
Jeffrey    Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Link-Belt  Co.,  Chicago,   111. 

Robins   Belt   Conveying  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Stephens- Adamson   Co.,   Aurora,   111. 
Weller   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

CONVEYORS— PORTABLE. 

Jeffrey   Manufacturing  Co.,   Columbus,   O. 
Page    Engineering   Co.    (Cantilever),    Chicago,    111. 
Robins  Conveying   Belt  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Weller   Manufacturing   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

CRANES— LOCOMOTIVE. 

American   Hoist   &   Derrick   Co.,    St.    Paul,    Minn. 
Atlas    Car   &    Manufacturing    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Brown  Hoisting  Machinery   Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
Browning    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Exeter    Machine    Works,    Pittston,    Pa. 
Industrial    Iron   Works,    Bay   City,    Mich. 
Jeffrey    Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 
Link-Belt    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
McMyler    Interstate    Co.,    Bedford,    O. 
Maine   Electric    Co.,    Portland,    Me. 
Neumeyer  &  Dimond,   New  York,  N.   Y. 
Northern   Engineering   Works,    Detroit,    Mich. 
Ohio   Locomotive    Crane    Co.,    Bucyrus,    O. 
Orton    &    Steinbrenner    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

CRUSHERS. 

Acme    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Frankfort,    N.    Y. 

Allis-Chalmers    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Austin    Western    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Austin    Manufacturing   Co.,   Chicago,  -111. 

Bacon,   Earle   C.,   New   York,    N.   Y. 


674  APPENDIX' 

Buchanan  Co.,    C.    GM   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Case   Threshing   Machine   Co.,   J.   I.,    Racine,    Wis. 

Coldwell-Wilcox   Co.,    Newburgh,    N.    Y. 

Cresson-Morris   Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Eureka  Stone   &  Ore  Crusher  Co.,   Cedar  Rapids,    Mich. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Gallon    Iron    Works    &    Manufacturing    Co.,    Galion,    O. 

Good  Roads  Machinery  Co.,    Kennett   Square,   Pa. 

Port   Huron   Engine   &  Thresher   Co.,    Port   Huron,   Mich. 

Power   &   Mining   Machinery   Co.,    Cudahy,   Wis. 

Symons   Bros.    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Universal   Crusher  Co.,    Cedar   Rapids,    Mich. 

Vulcan    Iron    Works,    Wilkes-Barre,    Pa. 

Western   Wheeled    Scraper   Co.,    Aurora,    111. 

DERRICKS. 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,  St.  Paul,   Minn, 

Bond   Co.,    Harold   L.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Byers   Machine   Co.,   John   F.,    Ravenna,    O. 

Carlin's  Sons   Co.,   Thos.,    Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Chain    Belt    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Chicago   Bridge   &   Iron   Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Clyde    Iron    Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Contractors    Plant    Manufacturing   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Dake  Engine   Co.,   Grand  Haven,   Mich. 

Dobbie  Foundry   &  Machine   Co.,   Niagara  Falls,   N.   Y. 

Flory   Manufacturing   Co.,    S.,    Bangor,    Pa. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing   Co.,    New    York,    N.   Y. 

Manufacturers   Supply   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

McMyler    Interstate    Co.,    Bedford,    O. 

Monighan  Machine  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

National    Equipment    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

National    Hoisting    Engine    Co.,    Harrison,    N.    J. 

Orton    &    Steinbrenner   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Parker  Hoist  &  Machine   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Pittsburgh-Des  Moines  Bridge  &  Iron  Works,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Taylor   Portable   Steel    Derrick   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Terry   &  Tench  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Union   Elevator   &   Machine   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Vulcan    Iron    Works,    Chicago,    111. 

Williams  Co.,  G.  H.,  Cleveland,  O. 

DIVING   APPARATUS. 

Hale   &   Son,   A.   J.,   Boston,   Mass. 
Merrill-Stevens   Engineering  Co.,    Jacksonville,   Fla. 
Morse   &  Son,   A.  J.,  Boston,   Mass. 
Schrader  &  Son,   A.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

DREDGES. 

Bay   City  Dredge  Works,   Bay   City,    Mich. 

Bucyrus    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Eyicott  Machine  Corporation,    Baltimore,   Md. 

Marion    Osgood    Co.,    Marion,    O. 

Marion    Steam    Shovel    Co.,    Marion,    O. 

Norbom   Engineering  Co.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

DRILLS— BLAST  HOLE  AND  QUARRY. 

American   Well   Works,    Aurora,    111. 
Armstrong   Manufacturing   Co.,    Waterloo,    la. 
Cyclone  Drill  Works,   Orrville,    O. 
Keystone   Quarry    Drill    Co.,    Beaver   Falls.    Pa. 
Loomis   Machine    Co.,    Tiffin,    O. 

DRILLS— CORE. 

American  Well  Works,   Aurora,   111. 
Cyclone   Drill   Works,    Orrville,    O. 


APPENDIX  675 

Ingersoll-Rand   Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 
Loomis  Machine  Co.,  Tiffin,   O. 
McKiernan-Terry  Drill  Co.,    New   York,   N.   Y. 
Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,   Chicago,  111. 

DRILLS — ROCK. 

American   Diamond    Rock   Drill    Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

Bullock   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Chicago   Pneumatic    Tool   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Cleveland    Rock    Drill    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Diamond   Drill   &   Machine    Co.,    Birdsboro,    Pa. 

Howells   Mining   Drill   Co.,    Plymouth,    Pa. 

Ingersoll-Rand   Co.,   New   York,    N.    Y. 

Independent  Pneumatic  Tool  Co.,   Chicago,  111. 

McKiernan-Terry   Drill  Co.,    New  York,    N.   Y. 

Milne    &   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Mine  &  Smelter  Supply  Co.,   New  York,  N.  Y. 

New  York  Engineering  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Philadelphia   Pneumatic   Tool   Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Phillips   Rock   Drill    Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Standard   Diamond   Drill    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Sullivan   Machinery    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Wood  Drill  Works,   Paterson,   N.  J. 

DYNAMITE;   BLASTING  POWDER. 

Aetna    Powder    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Burton    Powder    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Cameron   Powder    Manufacturing   Co.,    Emporium,    Pa. 

Dittmar   Powder   Works,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Du    Pont    de    Nemours    Powder    Co.,    E.    I.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

Excelsior   Powder    Co.,    Kansas   City,    Mo. 

Hall    &    Sons    Co.,    Ellis,    Knox,    Pa. 

Hancock   Chemical   Co.,    Dollar   Bay,    Mich. 

Hercules    Powder    Co.,    Wilmington,    Del. 

Independent   Powder    Co.,    Joplin,    Mo. 

Independent  Powder  Co.   of  Missouri,   Joplin,   Mo. 

Jefferson   Powder  Co.,   Birmingham,   Ala. 

Keystone   National   Powder  Co.,    Emporium,   Pa. 

King  Powder  Co.,   Cincinnati,   O. 

McAbee    Powder   &    Oil    Co.,    G.    R.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

National   Powder  Co.,    New  York,    N.    Y. 

Potts  Powder  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Rockdale   Powder   Co.,    York,    Pa. 

Texas    Dynamite    Co.,    Beaumont,    Tex. 

ENGINES— GAS,  GASOLINE,  KEROSENE  AND  OIL. 

Affiliated   Manufacturers   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Armstrong   Manufacturing   Co.,    Waterloo,    la. 

Domestic    Engine    &    Pump    Co.,    Shippensburgh,    Pa. 

Dunning,    W.    D.,    Syracuse,    N.    Y. 

Erie   Pump   &    Engine   Works,    Erie,    Pa. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Flint   &    Walling    Manufacturing   Co.,    Kendallville,    Ind. 

Gray    Motor    Co.,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Heer    Engine    Co.,    Portsmouth,    O. 

Hersey   Manufacturing  Co.,   South  Boston,   Mass. 

International    Harvester   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Lamb   Boat   &    Engine   Co.,    Clinton,    la. 

Mietz,    August,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Minneapolis    Steel    &    Machinery   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

National    Meter  Co.,   New  York,    N.   Y. 

National   Transit   Co.,    Oil   City,    Pa. 

New  Way   Motor  Co.,   Lansing,   Mich. 

Novo    Engine    Co..    Lansing,    Mich. 

Original  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Lansing,   Mich. 

Otto   Gas   Engine  Works,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Power   &   Mining   Machinery    Co.,    Cudahy,    Wis. 

Standard  Scale  &  Supply  Co.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Wliitmar    Agricultural  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  t 


676  APPENDIX 

ENGINES— HOISTING. 

Allis-Chalmers  Co.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 

American  Clay  Machinery  Co.,   Bucyrus    O 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,  St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Brown   Hoisting  Machinery   Co.,    Cleveland,    O 

Byers   Co.,   John   F.,    Ravenna,    O. 

Carlin's    Sons    Co.,    Thos.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa 

Clyde   Iron   Works,   Duluth,    Minn 

Contractors   Plant   Manufacturing   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y 

Dake  Engine  Co.,  Grand  Haven,   Mich. 

Dobbie   Foundry    &  Machine   Co.,    Niagara   Falls     N     Y 

Domestic  Engine  &  Pump  Co.,   Shippensburgh,   Pa 

Fairbanks,    Morse  &  Co.,   Chicago,    111 

Flory    Manufacturing   Co.,    Bangor,    Me 

Gade  Excavating  Co.,   Iowa  Falls,  la. 

International  Harvester  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

Koehring  Machine  Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Maine  Electric  Co.,   New  York,  N.  Y. 

Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Mundy,    J.    S.,    Newark,    N.    J? 

National  Hoisting  Engine  Co.,   Harrison,   N.  J 

Novo  Engine  Co.,   Lansing,   Mich. 

Original  Gas  Engine  Co.,  Lansing,   Mich. 

Otto  Gas  Engine  Works,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Ransome    Concrete   Machinery   Co.,    Dunellen,    N.   J. 

Standard   Scale   &  Supply   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Stroudsburg    Engine    Works,    Stroudsburg,    Pa. 

Thomas  Elevator  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

ENGINES— STEAM. 

Allis-Chalmers   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

American  Blower  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,   St.   Paul,    Minn. 

Ball   Engine  Co.,   Erie,   Pa. 

Buckeye    Engine   Co.,    Salem,    O. 

Clyde   Iron  Works,   Duluth,   Minn. 

Cooper  &  Co.,  C.  &  G.,   Mt.   Vernon,  O. 

Erie  City  Iron  Works,  Erie,  Pa.  • 

Fitchburg  Steam   Engine  Co.,   Fitchburg,   Mass 

Griffith   &  Wedge  Co,   Zanesville,   O. 

Harris   Steam  Engine  Co.,   Providence,   R.   I. 

Harrisburg  Foundry  &  Machine  Works,   Harrisburg    Pa 

Hewes    &  Phillips  Iron   Works,    Newark,    N.   J. 

Hooven-Owens-Rentschler  Co.,    New  York,   N.    Y 

Lawrence    Engine   Works,   Lawrence,    Mass. 

Leffel   &  Co.,    James,   Springfield,   O. 

McGowan  Co.,   John  H.,   Cincinnati,    O. 

Mclntosh,  Seymour  &  Co.,   Auburn,  N;  Y. 

Minneapolis  Steel  &  Machinery  Co.,  Minneapolis,   Minn. 

Murray  Iron  Works  Co.,    Burlington,   la. 

Nordberg   Manufacturing   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Providence   Engine   Works,    Providence,    R.   I. 

Rollins  Engine  Co.,  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Skinner  Engine  Works,  Erie,  Pa. 

Sterling    Machine    Co.,    Norwich,    Conn. 

Sturtevant  Co.,   B.   F.,   Boston,   Mass. 

Vilter    Manufacturing    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Watts-Campbell    Co.,    Newark,    N.    J. 

FIRE  EQUIPMENT. 
Chemical  Engines. 

American   La  France  Fire  Engine   Co.,   Elmira,    N    Y 

Badger  Fire  Extinguisher  Co.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Childs  Co.,    Utica,    N.   Y. 

Robinson   Fire   Apparatus   Manufacturing   Co.,   St.   Louis,    Mo. 


APPENDIX  677 

Fire  Extinguishers. 


Badger    Fire   Extinguisher    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 
Massillon   Iron   &   Steel   Co.,    Massillon,    O. 
Pyrene   Manufacturing  Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 
Simmons  Co.,  John,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Woodhouse  Manufacturing  Co.,  New  York,   N.   Y. 

Fire  Hose. 

Empire  Rubber  &  Tire  Co.,   Trenton,   N.   J. 

Eureka  Fire  Hose  Manufacturing  Co.,  New  York,   N.  T. 

Fabric   Fire  Hose  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Goodrich   Co.,    B.    F.,   Akron,   O. 

Gutta  Percha  &  Rubber  Manufacturing  Co.,  Akron,  O. 

New  York  Belting  &  Packing  Co.,  New  York,   N.   Y. 

Fire  Hose  Couplings,  Expansion  Rings  and  Nozzles. 

Anderson  Coupling  &  Fire  Supply  Co.,   Kansas  City,    Kas. 

Boston    Coupling   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Crane    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Morse  &  Sons,   Andrew  J.,  Boston,   Mass. 

Fire  Hose  Backs. 

Elkhart  Brass  Manufacturing  Co.,   Elkhart,  Ind. 
Seagrave  Co.,  Columbus,  O. 

FORGES— PORTABLE. 

Beggs  &  Co.,  James  M.,   Warren,   N.   Y. 

Billings   &  Spencer   Co.,   Hartford,   Conn. 

Boynton   &   Plummer,    Worcester,    Mass. 

Brown   &  Patterson,   Brooklyn,    N.   Y  . 

Buffalo   Forge   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.   Y. 

Canedy-Otto   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago   Heights,    111. 

Champion   Blower   &  Forge   Co.,    Lancaster,    Pa. 

Chicago   Scale   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Cleveland  Steam  Gauge  Co.,  Cleveland,  O. 

Cox    &   Sons   Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Cummings,    David,    Chicago,   111. 

Fargo   Foundry    Co.,    Fargo,   N.    Dak. 

Fate   &  Jones   Co.,   Pittsburgh.,   Pa. 

Hauck  Manufacturing  Co.,   New  York,  N.  Y. 

Potts,  D.   H.,   Lancaster,  Pa. 

Roots   Co.,    P.    H.    &   M.    F.,    Connersville,    Ind. 

Silver   Manufacturing   Co.,    Salem,    O. 

Sturtevant   Co.,    B.   F.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Walsh  &  Jones,   Harrison,   N.   J. 

FORKS— STONE  AND  BALLAST. 

American   Fork  &  Hoe  Co.,   Cleveland,    O. 
Bond    Co.,    Harold   L.,    Boston,    Mass. 
Fairbanks,    Morse    &   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Union  Fork  &  Hoe  Co.,   Columbus,   O. 

FORMS— BUILDING. 

American  Bridge  Co.,    New  York,   N.    Y. 

Blaw   Steel   Construction   Co.,    Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Mitchell-Tappen   Co.,    Allentown,    Pa. 

Ransome    Concrete    Machinery    Co.,    Dunellen,    N.   J. 

Reichert   Manufacturing  Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Traylor    Engineering   &    Manufacturing   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

FORMS— ADJUSTABLE  CLAMP. 

Dayton  Malleable  Iron  Works,   Dayton,   O. 
Insley  Manufacturing  Co.,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 
Universal    Form    Clamp    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 


678  APPENDIX 

FORMS— METAL. 

American   Bridge   Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y 

Blaw    Steel    Construction    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Foote   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,    Nunda,   N.   Y. 

Hotchkiss  Lock   Metal   Form  Co.,   Binghamton,   N.  Y. 

Lennon  Flume  Co.,   Colorado  Springs,   Colo. 

Traylor  Engineering  &  Manufacturing  Co.,   Allentown,    Pa. 

FUKNACES  AND  KETTLES. 

Acme  Road  Machinery  Co.,    Frankfort,   N.   Y. 
Biehl   Iron   Works,    Reading,    Pa. 
Leadite   Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Littleford   Bros.,    Cincinnati,    O. 
Macleod    &   Co.,    Walter,    Cincinnati,    O. 
Riter-Conley   Manufacturing   Co.,    Leetsdale,    Pa. 
Rockwell  Co.,   W.   S.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Stuebner  Iron  Works,  Long  Island  City,   N.   Y. 
Union  Iron  Works,   Hoboken,   N.  J. 

GENERATORS  AND  MOTORS. 

C.   &  C.   Electric   Manufacturing   Co.,   Garwood,   N.   J. 

DeLaval  Steam  Turbine  Co.,   Trenton,   N.   J. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Fort    Wayne    Electric   Co.,    Fort    Wayne,    Ind. 

General    Electric    Co.,    Schenectady,    N.    Y. 

Otis  Elevator  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y 

Sturtevant  Co.,   B.   F.,   Hyde   Park,   Mass. 

Western  Electric  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Westinghouse    Electric    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

GRADERS. 

Acme   Road  Machinery  Co.,   Frankfort,  N.  Y. 

Austin   Manufacturing   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Austin   Western   Road   Machinery   Co.,    Aurora,    111. 

Baker    Manufacturing    Co.,    Springfield,    111. 

Buffalo   Steam    Roller   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Case   Threshing   Machine   Co.,   J.    I.,    Racine,    Wis. 

Disk    Grader    &    Plow    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Galion   Iron   Works   &    Manufacturing   Co.,    Gallon,    O. 

Glide    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Good    Roads    Machinery   Co.,    Kennett    Square,    Pa. 

Kelly-Springfield  Road  Roller  Co.,   Springfield,   O. 

Kilbourne    &    Jacobs    Manufacturing    Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Linder   Grader   Co.,    Matthews,    Ind. 

Ohio    Road    Machinery   Co.,    The,    Oberlin,    O. 

Russell    Grader   Manufacturing    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Sidney   Steel   Scraper  Co.,    Sidney,    O. 

Stroud    Manufacturing   Co.,    Omaha,    Neb. 

Universal   Road   Machinery   Co.,    Kingston,    N.   Y. 

Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,    Aurora,   111. 

GRADERS— RAILROAD. 

Jordan   Co.,    O.   F.,   Chicago,    111. 
Union   Iron    Works,    Springfield,    Mo. 

HEATERS— PORTABLE,  GRAVEL  AND  SAND. 

American   Clay   Machinery   Co.,   Bucyrus.    O. 

Barrett   Manufacturing  Co.    (Asphalt),   New  York,    N.   Y. 

Equitable   Asphalt   Maintenance  Co.    (Asphalt),    Kansas   City,    Mo. 

Honhorst    Co.,    Jos.    (Asphalt),    Cincinnati,    O. 

Littleford    Bros.     (Asphalt),     Cincinnati,     O. 

Ruggles-Coles  Engineering  Co.,  New  York,   N.  Y. 

Tidewater  Iron  Works  Manufacturing  Co.,  Hoboken,  N.  J. 


APPENDIX  679 

HOISTS— CONCRETE. 

Archer    Iron    Works,    Chicago,    111. 
Insley   Manufacturing   Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 
Lakewood   Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Milwaukee   Concrete   Mixer   Co.,   Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Ransome    Concrete   Machinery  Co.,   Dunellen,    N.   J. 
Wylie   Co.,    J.    S.,    Chicago,    111. 

HOISTS— ELECTRIC. 

American  Hoist   &  Derrick  Co.,   St.   Paul,    Minn. 

Brown    Hoisting   Machinery    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Byers   Co.,    John   F.,    Ravenna,    O. 

Carlin's   Sons  Co.,   Thos.,    Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Clyde    Iron   Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Dake    Engine   Co.,    Grand   Haven,    Mich. 

Dobbie   Foundry   &   Machine   Co.,    Niagara   Falls,    N.   Y. 

English    Iron   Works,    Kansas    City,    Mo. 

Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Flory    Manufacturing    Co.,    S.,    Bangor,    Pa. 

General    Electric    Co.,    Schenectady,    N.    Y. 

Jeffrey   Manufacturing  Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Lidgerwood   Manufacturing   Co.,  .New   York,    N.    Y. 

Maine    Electric    Co.,    Portland,    Me. 

Minneapolis    Steel    &    Machinery    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Monighan   Machine  Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Mundy,   J.    S.,    Newark,    N.   J. 

National   Hoisting    Engine   Co.,   Harrison,    N.    J. 

Stroudsburg   Engine   Works,    Stroudsburg,    Pa. 

Thomas   Elevator  Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

HOISTS— GASOLINE  AND  STEAM. 

Allis-Chalmers    Manufacturing   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

American   Hoist   &  Derrick  Co.,   St.   Paul,    Minn. 

Bates  &   Edmonds   Motor  Co.,    Lansing,   Mich. 

Byers   Machine   Co.,   John   F.,    Ravenna,   O. 

Clyde    Iron   Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Dake    Engine    Co.,    Grand    Haven,    Mich. 

Dobbie    Foundry   &    Machine    Co.,    Niagara   Falls,    N.    Y. 

Domestic  Engine  &  Pump  Co.,  Shippenburg,   Pa. 

English   Iron  &  Manufacturing  Co.,   Kansas  City,   Mo. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Flory  Manufacturing  Co.,   S.,   Bangor,  Pa. 

Lidgerwood  Manufacturing  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Minneapolis   Steel   &    Machinery   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Milwaukee   Concrete   Mixer   Co.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 

Monighan   Machine   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

National    Hoisting   Engine    Co.,   Harrison,    N.   J. 

Novo   Engine   Co.,    Lansing,    Mich. 

Power  &  Mining  Machinery  Co.,   Cudahy,  Wis. 

Ransome   Concrete    Machinery   Co.,   Dunellen,   N.   J. 

Smith    Co.,    T.    L.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Standard   Scale  &   Supply   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Stroudsburg    Engine    Works,    Stroudsburg,    Pa. 

HOISTS— HAND. 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,   St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Brown  Hoisting  Machinery   Co.,   Cleveland,  O. 

Dobbie   Foundry   &   Machine   Co.,    Niagara   Falls,    N.   Y. 

Jeffrey    Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Marsh-Capron    Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Novo    Engine    Co.,    Lansing,    Mich.  • 

Thomas   Elevator  Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

HOISTS— PNEUMATIC. 

Blake    Manufacturing   Co.,    Geo.    F.,    New  York,    N.   Y. 
Chicago    Pneumatic   Tool   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Clayton  Air  Compressor   Works,   New  York,  N.   Y. 


680  APPENDIX 

Curtis  &  Co.,   Manufacturing  Co.,   St.   Louis,  Mo. 

Dake  Engine   Co.,   Grand  Haven,    Mich. 

Detroit   Hoist   &   Machine   Co.,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Knowles  Steam   Pump  Co.,   New  York,    N.   Y. 

Northern    Engine   Works,    Detroit,    Mich. 

Q.   M.   S.   &  Co.   Vulcan   Engineering,    Chicago,    111. 

Ryerson   &  Son,   Jos.   T.,   Chicago,    111. 

Sullivan  Machinery  Co.,  Chicago,   111. 

HOPPERS. 

Archer  Iron  Works,   Chicago,   111. 

Insley   Manufacturing   Co.,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Littleford   Bros,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Mesker  Bros.   Ir  jn  'Co.,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

Wylie  Co.,  J.  S.,  Chicago,  111. 

HOSE. 

Boston    Belting    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Diamond    Rubber   Co.,    Akron,    O. 

Edson    Manufacturing    Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Empire  Rubber  &  Tire  Co.,   East  Trenton,   N.  J. 

Goodrich   Co.,   B.    F.,    Akron,    O. 

Goodyear   Rubber   Co.,    Akron,    O. 

New  York   Belting   &  Packing   Co.,    New  York,   N.   Y. 

HYDRAULIC  MINING  GIANTS. 

Abendroth    &    Root    Manufacturing    Co.,    Newburgh,    N.    Y. 
American    Spiral    Pipe   Works.,    Chicago,    111. 
Hendy  Iron  Works,   Joshua,    San  Francisco,   Cal. 

JACKS. 

Anderson    Forge    &    Machine    Co.,    Detroit,    Mich. 
Duff   Manufacturing  Co.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 
Fairbanks,    Morse   &   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 
McKiernan-Terry  Drill  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 
Watson-Stillman  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

LIGHTS  AND  TORCHES. 

Avery   Portable   Lighting   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Dayton   Malleable   Iron   Works,   Dayton,    O. 

Kitson    Hydro-Carbon    Heating    &    Incandescent    Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

McLeod    Co.,    Walter,    Cincinnati,    O. 

Milburn  Co.,   Alex.   A.,   Baltimore,   Md. 

LOCOMOTIVE  CRANES. 

American   Hoist  &   Derrick   Co.,   St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Brown    Hoisting    Machinery    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Browning  Co.,   The,   Cleveland,   O. 

Cleveland    Crane    &   Engine   Co.,    Wickliffe,    O. 

Exeter    Machine    Works,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Industrial   Iron   Works,   Bay   City,    Mich. 

Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

McMyler-Interstate   Co.,    Bedford,   O. 

Maine  Electric  Co.,  Portland,   Me. 

Ohio    Locomotive   Crane   Co.,    Bucyrus,    O. 

Orton  &  Steinbrenner  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

LOCOMOTIVES. 

American   Locomotive   Co.,   New  York,    N.   Y. 
Atlas    Car    &   Equipment    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 
Baldwin    Locomotive    Works,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Davenport    Locomotive    Works,    Davenport,    la. 


APPENDIX  681 

Lima   Locomotive    Works,    Lima,    O. 
Orenstein-Arthur   Koppel   Co.,    Koppel,   Pa. 
Porter   Co.,    H.    K.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Vulcan  Iron   Works,    Wilkes-Barre,    Pa. 

PAINTS— METAL. 

Anti-Stick   Co.,    Westerville,    O. 

Barrett    Manufacturing    Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Carbolineum  Wood  Preserving   Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y 

Cheesman   &    Elliot,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Goheen    Paint    Co.,    Canton,    O. 

Lowe   Bros,    Dayton,    O. 

National   Lead  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Patterson-Sargent    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Republic    Creosoting    Co.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Rinald    Bros,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Smooth-On  Manufacturing  Co.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Standard  Paint  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

Toch   Bros.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

PAVING  EQUIPMENT. 

Acme    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Frankfort,    N.    Y. 

Austin    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Austin  Western  Road  Machinery   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Barrett.   Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

Good    Roads    Machinery    Co.,    Kennett   Square,    Pa. 

Huber    Manufacturing    Co.,    Marion,    O. 

International  Motor   Co.,    New  York,   N.   Y. 

Kinney   Manufacturing   Co.,    Boston,   Mass. 

Littleford  Bros.,  -Cincinnati,   O. 

Lourie   Manufacturing   Co.,    Springfield,   111. 

Ohio   Road   Machinery   Co.,   Oberlin,   O. 

Pawling   &   Harnischfeger   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Petrolithic   Paving   Co.,    Los   Angeles,    Cal. 

Standard    Manufacturing   Co.,    Worcester,    Mass. 

Universal   Road  &   Machinery   Co.,    Kingston,   N.   Y. 

PIER  AND  FOUNDATION  PLANT. 

Foundation   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Great   Lakes   Dredge  &  Dock  Co.,    Cleveland,   O. 

McArthur  Concrete   Pile  &  Foundation  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Raymond  Concrete   Pile  Co.,   New  York  and   Chicago. 

Underpinning   &  Foundation   Co.,    New   York,   N.    Y. 

PILE  DRIVERS. 

American  Hoist  &  Derrick  Co.,   St.   Paul,   Minn. 

Browning  Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Bucyrus   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Byers   Machine   Co.,   John   F.,   Ravenna,   O. 

Carlin's   Sons   Co.,    Thos.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Clyde   Iron   Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Contractors    Plant    Manufacturing    Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Dobbie  Foundry  &   Machine   Co.,    Niagara   Falls,   N.   Y. 

Edson   Manufacturing   Co.,   Boston,   Mass. 

Goubert,   A.    A.,   New  York,    N.  Y. 

Horton   Construction   Co.,    D.    E.,    Buffalo,   N.    Y. 

Industrial    Works,    Bay    City,    Mich. 

Ingersoll-Rand   Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Lidgerwood    Manufacturing   Co.,    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Link-Belt   Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

McKiernan-Terry  Drill  Co.,   New  York,   N.  Y. 

McMyler  Interstate  Co.,    Bedford,   O. 

Maine   Electric    Co.,    Portland,    Me. 

Mundy,   J.   S.,   Newark,   N.   J. 

National  Equipment  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Orton   &  Steinbrenner,    Chicago,   111. 

Union   Iron    Works,    Hoboken,    N.    J. 

Vulcan  Iron  Works,   Chicago,   111. 


682  APPENDIX 

PILES— CONCRETE. 

Electric  Welding  Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Great  Lakes  Dredge  &  Dock  Co.,   Cleveland,    O. 

McArthur   Concrete   Pile   &   Foundation   Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

Raymond  Concrete  Pile  Co.,  New  York  and  Chicago. 

Underpinning  &  Foundation  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

PILES— CREOSOTED  WOOD. 

American  Bridge   Co.,   New  York,        N.   Y. 

American  Creosote   Works,   New   Orleans,    La. 

Ayer   &  Lord,   Chicago,   111. 

Barber  Asphalt   Paving  Co.,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

International   Creosote   &   Construction   Co.,    Galveston,    Tex. 

Jennison  &  Wright   Co.,   Toledo,    O. 

National   Lumber  Co.,   Texarkana,    Tex. 

Republic   Creosoting   Co.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 

Wyckoff  Pipe  &  Creosoting  Co.,   New  York,   N.    Y. 

PILES— STEEL. 

Carnegie    Steel    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Jones    &   Laughlin   Steel    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Lackawanna   Steel  Co.,   Lackawanna,   N.   Y. 
United  States  Steel  Piling  Co.,  Chicago,   111. 
Wemlinger  Steel  Piling  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

PIPE— CAST  IRON. 

American    Cast    Iron    Pipe    Co.,    Birmingham,    Ala. 

Central  Foundry  Co.,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

U.    S.    Cast   Iron   Pipe   &   Foundry   Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

PIPE    COVERING. 

Barrett   Manufacturing  Co.,    New   York,   N.   Y. 

Carey  Co.,   Philip,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Johns-Manville  Co.,  H.  W.,  New  York,   N.   Y. 

New   York  Asbestos   Manufacturing  Co.,    New   York,    N.   Y. 

U.    S.    Mineral    Wool    Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Wyckoff   &   Son,    A.,    Elmira,    N.   Y. 

PIPE  LINE   TOOLS. 

Duff   Manufacturing   Co.,    The,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Smith   Manufacturing   Co.,    A.    P.,    East    Orange,    N.    J. 

PIPE— STEEL. 

Abendroth   &   Root    Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 
American  Spiral    Pipe   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
National   Tube   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 
Standard  Spiral  Pipe  Co.,  Chicago,   111. 

PIPE— WOOD    STAVE. 

Canal   Lumber   Co.,    Seattle,    Wash. 

Michigan  Pipe   Co.,   Bay  City,   Mich. 

National   Wood   Pipe   Co.,    Portland,   Ore. 

Pacific   Coast   Pipe   Co.,    Seattle,   Wash. 

Pacific   Pipe   &   Tank  Co.,   Los  Angeles,   Cal. 

Portland    Wood    Pipe    Co.,    Portland,    Ore. 

Redwood    Manufacturing   Co.,    San    Francisco,    Cal. 

Standard  Wood  Pipe  Co.,   Williamsport,    Pa. 

Washington   Pipe   &   Foundry   Co.,    Tacoma,    Wash. 

Wyckoff. &   Son   Co.,    Portland,   Ore. 

Wyckoff  Pipe  &  Creosoting  Co.,  New  York,   N.   Y. 


APPENDIX  683 

PIPE— WROUGHT  IRON. 

Abbe  Engineering  Co.,   New  York,  N.  Y. 

Byers   Co.,    A.    M.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Mark   Manufacturing  Co.,   Evanston,   111.  « 

National    Tube    Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Youngstown   Sheet   &   Tube  Co.,   Youngstown,    Pa. 

PLOWS. 

Acme  Road  Machinery  Co.,   Frankfort,   N.   Y. 

Austin    Manufacturing    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Burch   Plow  Works,   Crestline,   O. 

Case  Threshing   Machine  Qo.,   J.   I.,    Racine,   Wis. 

Contractors   Plant    Manufacturing   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Disc    Grader    &    Plow    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Dobbie  Foundry  &   Machine   Co.,   Niagara  Falls,   N.   Y. 

Good   Roads   Machinery   Co.,    Kennett   Square,   Pa. 

Kelly-Springfield   Road    Roller    Co.,    Springfield,    O 

Port    Huron    Engine    &    Thresher    Co.,    Port    Huron,    Mich. 

Russell    Grader    Manufacturing    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Stroud    Manufacturing    Co.,    Omaha,.  Neb. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,   Aurora,   111. 

Wiard  Plow   Co.,    Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

POST   HOLE   DIGGERS. 

Oshkosh   Manufacturing  Co.,    Oshkosh,   Wis. 
Whitman   &   Barnes   Manufacturing   Co.,   Akron,   O. 

PUMPS. 

(Key:     Cent.,   Centrifugal;  Cont.,  Contractors;  D.,  Dredge;  D.  W.,  Deep 
Well;  Dia.,  Diagram;  S.,  Sand;  Vac.,  Vacuum.) 

Alberger   Pump   &    Condenser    Co.    (Cent.),    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Allis-Chalmers   Co.    (Cent.),    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

American   Well   Works    (D.   W.,   Cent.,    S.),    Aurora,    111. 

Bates  &  Edmonds  Motor  Co.   (Trench,   Dia.),   Lansing,   Mich. 

Baker  &   Knowles  Steam  Pump  Works   (Cont.,   D.  W.),   East  Cambridge, 

Mass. 

Bond    Co.,    Harold    L.    (Dia.    Vac.,    S.    D.),    Boston,    Mass. 
Boston    &   Lockport    Block   Co.    (Dia.),    East    Boston,    Mass. 
Cameron    Steam    Pump    Co.    (Cent.,    Cont.,    D.    W.,    Trench,    Dia.),    New 

York,    N.    Y. 

C.    H.    &   E.    Manufacturing   Co.    (Dia.,    Cont.),    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Cook    Well    Co.     (D.    W.)    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

Darling    Pump    &    Manufacturing    Co.     (Cent.),    WJlliamsport,    Pa. 
Dean   Bros.    Steam   Pump   Co.    (D.    W. ),    Indianapolis,    Ihd. 
Deane   Steam   Pump   Co.    (Cont.,    D.   W.),    New   York,    N.   Y. 
DeLaval   Steam   Turbine   Co.    (Cent.),    Trenton,    N.   J. 
Deming   Co.    (Cent.,    D.    W.,    Dia.),    Salem,    O. 

Domestic   Engine   Pump  Co.    (Cent.,    Dia.,    Trench),    Boston,    Mass. 
Edson    Manufacturing   Co.    (Cont.,    Dia.,    Trench),    Boston,    Mass. 
Elliott    Machine    Corporation    (D.,    S.),    Baltimore,    Md. 
Erie   Pump  &  Engine  Works   (S.,   D.),   Erie,   Pa. 
Fairbanks-Morse   &   Co.    (D.   W.,    Cent.,    Dia.),    Chicago,    111. 
Goulds    Manufacturing    Co.    (Cent.,    Cont.,    D.    W.,    Dia.),    Seneca    Falls, 

N.   Y. 

Ingersoll-Rand,   New  York,   N.   Y. 

Keystone   Pump   &   Manufacturing  Co.    (D.   W,,   S.),   Beaver  Falls,    Pa. 
Kingsford   Foundry   &   Machine   Co.    (T.,    Cent.,    D.    W.),    Oswego,    N.   Y. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan    Co.,    Cincinnati,    O. 
Lawrence   Machine   Co.    (Cent.,    D.).   Lawrence,    Mass. 
Lawrence   Pump   &   Engine   Co.    (Cent.,    D. ),    Lawrence,    Mass. 
McGowan    Pump   Co.,    John   H.    (Cent.,    Cont.),    Cincinnati,    O. 
Morris  Machine  Works   (Cent.,   D.   S.),   Baldwinsville,   N.  Y. 
National   Transit   Co.    (Cent.,    Cont.,    D.    W.),    Oil    City,   Pa. 
Norbom   Engineering   Co.    (D.,    S.),    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Nye   Steam   Pump   Co.    (Cont.),    Chicago,    111. 
Original    Gas    Engine    Co.    (Dia.,    Cont),    Lansing,    Mich. 
Oshkosh   Manufacturing   Co.    (Trench,    Cent.,    Dia.),    Oshkosh,    Wis. 
Parker,    A.    A.    (Dia.,    Cont.),    Lansing.    Mich. 


684  APPENDIX 

Power  &  Mining  Machinery  Co.,  Cudahy,  Wis. 

Providence   Engine   Works    (Cent.),    Providence,    R.    I. 

Pulsometer   Steam   Pump   Co.    (Cont.),    New   York,   N    Y 

Standard  Scale  &  Supply  Co.   (Trench,   Dia.,  Cont.),   Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

^an  Wie  Pump  Co.    (Cont.,   Cent.,   D.   W.,   D.,    S.,   Dia.),   Syracuse,   N,   Y. 

Waterworks    Equipment   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Watson-Stillman   Co.    (Cent.),    New    York,    N.    Y. 

Whitman   Agricultural   Co.    (Cent.,   Trench),   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

Wood  &  Co.,   R.   D.    (Cent.),   Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Worthington,    Henry    R.    (Cent.),    New    York,    N.    Y. 

BAILS  AND  TRACK  SUPPLIES. 

Atlantic    Equipment    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Atlas   Car    &    Manufacturing    Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Cambria   Steel   Co.,   Johnstown,   Pa. 

Carnegie    Steel   Co.,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Easton   Car   &    Construction    Co.,    Easton,    Pa. 

Hyman   Michaels   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Jones  &  Laughlin,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Kenly  Co.,   W.   K.,  Chicago,   111. 

Lackawanna  Steel   Co.,   Lackawanna,   N.   Y. 

Lakewood    Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Males  Co.,   Cincinnati,   O. 

Orenstein-Arthur   Koppel   Co.,    Koppel,    Pa. 

Pennsylvania    Steel    Co.,    Steelton,    Pa. 

Union  Iron  Works,   Hoboken,    N.    J. 

United  States  Steel  Co., 

REFRIGERATING  AND  ICE  PLANT. 

International  Cooling  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Vilter  Manufacturing  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Walton  &  Son,  Louisville,  Ky. 

RIVETERS — PNEUMATIC. 

Chicago  Pneumatic   Tool  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 
Independent  Pneumatic  Tool   Co.,  Chicago,   111. 
Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,   New  York.   N.   Y. 
McKiernan-Terry  Drill   Co.,    New  York,   N.   Y. 
Niagara   Devices   Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 
Sullivan    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

ROLLERS— ROAD. 

Acme   Road   Machinery   Co.,   Frankfort,    N.    Y. 

Austin   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Austin  Western  "Road   Machinery  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Baker  Manufacturing   Co.,   Springfield,   111. 

Buffalo   Pitts  Co.,    Buffalo,    N.   Y. 

Buffalo  Steam  Roller  Co.,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

Erie   Machine   Shops,    Erie,    Pa. 

Galion   Iron   Works,    Gallon,    O. 

Glide  Road   Machinery   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Good   Roads    Machinery   Co.,    Kennett   Square,    Pa. 

Huber   Manufacturing   Co.,    Marion,   O. 

Kelly-Springfield  Road  Roller  Co.,  Springfield,  O. 

Ohio    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Oberlin,    O. 

Russell   Grader  Manufacturing  Co.,   Minneapolis,   Minn. 

Universal    Road    Machinery   Co.,    Kingston,    N.    Y. 

Vulcan   Iron  Works,   Wilkes-Barre,   Pa. 

Western   Wheeled    Scraper   Co.,    Aurora,    111. 


ROPE— WIRE. 


American   Manufacturing   Co.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 
American    Steel   &   Wire    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Broderick   &   Bascom.  Rope   Co.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 
Leschen  &  Sons  Rope  Co.,  A.,   St.   Louis,    Mo. 
Roebling's  Sons  Co.,  Johir  A.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 


APPENDIX  685 


St.   Louis  Cordage   Co.,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 
Trenton  Iron   Co.,   Trenton,   N.   J. 
Waterbury  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


SAND  BLAST  MACHINES. 

Ingersoll-Rand  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 
Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordan,  Cincinnati,  O. 
Niagara  Devices  Co.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

SAW  RIGS— PORTABLE. 

American   Wood  Working  Machinery   Co., 

C.    H.   &   E.    Manufacturing   Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Kansas  City  Engine  Works,   Kansas  City,   Mo. 

Oshkosh  Manufacturing  Co.,   Oshkosh,  Wis. 

Smith,    Geo.    D.,    Chicago,    111. 

Stover    Engine    Works,    Chicago.    111. 

Whitman   Agricultural   Co.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

SCALES. 

Avery    Scale    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 
Smith   Co.,    T.   L.,    Milwaukee,   Wis. 
Standard  Scale  &  Supply  Co.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

SCRAPERS. 

American   Steel   Scraper  Co.,    Sidney,   O. 

Austin   Manufacturing   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Austin    Western    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Baker    Manufacturing    Co.,    Springfield,     O. 

Fairbanks,    Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Gallon    Iron    Works,    Galion,    O. 

Glide   Road   Machinery   Co.,   Minneapolis,   Minn. 

Good  Roads  Machinery  Co.,   Kennett  Square,  Pa. 

Kilbourne   &  Jacobs,    Columbus,   O. 

Oberlin  Road  Machinery  Co.,   Oberlin,   O. 

Russell    Grader    Manufacturing    Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Sidney  Steel  Scraper  Co.,   Sidney,   O. 

Stroud   Manufacturing  Co.,   Omaha,    Neb. 

Universal    Road    Machinery    Co.,    Kingston,    N.    Y. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.,   Aurora,   111. 

Ziey  Manufacturing  Co.,   F.   B.,   Frederickstown,   O. 

SCREENS— SAND,  GRAVEL  AND  BROKEN  STONE. 

Austin   Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Buchanan   Co.,    C.    G.,    New   York,    N.    Y. 

Clinton   Wire   Cloth    Co.,    Clinton,    Mass. 

Dull    Co.,    Raymond   W.,    hicago,    111. 

Good   Roads    Machinery    Co.,    Kennett   Square,    Pa. 

Jeffrey    Manufacturing   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Power   &   Mining    Machinery    Co.,    Cudahy,    Wis. 

Raymond    Bros.    Impact   Pulverizer   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Sackett   Screen   &   Chute   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Smith  Co.,  T.   L.,   Milwaukee,  Wis. 

Stephens- Adamson  Co.,   Aurora,   111. 

Union    Iron    Works,    Hoboken,    N.    J. 

Weller   Manufacturing  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

SHOVELS— STEAM. 

American  Clay   Machine   Co.,   Bucyrus,    O. 
Browning  Steam  Shovel   Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 
Bucyrus   Co.,    South    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Marion-Osgood   Co.,   Marion,   O. 
Marion    Steam    Shovel    Co.,    Marion,    O. 
Thew    Automatic   Shovel    Co.,    Lorain,    O. 


686  APPENDIX 

SKIPS. 

Bartlett  &  Snow  Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 

Contractors   Plant   Manufacturing  Co.,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

Insley    Manufacturing    Co.,    Indianapolis,    Ind. 

Lakewood   Engineering   Co.,    Cleveland,    O. 

Otis   Elevator  Co.,   New   York,    N.   Y. 

Ransome   Concrete   Machinery   Co.,   Dunellen,    N.    J. 

Stuebner   Iron   Works,   G.   L.,   Long   Island   City,   N.    Y. 

Union  Iron  Works,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

SPRINKLING  WAGONS  AND  CAETS. 

Acme  Road  Machinery  Co.,  Frankfort,  N.  Y. 

Austin    Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Austin  Western   Road   Machinery   Co.,   Chicago,    111. 

Gallon    Iron   Works,    Gallon,    O. 

Good  Roads  Machinery  Co.,   Kennett  Square,  O. 

Kelley-Springfield   Road   Roller   Co.,   Springfield,    O. 

Littleford    Bros.,    Cincinnati,    O. 

Milburn  Wagon  Co.,   Toledo,   O. 

Port    Huron    Engine   &   Thresher   Co.,    Port   Huron,    Mich. 

Studebaker  Corporation,   South   Bend,    Ind. 

Tiffin  Wagon  Works,   Tiffin,   O. 

Universal   Road   Machinery   Co.,    Kingston,    N.   Y. 

Western  Wheeled   Scraper  Co.,    Aurora,    111. 

Winkle  Bros.,   South  Bend,   Ind. 

STUCCO  MACHINES. 

Bartlett   &  Snow  Co.,   C.   O.,  Cleveland,   O. 
McDonnell    Boiler   &   Iron   Works,    Des   Moines,   la. 
Swenson    Auto-Stucco    Machinery    Co.,    Port    Chester,    N.    Y. 

STUMP  PULLERS. 

Ammond  Stump  Machine  Co.,   Cedar  Springs,   Mich. 

Bennet  Co.,   H.   L.,   Westerville,   O. 

Butterworth   &  Lowe,   Grand   Rapids,    Mich. 

Clyde   Iron   Works,    Duluth,    Minn. 

Edwards,    C.    D.,    Albert    Lea,    Minn. 

Farquhar   Co.,    A.   B.,   York,    Pa. 

Hercules  Manufacturing   Co.,    Centerville,   Pa. 

Little   Giant   Stump   Puller   Co.,    Hattiesburg,    Miss. 

Milne    Manufacturing   Co.,    Monmouth,    111. 

National  Iron  Co.,   Duluth,   Minn. 

Zimmerman   Steel   Co.,   Lone   Tree,    la. 

SURVEYORS'  AND  ENGINEERS'   INSTRUMENTS,  ETC. 

Aloe   Co.,   A.   S.,   St.   Louis,   Mo. 

Ainsworth   &    Son,  'Win.,    Denver,    Colo. 

Architects  &  Engineers  Supply  Co.,   Kansas  City,   Mo. 

Bausch   &   Lomb   Optical   Co.,   Rochester,    N.    Y. 

Beckman   Co.,    L.,    Toledo,    O. 

Berger    &    Sons,    C.    L.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Brandis  &  Sons  Manufacturing  Co.,   Brooklyn,   N.  Y. 

Buff   &   Buff   Manufacturing   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 

Dietzgen,   Eugene,    Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Elliott   Co.,   B.    K.,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Fink   Instrument   Co.,    F.    B.,    St.    Louis,    Mo. 

Gurley,    W.    &   L.    E.,    Troy,    N.    Y. 

Hanna   Manufacturing   Co.,   Troy,   N.   Y. 

Heller  &  Brightly,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 

Iszard-Warren    Co.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 

Keuffel    &   Esser   Co.,    New  York,   N.   Y. 

Lietz    Co.,    A.,    San   Francisco,    Cal. 

Pease  Co.,   C.   F.,   Chicago,   111. 

Ross,   Louis,   San  Francisco,   Cal. 

Seelig  &  Sons,  Chicago,  111. 

Technical  Supply   Co.,   Scranton,   Pa. 


APPENDIX  687 

* 

Warren-Knight  Co.,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 
Weber   &    Co.,    F.,    Philadelphia,    Pa. 
Young  &  Son,   Philadelphia,   Pa. 

TAMPERS— POWER. 

Pawling    &    Harnischfeger    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 
Lourie    Manufacturing   Co.,    Springfield,    111. 

TELEPHONES— DISPATCHING  SYSTEMS   AND 
EQUIPMENT. 

Garford    Electric    Co.,    Elyria,    O. 

Stromberg-Carlson  Telephone  Manufacturing  Co.,   Rochester,   N.   Y. 

Western   Electric   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

TENTS  AND  CAMPING  EQUIPMENT. 

American    Tent   &    Awning   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Ames-Harris-Neville,    San    Francisco,    Cal. 

Baker    &    Lockwood    Manufacturing    Co.,    Kansas    City,    Mo. 

Buckeye  Tent   &  Awning  Co.,   Minneapolis,   Minn. 

Carnie  Goudie  Manufacturing  Co.,   Kansas  City,   Mo. 

Carpenter   Co.,    Geo.    B.,    Chicago,   111. 

Channon  Co.,   H.,    Chicago,   111. 

Des   Moines   Tent   &   Awning   Co.,    Des    Moines,    la. 

Eberhardt   &  Co.,   Indianapolis,   Ind. 

TRACTION   ENGINES. 

Aultman-Taylor  Co.,   Mansfield,   O. 

Avery   Co.,   Peoria,    111. 

Buffalo    Pitts    Co.,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Case   Threshing   Machine  Co.,   J.   I.,   Racine,   Wis. 

Emerson  Brantingham  Co.,   Rockford,   111. 

Enterprise   Machine  Co.,   Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Fairbanks   Morse    &    Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

Frick   Co.,    Waynesboro,    Pa. 

Heer   Engine  Co.,   Portsmouth,   O. 

Holt-Caterpillar  Co.,   Peoria,  111. 

Huber  Manufacturing  Co.,   Marion,   O. 

International  Harvester  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Ohio   Tractor   Sales   Co.,    Columbus,    O. 

Pioneer  Tractor   Manufacturing  Co.,   Winona,   Minn. 

Port    Huron    Engine   &    Thresher    Co.,    Port    Huron,    Mich. 

Rumely  Co.,    M.,   La   Porte,    Ind. 

Russell   &   Co.,    Massillon,   O. 

Wallace   Tractor   Co.,   Cleveland,   O. 

TRENCH  BRACES. 

Bottomley  Machine   Co.,   Alliance,   O. 

Dixon  &  Son,  Chas.  E.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Duff  Manufacturing  Co.,   Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Kalamazoo   Foundry   &   Machine   Co.,    Kalamazoo,    Mich. 

Rolf-Martin  Co.,    Ft.    Wayne,    Ind. 

Union  Elevator  &  Machine  Co.,   Chicago,   111.  » 

TRENCHING  MACHINES. 

Austin   Drainage  Excavator  Co.,   F.  C.,   Chicago,  111. 
Buckeye  Traction   Ditcher   Co.,    Findlay,    O. 
Carson   Trench   Machine   Co.,    Boston,    Mass. 
Gade   Excavating  Co.,   Iowa   Falls,   la. 
Heggie,    Wm.,    Co.,    Joliet,    111. 
Parsons  Co.,  G.   W.,   Newton,   la. 
Pawling  &  Harnischfeger  Co.,  Milwaukee,  Wis. 
Potter  Manufacturing   Co.,    Indianapolis,   Ind. 


688  APPENDIX 

WAGONS. 

Acme  Road   Machinery  Co.,  Frankfort,   N.   Y. 

Acme   Wagon   Co.,    Emigsville,    Pa. 

Auburn  Wagon   Co.,   Martinsburg,   W.   Va. 

Austin    Manufacturing   Co.,    Chicago,   111. 

Bain   Wagon   Co.,    Kenosha,    Wis. 

Beckert,    Wm.,   Pittsburg,    Pa. 

Blake    &   Son,    J.    M.,    Buffalo,    N.   Y. 

Buffalo    Pitts  Co.,    Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

Buffalo   Steam   Roller  Co.,    Buffalo,    N.  Y. 

Columbia   Wagon   Co.,   Columbia,   Pa. 

Eagle   Wagon   Works,    Auburn,    N.    Y. 

Everett   Manufacturing   Co.,    Newark,   N.   J. 

Galion   Iron   Works,    Galion,    O. 

Glen   Wagon    Co.,    Seneca   Falls,    N.    Y. 

Good   Reads   Machinery   Co.,    K^nnett   Square,    Pa. 

Haywood   Wagon    Co.,    Newark,    N.   J. 

Huber  Manufacturing  Co.,   Marion,  O. 

Kentucky   Wagon   Co.,    Louisville,    Ky. 

Milburn    Wagon    Co.,    Toledo,    O. 

Port   Huron   Engine  &  Thresher   Co.,   Port   Huron,    Mich. 

Russell   Grader   Manufacturing   Co.,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Schuttler  Co.,  Peter,   Chicago,   111. 

Smith  &  Sons,   Manufacturing  Co..   Kansas  City,  Mo 

Streich,   A.,    &  Bros.,   Oshkosh,   Wis. 

Streich,   Gabriel,   Oshkosh,   Wis. 

Stroud    Manufacturing    Co.,    T.    F.,    Omaha,    Neb. 

Studebaker  Corporation,  South  Bend,  Ind. 

Troy  Wagon  Works  Co.,   Troy,  O. 

Universal   Road  Machinery  Co.,    Kingston,   N.   Y. 

Watson  Wagon  Co.,   Canastota,   N.   Y.   . 

Western   Wheeled   Scraper   Co.,    Aurora,    111. 

Winona  Wagon  Co.,  Winona,  Minn. 

WELDING  MACHINES. 

Davis-Bouronville  Co.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 
Electric  Welding  Co.,    Pittsburg,    Pa. 
Milburn  Co.,   Alex.   P.,   Baltimore,   Md. 
Oxweld   Acetylene   Co.,    Chicago,    111. 

WHEELBARROWS. 

Archer  Iron  Works,   Chicago,   111. 

Fairbanks,   Morse   &  Co.,   Chicago,   111. 

Kilbourne    &   Jacobs,   Columbus,    O. 

Lansing  Co.,   Lansing,   Mich. 

Miller   &  Coulson,   Pittsburg,   Pa. 

Smith   Co.,    T.    L.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 

Sterling   Wheelbarrow    Co.,    Milwaukee,    Wis. 


INDEX 


Adaptability  of  a  Machine 5 

Adiabatic  Compression 7 

Adiabatic  Curves    8 

Air  Compression  Curves 8 

Air  Compressors  (See  Compressors) 7 

Air  Required  for  Rock  Drills,  Diagram 9,  24 

Air   Required    to  Run   from    1    to   40    Rock    Drills,    Diagram   of 

Cubic   Feet   Necessary 9 

Altitude,  Effect  of  on  Quantity  of  Air  Necessary  to  Run  Drills  9 

Appendix — List  Construction  Plant  Manufacturers  and  Dealers  665 

Asbestos    29 

Asbestos    Cements 29 

Asbestos   Pipe   Covering 494 

Asphalt   Distributors 439,  440 

Kettles     330 

Mixer    Plant 31 

Mixing,  Unit  Costs  of 31 

Plants     30 

Repairs,    Costs 31 

Repair  Plant,   Cost 31,  32 

Repair  Supplies 32 

Augers   for  Blasting 81 

Automobiles 34 

Automobile  vs.  Horse  Costs,   Comparisons 54 

Coal    Trucks 37 

Delivery  Wagons,  Cost  of  Operating 48 

Electric,    Maintenance    Cost 54 

Electric    Trucks 47,  52 

Five-Ton   Trucks 55 

Freight    Cars,    Trucks 35 

Motor  Trucks  in  Snow  Removal 37 

Operating  Costs,   Gasoline 36 

Operating   Costs,    Passenger ...  56 

Passenger     34 

Passenger  Cars,  Operating  Costs 48 

Transportation,    Algebraic   Discussion   of 35 

Truck  in  Hauling  Blasted  Rock,  Operating  Cost 40 

Truck  Operation.  Detail  Costs  of 39 

Trucks,     */£  -ton  Capacity 49 

Trucks,   1     -ton  Capacity 49 

Trucks,   1%-ton  Capacity 50 

Trucks,   2     -ton  Capacity 50 

Trucks,   3     -ton  Capacity 51 

Trucks,   4     -ton  Capacity 51 

Trucks,  5     -ton  Capacity 52 

Trucks,  Standard  Speeds  for 38 

Trucks  Used  by  Chicago  Public  Library 38 

Trucks,   Various   Types  of 38 

Axes,   Table  of  Costs,  etc , 59 

Ballast   Forks , .  329 

Band     Saw 413 

Bar  Benders 74,  75,  76 

Bar     Cutters 76 

Bars    73 

Barges  and  Scows 60 

Barges  Built  of  Different  Materials,  Comparative  Costs 68 

Barges,    Flat 70 

Barges  of  Light  Draft  of  Various  Materials,  Comparative  Costs  69 

Barges  (Scow)   Recapitulation 66 

Barges  (Small)  of  Wood,  Tables  of Cl,  62,  63    64  65 

Barges   (Steel) 68 


690  INDEX 

Barns,    Cost   of 101 

Batteries  for  Blasting 80 

Beam    Trucks 123 

Belt  Conveyors    .  135 

Belt  Elevator    

Belt  Lacing     77 

Belting,    Canvas '. 77 

Leather   77 

Rubber ',                                         '  77 

Belts,  Detachable  Link 77 

Bending  Machines 74    75  76 

Bending  Machine,  Large  Portable 75 

Bins,    Portable   Mounted .  78 

Blacksmith  Outfit     538 

Blacksmith  Shop,    Cost   of ;  102 

Portable,    Cost  of '  102 

Blacksmith    Shop    Outfit 79 

Blasting  Augers     81 

Blasting  Batteries 80 

Blasting  Caps   81 

Blasting  Fuse     ',  82 

Blasting  Machines    80 

Blasting  Mats    83,  84 

Blasting  Supplies  (See  Explosives) ,  81 

Blasting  Wire     -. 84 

Blocks    !!.!..  85 

Differential    132 

Duplex    132 

Steel    85 

Triplex     131 

Wrought  Iron 85    86  87 

Blue   Print   Frames 88 

Machines 89 

Boat   (Motor)    229 

Boats    70 

Boats   for   Building 72 

Boilers,  Boiler  Room  Tools 91 

Horse   Power    91 

Life  of  90 

Locomotive    Type . . .  i 90 

Rulfe  for  Estimating  Scale  in 90 

Upright    Tubular    90 

Bolts  Per  Mile  of  Track 526 

Boots    92 

Bottom  Dump  Buckets 93,  95 

Boulders,   Compressor  Plant  for  Drilling 23 

Cost  of  Drilling 23 

Braces   for   Trenching 497 

Brick  Rattler    92 

Bridge   Conveyor  Excavator 303 

Bucket   Conveyor    141 

Bucket  for  Drag  Line  Scraper 311 

Bucket  for  Drag  Line  Scraper,  Illustration 312 

Bucket,  Galvanized    496 

Bucket  Used  on  Electric  Drag  Scraper 347 

Bucket  Used  with  Tower  Drag  Line  Excavator 314 

Buckets    93 

Approximate  Weights  and  Materials  Commonly  Handled  by  93 

Bottom  Dumping  93,  95 

Clam   Shell    97,  98 

Center  Dump  Pier 96 

Coal     94 

Concrete  Automatic  Bottom  Dump 97 

For  Concrete   96,  97 

Orange  Peel  99,  100 

Orange  Peel,   Illustration 97,  100 

Orange  Peel,  Three  Bladed 100 

Buck  Scrapers    (Fresno) 335,  335 


INDEX  691 

Building  Boats  72 

Building  Felt     29 

Building  Paper     435 

Buildings    101 

Buildings  for  Camp  Purposes 102,  103 

Bulldozing   vs.    Crushing 183 

Burro,  Pack  Load  for 369 

Cables,  Life  of  in  Drag  Line  Scraper  Work 312 

Cableway    104 

Average  without  Towers,   Cost  of 109 

Cost  of  Earth  Excavation 104 

Cost  of  Erection  and  Plant 110 

Duplex   Traveling 105 

Electric     Ill,  112 

For  Handling  Concrete 109 

For  Handling  Cord  Wood 107,  108 

For  Handling  Rock 109 

For  Making  a  Fill 106 

4.8    Miles    Long 108 

In  Bridge  Construction 105 

Lidgerwood  High  Speed Ill,  112 

Life  of  Ill 

Moving Ill 

On  Chicago  Drainage  Canal 104 

On   Trench   Work 631 

Operating   Orange    Peel    Buckets 105 

Performance  on  Holyoke  Dam 11] 

Performance  on  St.   Lawrence  River Ill 

Performance  on  Torresdale  Filters 110 

Repairs 106,  107,  110,  111 

10-ton,    800-ft.    Span 108 

Towers,   Cost  of 109,  110 

Vs.  Timber  Trestle,  Comparative  Costs 106 

With  1,485   Feet   Span 110 

With  Special  Electric  Devices Ill,  112 

Cameras 448 

Camp  Buildings,   Cost  of 102 

Camp  Equipment 539,  621 

Cantilever  Crane,  Cost  and  Performance 151 

Carbide  Lamps    398 

Carpenter   Work    on    Buildings 103 

Car  Barns.   Cost  of 101 

Cars,    Capacity  of  Various   Sizes- 117 

Compartment  Type  for  Rock 121 

Cost  of  Unloading 113 

Depreciation     119,  120 

Diamond  Frame,   Double  Side  Dump 116 

Diamond  Frame,  Two-way  Dump 116 

Double  Truck  Platform 118 

Dump,   of   Steel 113 

Flat,    Four    Wheel 117 

Hand  Operated    118 

Information  Necessary  When  Ordering 119 

Inspection     118 

Length   of  Trains  of  Various  Sizes 117 

Performance   in   Handling  Hardpan 114 

Platform,   with   Steel  Frames 119 

Repairs   , 119,   120,  121 

Revolving  Dump 117 

Carts,  Capacity  of 122 

Dump,    One   Horse 122 

For  Concrete • 123 

Life  of   122 

Pick-up     123 

Repairs   to 122 

Caterpillar  Tractor    628 

Caulking  Tools  496 


692  INDEX 

Cement  Workers'  Tools 125,  126 

Century    Grader    337 

Chain   Belts    (See    Belting) 77 

Chain  Blocks   131)   132 

Repairs   and   Depreciation ' .'  132 

Chain   Cable    130 

Chains    128 

Chains,  Detachable  for  Link  Belt 77 

Channeller  Equipment   266 

Channeller   Illustrated    : 266 

Channeller   Steels   264 

Channellers    262 

Prices  and   Specifics. tions 263 

Churn  Drills,   Cost  of 250 

Chutes     133,  134 

For   Concrete    355 

Clam  Shell  Buckets 97,  98 

Claw  Bars 73 

Clothing     134 

Clutch  for  Gasoline   Engines 290 

Coal   Tubs    94 

Compression,  Adiabatic   7 

Isothermal    8 

Compressor  Plant,  Cost  of  Installing 13 

Diagram   of  Installation  for 12 

Estimating   Costs  for 14 

Large  Size,  Cost  of  Installing 14 

Compressors,  Capacity  Necessary  for  Various  Numbers  of  Drills, 

Table    27 

Classification   of    9 

Cross  Compound,  Table  of  Standard  Prices,  Weights,  etc...     11 

D.  C.  Motor  Driven,  Table  of  Prices  and  Weights 13 

Duplex  Belt  Driven,  Illustration,   Table  of 17 

Duplex  Corliss  Steam  Driven,  Illustration  and  Table  of 18 

Efficiency  of,  at  Various  Altitudes 25 

Installed  for  N.  Y.  Water  Dept.,  Illustration 19 

Installation,   Cost   of 20 

Locomotive  Type    10 

On  Portable  Boiler,   Illustration 10 

Portable,  Table  of  Costs,  etc.,  of  Different  Types 22 

Power  Driven,  Duplex,  Cross-Compound,  Table  of 16 

Power  Driven,  Single  Stage  S.  L.,  Illustration 14 

Single  Stage,  Table  of  Costs,  etc 15,16 

Sizes  Required  at  Different  Altitudes,  Table 26 

S.  L.  Steam  Driven  2  Stage,  Illustration 17 

Steam   Driven,    S.    L.    Steam   Tandem,    2   Stage   Horizontal, 

Table    16 

Table  of  Costs,  etc 15 

Concrete  Buckets    (See   Buckets) 96,  97 

Concrete  Chutes 355 

Concrete  Forms     329 

For  Sidewalks    124 

For  Curb  and  Gutter 125 

Concrete  Mixing,   Unit  Costs  of 425 

Concrete  Mixing  and  Conveying  Plant,   Portable 361,  362 

Concrete  Roller    Hoist 354 

Concrete  Tower,   Illustrated 360 

Concreting,  Cost  of,  with  Portable  Plant 363,  364,  365 

Concreting  Equipment    538 

Contractors'    Tubs    94,  95 

Conveyor  Belts,   Life  of 158 

Number  of  Plies   Necessai  y 137 

Repairs 158 

Conveyors    (See   Excavators,    302) 135 

Apron     158 

Belt     136 

Belt,   Cost  of 137,  138 

Belt    Repairs    138 


INDEX  693 

Belt,  Wear   of    .  136 

Belt  Type,  General    Discussion    157 

Belt  Type,  Power  Necessary    158 

Belt    Type,    Speed    158 

Bucket   141 

Cantilever  Crane  Type,  Cost  and  Performance 146,  147 

Capacity    of    Belt 136 

Continuous  Bucket   Type 158 

Elevator    139 

For  Hot  Materials 159 

For  Wet  Concentrates 157 

General  Discussion  of  Mechanical  Forms 151 

Of  Various  Types,   Sundry  Costs,   etc 139 

Open  Trough 158 

Flat   Belt    159 

Power   to    Operate 135 

Push    or   Drag 153 

Push  Plate  139 

Reciprocating  Type 156 

Rotary  Type   154 

Scraper  Type   155 

Screw  Type  , 153 

Swinging     139 

Corrugated   Sheet  Piling 463,  464 

Cost,   Principal   Features  of 4 

Cranes,    Locomotive    Type 410 

Cross  Arms  for   Poles 617 

Crowbars    73 

Crucibles     659 

Crushers    160 

Comparison  of  Jaw  and  Gyratory  Type,  General    Discussion. .  180 

Comparison  of  Jaw  and  Gyratory  Type,  Tables     187,  188 

Disc    Type    165 

Equipment     161,  163 

For   General   Contracting  Use 163 

Jaw  Type    160,  161 

Output    168 

Repairs   164,  182 

Rotary  Type   163 

Crushing  and  Screening  Plant,   Portable 163 

Crushing    Operations,    Overhead    Charges 173 

Preparatory  Costs 169 

Crushing  Plant,  Cost  of  Operation  by  City  Employees 168 

For  200-Stamp  Mill 183 

Life  of   164 

Repairs    165 

Working   Force   for 169 

Crushing   Tests.    Method   of   Operation 170 

Summary  of  Results 172,  173 

Crushing  vs.   Bulldozing 183 

Crushings,  Proportion  of,  for  Various  Degrees  of  Fineness 184 

Cultivator,    for    Roads 439 

Cutters  for  Bars 76 

Derrick  Car  194 

Derricks    189 

Breast   for    Builder's    Type 193 

Cost  of  Moving 196 

Excavator    598,  599,  600 

Fittings     194 

Floating   (See  also  Boats) 197 

For   Heavy   Work 191,  192 

For  Light  Ditch  Work 189 

Hullett-McMyler    148 

Important  Metal  Parts  for 195 

Large  Quarry  Type 193 

Operation  of  Floating  Type 197 

Outfit  for  Lumber  Yards 193 


694  INDEX 

Performance  in  Sewer  Work 196 

Plant    for   Loading    Earth 190 

Prices   196 

Rigging  for  Stiff-Leg  Type 194 

Tripod   Type    189 

With  Hand  Operated  Winches 190 

Detonators    (See   Blasting   Caps) . .' 81 

Diving   Outfits    198,  199,  200 

Apparatus,  Information  Necessary  in  Selecting 200 

Doan  Scraper   337 

Doan    Scraper,    Illustrated 343 

Drag    Scraper    Excavator ' 305 

Drag  Scrapers 336 

Drain    Tile 480 

Drawing  Boards    201 

Drawing  Instruments   611 

Drawing  Tables  201 

Dredges    202 

Capacity    Tests 221 

Clam    Shell    Type,    Illustrated 208 

Cost  of  Operation 203 

Crew    of    , 207,  218,  227 

Details    of    Equipment '. 210 

Dipper  Type    202 

Dipper  Type,  Operating  Costs 202 

Grab  Bucket  Type 206 

Grapple  Type   206 

"Home   Made,"    Cost   of 202 

Hydraulic,   Comparison  of  Types 231 

Hydraulic   Suction   Type,    Cost  and   Performance 230 

Hydraulic   Suction    Type    for   Building    Levees 221,  222 

Hydraulic   Suction   Type,    Operating    Costs 222,223 

Hydraulic    Suction    Type,    Time    Study 224,227 

Hydraulic  Type,  Analysis  of,  Cost  and  Time  Study 226 

Hydraulic  Type,  Cost  of 227,  228 

Hydraulic  Type,  Itemized  Operating  Costs 225 

Hydraulic  Type,  Items  of  Plant 223 

Hydraulic  Type,  Operating  and  Repair  Costs 227 

Hydraulic  Type  Performance  and  Operating  Cost 218 

In   California   Gold   Mine,    Table   of   Data 217 

Ladder  Type  209 

Operating  Costs   207,  211 

Performance  of  in  Gold  Mining 210 

Sea-Going  Hopper  Type 218 

21/2  Cu.  Yd.  Dipper,  Cost  of  Building 202,  203 

Various    Repairs     204,  205 

Dredge  Tenders  229 

Dredge   Work   on   Los    Angeles    Aqueduct,    Unit    Costs 206 

Dredging,    Auxiliary    Plant   for 229 

In  California,  Detailed  Discussion  and  Costs... 212,  213,  214,  215 
Dredging  Plants,   Table  of  Cost  and   Operating  Expenses,   and 

Unit    Performance     216 

Dredging  Pumps   515 

Drill    Plant,    Submarine   Type 260 

Drill   Repairs    252.  253,  254 

Drill  Sharpening,   by  Hand " 256 

Drill  Sharpening,  by  Power 256 

Drill  Sharpening,  by  Machines 254 

Drilling,   Cost  of  in  Gneiss  and  Granite 249 

Drilling    Costs,     Table    of 240 

Drilling  Machinery,  Information  Necessary  When  Ordering,  for 

Submarine    Drilling 269 

For  Work  in  Mining 268 

For  Work  in  Quarry ^67 

For  Work   in   Railway   Cut ^o° 

For  Work  in  Sewers  or  Trenches 268 

For  Work  in  Shafts 2i 

For  Work  in  Tunneling ^68 


INDEX  695 

For  Work  in  Which  Compressed  Air  Is  Used  for  Power  269    270 

Drilling    Plant    for    Boulders 23 

Drilling,   Subaqueous,   Table  of  Labor  Costs 261 

Drills 232,  4 1 1 

Bail    272 

Blacksmith 272 

Catalogue  Data 232  to  239 

Churn  Type,   Advantages  of 251 

Cubic  Feet  of  Air  Necessary  to  Run  Different  Sizes 26 

Electric  Air   Type    243 

Electric  Air  Type,  Analysis  and  Time  Study 246,  247,  248 

Hand     272 

Hand  Hammer  Type    256 

Miscellaneous    272 

Pneumatic  Piston   271 

Small  Hand  Hammer,  Time  Study 257 

Stone    272 

Submarine    Type 258.  259,  2fiO 

Dump  Scows  67 

Electric  Air  Channeler    .265 

Electric   Air   Drill 265 

Electric  Fuse    82 

Electric  Generators   274 

Electric    Lights     399 

Electric  Motors,    Cost  of  D.   C 278,  279 

General  Considerations    276 

Relative  Costs  of,  with  Various  Windings 277 

Single    Phase    280 

Electrical    Vehicle    Data 53 

Electrical  Wagon,  Maintenance  Cost 54 

Elevating    Grader,    Illustrated 281 

Elevating    Grader,    Performance 282,  283 

Elevating   Grader,    Cost    and    General    Discussion 282 

Elevators    (See   Hoists,    353) 142 

Belt    142 

Geared    162 

Elevator  Tower.  Cost  of  Erecting 354 

Engines,   Compound  Portable 286 

Extras  for  Portable  286 

Gasoline     289 

Hoisting,   1   Cylinder 296 

Hoisting.   2  Cylinder 298 

Hoisting,    Belt    Driven 300,  301 

Hoisting,   Cost  of  Setting  up 300 

Hoisting.  Electrically  Operated 300 

Hoisting,  Gasoline  Driven 300 

Hoisting,    Life   of 300 

Portable 284 

Simple  Center  Crank  Steam,  Costs 285 

Stationary    Steam,     Costs 288 

Steam,  Estimating  the  H.  P.  of 288 

Vertical,    Gasoline    Driven 294 

Vertical,    Self-Contained   Steam,   Costs 287 

Equipment,  Main   Features  of 4 

Excavators     302 

Bridge    Conveyor    Type 303 

Bridge  Conveyor  Type,  Performance 304 

Derrick   Type    598,  599,  600 

Drag  Line  Scraper  Plant.   Cost 311 

Dra>?  Line  Type,  Electricallv  Operated,  Description  of 307 

Performance    of    308 

Plan    of 306 

Drag   Line    Type   With    Tower 30S 

Details  of   Tower 310 

Illustration    of    309 

Drag    Scraper    Type 305 

Performance   of 307 


696  INDEX 

Grab  Bucket  Type,  Performance  of..  .....  .-..,  .    302 

Scraper  Type    .....................  ...:...  .........  i  .........  304 

Tower  Type,  Bill  of  Material  for  Tower.  .......  313 

Cost  of  ................................................  .  .   315 

Illustration    of    ......................................       314 

Operating   Expenses   of  ........................  ........  .  .  315 

Performance   of  ................................  .-  .........  315 

Explosives    ......................................................  317 

Ammonia  Dynamite    ........................................   318 

Blasting  Gelatin    ............................................   318 

Carbonite    ............................................  .  ......   318 

Cases  for  Shipping,   Table  of  Dimensions  ...............  ;...  320 

Dynamite     ..........................  .......  317 

Dynamite,   Weight  of  ........................................  319 

Gelatin   Dynamite    ..........................................  318 

Gunpowder     ...................  .............................   317 

Judspn    Powder     ............................................  317 

Laws   Regulating   Storage   of  .....  .................   321 

Magazines  for   ......................................  321,  322,  323 

Monobel     ...............................................  318 

Nitre  Powder   ...............................................  317 

"Permissible"     ..............................................  318 

Semi-Gelatin     ............................................  ...  318 

Soda   Powder    ...............................................   317 

Store    Houses     ..............................................  321 

Peed   Consumed   by  Horses    ......................  ..............  366 

Finishing    Tools    for    Concrete  ..................................  126 

Fire    Engines,    Chemical  .........................................  324 

:Fire    Equipment    ...................................  324,   325,  326,  327 

Fire  Extinguishers     .........................................  324,  326 

Fire    Proofing,    Asbestos  ...........  ...................  ..............  29 

Fishplates  Required  for  One  Mile  of  Track  .....................  526 

Forges     .........................................................  328 

Forks    ...........................................................  329 

Forms,'  for    Concrete,    Adjustable  ...............................  329 

Foundation    Plant     .....................................  451.  452,  453 

Fresno    Scraper,    Illustrated  .....................................  339 

Fresno    Scrapers     ............................  .  .  .................  336 

Frogs     .............................................  .............  532 

Furnaces     ..........................................  330.  331,  332,  496 

Fuse  for  Blasting    ...................  ...........................  82 

Gadder   ..........................................................  265 

Gauge  for  Channeler   Steels  ----  .................................  264 

Generators,    Electric     ...........................................  274 

Generator   Sets,    Belted  .........................................  275 

Direct    Connected     ..........................................  274 

Tests  for  Efficiency  .........................................  274 

Giants,  for  Mining  ............................................  372,  373 

'Glass  ............................................................  333 

Graders     ........................................................  337 

Grader,    Railroad      .............  .  ...............................  335 

Grading   Machines    (See    Elevating   Graders,    282)  ..............  335 

Gravel   Spreader    ...............................................  338 

Grindstone    ........................................  •  .............  4 

Grout  Mixer    .............  .  .  ................  .  .....................  430 

Guard   Rails    ....................................................  532 

Hammer,   Steam  or  Air  .................................  459,  460,  461 

Hammers    .......................................................  60S 

...................   582 


"v      Steam  '..'.....--'---  ............................  588'  589'  KS 

Handles     ..*,«  ..............................  •  ....................  348 

Harrows    .........................................................  ?4£ 

Hauling,    Cost   of,    Crushed    Stone  ...........................  ••••   gj 

Heaters,   for   Gravel    and   Sand  ..........................  •  •  •  •  ooo,  d&i 

Hods     ...........................................................  352 


INDEX  697 

Hoes     352 

Hoisting  Towers   .;.....,.,.,  358 

Hoists    (See    Elevators,    142) V..,     .;;:.-  353 

Automatic    for    Concrete . . . .  354 

Combination 355 

Hoppers     355 

Adjustable     Car     Side 134 

Horse    Compared    to    Traction    Engine 629 

Pack    Load   for 369 

Pulling  Power   of 629 

Working   Life   of 629 

Horses 366 

Cost  of  Keep 366,  367,  3fi8 

Pulling    Power    of    Team 605 

Hose     370,  371 

Hose   and    Nozzles   for   Fire   Purposes 325,327 

Hose  Rack   327 

Hydraulic    Giants 372 

Idlers    <  141 

Introduction    ,».....       2 

Insulators     rirfr**;  618 

Isothermal  Compression    /.-, ....       8 

Jacks . .  374 

Jones  &   Laughlin  Piling . 466 

Jordan  Spreader 344 

Kerosene   Burning   Lights 398 

Kettles     . . 332 

Kettles  for  Thawing  Dynamite •.•..?! 

Lackawanna    Steel    Piling iv  46$ 

Ladders     , .  394 

Lagging  for  Pipes 494 

Land    Dredge     302 

Lathes     411 

Lead 395 

Lead  Furnace 331,  496 

Leadite     . 395 

Lead   Wool 395 

Lead  Wool  for  Caulking  Gas  Mains,  Equipment  for  Operating    21 

Levels 396 

Lights     397 

Lime 401 

Lining   Bars , . ' '  73 

Link    Belts,    Detachable .-.;-..     77 

Little  Yankee  Grader ; , .  337 

Llama,  Pack  Load  for ;•;,-, , .  369 

Locomotive   Cranes 410 

Locomotives     402,  403,  404,  405 

Life    of .406,  407 

Repair    Costs     407,  408,  409 

Repairs    ... 120 

Log  Chains v, ,, ..  130 

Machine  Tools .-. •  ii  411 

Magazines    321;  322;  323 

Magnet  Arrangement  for  Keeping  Steel,  etc.,  from  Belts 157 

Magneto    for    Gasoline    Engines 290 

Manhole     Covers , . .. .-. -. 496 

Mats    for    Blasting ^ ...;...,.  .83,  84 

Mattocks     .-. . . ..,,..,,.. . , ., ,  450 

Mauls     i...:.......  496 

Metals    /.-. ;- "-.>•«  • , ..  414 

Mill    Board ..--., ;.'. . . .  29 

Mineral  Wool , , , , 414 

Mixers     *  * > ., .  ,.  ,v;. :,  y .'  .M. . •'.- . .-  /415,  41«,  417.  418 

:    Continuous . : .".'.... •;-,-. . ;  .:;..;-...;•. . ... . 5-. ... .'....  .*!«»  419 


698  INDEX 

For   Grout    430 

Gasoline   Driven    418 

Gravity    Type    421,  422 

Gravity   Type,    Portable 422,  423 

Hand  Operated 418 

Operating    Costs    Compared 419,  420 

Output    and    Efficiency 422,  424 

Mixing  Plant,   Cost  and  Efficiency 425,  427,  429 

Floating,    Plan    of 428 

For   Asphalt    30 

Plan  of  424,  425 

Motors,    Electric 276 

Mules    366 

Pack  Load  for 369 

Nails     431,  432 

Offices,    Portable,    Cost    of .102 

Oil     433,  434 

Oil    Heater    440 

Oil    Sprinkler    684 

Oil  Torches    400 

Oiled  Clothing   134 

Pack  Load  for  Different  Animals 369 

Pails    436,  496 

Painting,   Cost  of 434 

Paints    434 

Covering   Power 434 

Paper    435 

Paulina    437 

Paving   Equipment 438 

Paving  Materials,   Table  of  Costs  in  U.  S 

441,  442,  443,  444,  445,  446,  447 

Photography     448 

Picks    450 

Pile    Drivers 454,  455,  456,  457,  458,  459,  460,  461 

Cost    of    Building 4E7 

Cost  of  Operation  and  Repairs 458,  459 

Traveling     458 

Pile    Driving    457,  458 

Time  Study   466 

Pile  Machine,   Chenoweth,  Illustrated 477 

Pile   Points    482 

Piles    462 

Chenoweth  477 

Concrete     473,  474,  475,  476,  477,    178 

Pedestal     473,  474 

Raymond    475 

Ripley     475 

Simplex    476 

Piling     462 

Friestedt     469 

Jackson's  Interlocking  473 

Jones  &  Laughlin  466 

Labor,  Cost  of 462 

Lackawanna    465 

Sheet,   Test   466 

S.     P.     R.     R.     Standard . .  463 

Steel,    at    Bush   Terminal,    Brooklyn,    Cost   of,    etc 471 

Symmetrical    Interlock    469 

Table    of    Driving    Cost » 472 

U.  S.  Steel 470 

Wakefield     464 

Wemlinger     464 

Pipe     479 

Cast  Iron  Water,  Standard  Dimensions    481 

Cast  Iron  Water,  Standard  Thickness  and  Weights     484 

Steam    and    Gas,    Equation    Table 487 


INDEX  699 

Water,    H.    P.,    Standard    Thicknesses   and    Weights 485 

Wood     Stave     , .   488 

C.    I.     Fittings    for 492 

Clamp    Collar    for 492 

Dimensions    and    Prices 490 

Standard   Instructions  When   Ordering 492 

Weights     491 

Wrought  Iron,  Standard  Dimensions 486 

Pipe   Coverings    494 

Pipe   Line    Tools 496 

Pipe    Machine    413 

Plant    for   Mixing   and    Conveying    Concrete,    Portable 361 

Plaster     : 401 

Plate   Glass 334 

Plows     498,  499,  500 

Repairs    652 

Unloader,   Life  of  Cable 562 

Unloading     651,  652,  653 

Poles     616,   617 

Pontoon 209,  210 

Portable  Houses,   Cost  of 102 

Post    Hole    Diggers 501 

Power,   Cost  of,   by  Gas  Engine 504 

Cost    of,    by   Gasoline    Engine 502 

Cost  of,   by  Electric  Current 503 

Cost  of,    Steam 504,  505,  506 

Steam,    Cost    per    H.    P 507,  508 

Power   House,    Cost   of   Operating 509,  510 

Power  Plants,    Cost   of  Operating   in    North   River   Tunnels 506 

Preface    1 

Pulleys    for    Conveyors 141 

Pumping    Plant    for    Irrigation 293 

Pumps,   Bilge    522 

Centrifugal     512.    513,    514,    515 

Classification     511 

Double    Acting   Hand 521 

For   Dredging    515 

For  Sand  and  Grit 519,  520 

For    Sand    or    Sludge    in    Drill    Holes 272 

For  Small  Gasoline  Engine 291 

Lift    Diaphragm     521,  522 

Pulsometer     517,  518 

Special     522 

Volute    523 

Punch     413 

Quarry    Bars    265 

Quarry    Plant    166,  167,  539 

Quarry  Plant,  Moving  and  Setting  up 539 

Quarrying,   Itemized   Unit  Costs 176 

Quarter    Boats    70,  71,  72 

Railroad   Tamping   Bars 73 

Rail    Benders    531 

Rails 524 

Cost  of  Unloading 529 

Depreciation  of   528 

Drills     532 

Guard    532 

Life    of    529 

Punches     |«1 

Rail    and    Fastenings.    Weight    per    Mile .r>2.r. 

Rail  Sections,  Kt.-i  n<l:i  i  <1 524 

Rakes     -"4 

Rammers   •  •  •  • ...  .61-'.  <>n 

Rattler  for   Testing   Vitrified    Blocks 02 

Refrigerating    Plant    ....  •  • 531 

Riveting : 536 


700  INDEX 

Riveting    Guns    or    Hammers  ...............................  535,  536 

Rivets     ..........................................................  536 

Road   Construction  Plant,  Wayne  Co.,   Mich  ....................  537 

Road    Cultivator     .....................................  .     439 

Road  Machines  ..............................................  337,  537 

Road     Making    Plant  ........................................  537    539 

Moving  and  Setting  up  ......................................  539 

Rollers     ....................................................  .....  541 

Cost    of    Maintenance    and    Operation  .....  .  ........  543,  544,  545 

Gasoline     ................  KAC 


......................... 

Horse    .................................  541 

Rebuilding    ......................................  ;  545 

Repairs    ........................  '  545 

Reversible  C.  I  .....  .  .............................  ' 

Steam     .  .  .......................  .....................  541    542(  543 

Roofing     .........................................................   435 

Roofing,    Corrugated  ......................  '  60? 

Roofing,    Slate    ..........................................  .'.'.'."!..  '540 

Rope     ...................................................  ........  547 

Life    of    on    Brooklyn    Bridge  ...........................  .   562 

Life  of  Manila  ........................  ____  565 

Life    of    Sisal  ................................. 

Life  of,  Strength  of  Wire  and  Manila  Compared..  .'.567'  568 

Wire    .......................................................  .   547 

Wire,  Destruction    of  ................  562 

Wire,  Flat    ................................  560 

Wire,  Flattened  Strand  .................................      ,  .  557 

Wire,  Hoisting-  ..........................................  549,  559 

Wire,  Non-Spinning    ......................  559 

Wire,  Splicing    .  .  .  ?.  ..........................     .*  !     563 

Wire,  Tiller     ................................................  556 

Ropeway    (See  Cableway)  .......................................  107 

Rubber    Coats    ..................................................  134 

Salaries,  Engineering  Service,  City  of  Chicago...  .  392 

Sand    Blast    Cleaning  .................................  571 

Sand  Blast  Cleaning  Outfit  ......................................  570 

Sand  Blast  Machines  .........................................  ...  570 

Sand   Pumps    .............................................  272    515 

Saw    Mills    .....................................................  572 

Saw,    with   Frame  .......................................  573,  574,  575 

Scales     ..........................................................  576 

Scarifiers    ...............................................  438,   439,  578 

Scow    Barges     ................................................  60,  66 

Scows     ..........  .  ...............................................     60 

Dump   .......................................................     67 

Scraper,  Clam  Shell  Bucket  .....................................     98 

Scraper   Excavator    .............................................  304 

Scrapers    ........................................................  335 

American    ...................................................  336 

Doan   .........................................................  337 

Drag     .......................................................  336 

Electric  Drag  Type,   Cost  of  Leveling  with  ........  345,  346,  347 

Fresno     .....................................................  336 

Tongue    .....................................................  337 

Screens    .........................................................  580 

For  Crusher  Plant  ...........................................  161 

Section   Houses,    Cost   of  ........................................   101 

Sewer    Pipe    ....................................................  479 

Sewer  Work,  Cost  of,  with  Derricks.  .  .  ...................  ......  192 

Sheathing,   Asbestos    ............................................     29 

Sheaves,   for  Derrick  ............................................   196 

For   Hoists    .............  ,  ..................................  .355 

Iron     ....................................................  ....     86 

Lignum  Vitae  ................................  ........  .......     86 

Sheds,    Cost   of  ............................................  ......  101 

Sheeting  (See  Piling,  p.  462). 


INDEX  701 

Sheet  Piling: 462,  463,  464,  465,  466,  467,  468,  469,  470,  471 

Dovetailed 463 

Shield  Employed  in  Laying  Sewer  Pipe 635 

Shovels,     Electric     589,  596,  598 

Hand     585,  586,  587,  588 

Steam    588,  589,  590,  591,  592,  593,  594 

Appropriate    Size    594 

Cost    of    Moving 594 

Depreciation    594 

For  Trenches   592 

Performance   and   Operating   Cost 591 

Rental   of    594 

Repairs    592,  593,  594 

Shuart  Grader   338 

Sidewalk   Forms    124 

Sifting  Screens 580 

Skips     581 

Slate    540 

Sledges     582 

Sludge   Pumps    272 

Slusser   Scraper,    Illustrated 343 

Snatch  Blocks    87 

Spikes 432 

Railroad 526 

Spreader   Carts    123 

Spreader,  McCann,  Illustrated , 343 

Spreading,    Embankment,    Costs 344 

Spreading  Gravel,   Cost  of 338 

Sprinklers    583,  584 

Stables,  Cost  of: 101 

Steam    Hammer    459 

Steam     Shovels     588,  589,  590,  591,  592,  593,  594 

Steel,   Prices 601 

Steels    for    Channelers 264 

Steels   for  Drills 264 

Stone    Boats    605 

Stone   Chains    130 

Stone  Crusher  Operations,   Unit  Cost  Tables 177,  178,  179 

Storehouses,    Cost   of 101 

Stripping     173 

Structural    Steel     601 

Structural  Steel  Erecting  Tools 603,  604 

Stucco    Machines     606,  607 

Stump  Pullers   608,  609,  610 

Stump   Removing,    Cost   of 608,  609,  610 

Switches 526,  533 

Switches,    Portable    527 

Tackle    Blocks 85 

Tampers     612.  613 

Tamping  Bars    73 

Tamping  Roller   438 

Tar  Furnace 332 

Tar    Kettles     330,  331,  332 

Tarpaulins     437 

Teaming,    Cost   of  367,  368 

Teams,  Rates  for,  in  the  U.  S 377  to  391 

Telephone    Pole    Tools 616 

Telephones   and    Telephone    Lines 614.  615,  616,  617 

Tents     619,  620,  621,  622 

Cost   of    Framing  and    Flooring 621 

Thawing    Kettles    81 

Thermit     658 

Ties     623 

Cost  of  Unloading 624 

Life   of    623,  624 

Tile    480 

Tile   Making  Equipment 539 


702  INDEX 

Timber  Buggies  643 

Tipple,   to   Convey   Earth 148 

Ground  Plan  of 150 

Illustration     ...... 149 

Tongue    Scrapers    337 

Tool   Boxes    62f, 

Torches    39X 

Tow    Boats     647,  648,  649,  650 

Tower  Excavator 314 

Towers,   for  Concrete  for  Chuting  Purposes... 358 

For    Hoisting    Purposes    358 

Of   Steel   and   Wood,    Compared   Economically 359,  360,  361 

Towing      644,  645,  646,  647 

Tracks    524 

Cost  of  Laying  Light  Track 530 

Material,   Particulars  Required   for  Inquiries 530 

Portable    527 

Scales    576,  577 

Tools     531 

Traction  Engine  Compared  to  Horse 629 

Traction  Engines    626 

Transite,   Asbestos  Wood 29 

Transits     625 

Trench   Method  of  Removing  Water  From 635 

Trenching  by   Cableway    631 

Trenching  Gang    631 

Trenching  Machines    

631,  632,  633,  634,  635,  636,  637,   638,  639,  640,  641,  642 

Carson  Type   642 

General    Details,    Illustrated 634 

Operating  Costs  of  Brick  Sewer 03!) 

Progress   Diagram   of «::!• 

Sewer  Work    «:;:; 

Sizes  and  Capacities 6:17 

Trippers.    Automatic,    for   Belt  Conveyors 140 

Trips  for  Pile  Drivers 457 

Trucks    643 

Tubs,     Contractors'     94.  95 

Tugs    644,    645,   646,  647 

Turntables   528 

Underwriters   Equipment,    Standard 324 

Unloaders   651 

Unloading,    Cost   of,    by   Plows 653 

Unloading  Device  for  Rock  from  Cars 121 

Wages,   Rates  of,   in  the  U.   S. .. 

377,  378,  379,  380,  381,  382,  383,  384,  385,  386,  387,  388,  389.  390,  391 

Union,    in   Chicago 392 

Union,    in   New   York   City 375,  376 

Wagon  Poles 655 

Wagons    654,  655.  656,  657 

Operating    Cost     655,  656,  657 

Wakefield    Piling     464,  465 

Weighing  Machines    576,  577 

Weight  per  Cubic  Yard,   Common  Materials 93 

Welding  658 

Wemlinger  Piling,    Costs    464 

Wemlinger   Piling,    Illustrated 463 

Wheelbarrows    660,  661,  662 

Life  of   661 

Repairs  to    .'. 661 

Wheel  Scrapers  335 

Repairs    336 

Wire  Rope   547 

Wire,    Aluminum    618 

Copper    618 

Telegraph    617 

Wood  Barges   60 


14  DAY  USE 

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